Yarukan Chadi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Remove ads
Yarukan Chadi suna kafa reshe na dangin yare na Afroasiatic . Ana magana da su a sassan Sahel. Sun haɗa da harsuna 150 da ake magana da su a arewacin Nijeriya, da kudancin Nijar, da kudancin Chadi, da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, da arewacin Kamaru. Harshe Chadic wanda akafi magana da shi shine harshen Hausa, babban harshen tarayyar al'umma na da yawa daga mutanen gabashi da Yammacin Afrika .
Remove ads
Abinda ke ciki
Newman shekarar (1977) ya rarraba harsunan zuwa rukunoni huɗu waɗanda aka yarda da su a cikin dukkan wallafe-wallafe masu zuwa. Subarin ƙaddamar da yanki, duk da haka, bai kasance mai ƙarfi ba; Blench (2006), misali, kawai yana karɓar rabe-raben A / B na Gabashin Chadi. [2] An kara Kujargé daga Blench (2008), wanda ke ba da shawarar Kujargé na iya rabuwa kafin ɓarnatar da Proto-Chadic sannan daga baya ya sami tasiri daga Gabashin Chadi. [3] Aiki na gaba da Lovestrand yayi jayayya da ƙarfi cewa Kujarge memba ne na Gabashin Chadi. Sanya Luri a matsayin farkon raba yankin Yammacin Chadi kuskure ne. Caron (2004) ya nuna cewa wannan yaren shi ne a Kudancin Bauchi kuma da wani ɓangare ne na tarin Polci.
- Yammacin Chadi Rassa biyu, wadanda suka hada da
- (A) harsunan Hausa, Ron, Bole, da Angas ; kuma
- (B) harsunan Bade, Warji, da Zaar.
- Biu – Mandara (Chadi ta Tsakiya) sassa uku, waɗanda suka haɗa da
- (A) yaren Bura, Kamwe, da Bata, a tsakanin sauran rukunoni;
- (B) yaren Buduma da Musgu; kuma
- (C) Gidar
- Gabashin Chadi sassa biyu, waɗanda suka haɗa da
- (A) harsunan Tumak, Nancere, da Kera ; kuma
- (B) harsunan Dangaléat, Mukulu, da Sokoro
- Masa
- ? Kujargé
Remove ads
Asali
Nazarin kwayar halittar zamani na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru masu magana da harshen Chadi sun lura da yawan mitar Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b a cikin waɗannan yawan jama'ar (nau'ikan R1b-V88 [4] ). Wannan alamar ta uba ta zama gama gari a sassan Yammacin Eurasia, amma in ba haka ba ba safai a Afirka ba. Cruciani et al. (2010) don haka aka gabatar da cewa masu magana da yaren Proto-Chadic a lokacin tsakiyar Holocene (~ shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata) sun yi ƙaura daga Levant zuwa Sahara ta Tsakiya, kuma daga can suka zauna a Tafkin Chadi .
Koyaya, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2018 ya gano cewa haplogroup R1b-V88 ya shiga Chadi sosai kwanan nan yayin "Baggarization" (hijirar Larabawan Baggara zuwa Sahel a cikin ƙarni na 17 AD), ba tare da samun wata hujja ta tsoffin ƙwayar Eurasia ba.
Remove ads
Kalmomin aro
Harsunan Chadi suna ƙunshe da kalmomin aro na Nilo-Sahara da yawa daga ɗayan rassan Songhay ko Maban, suna nuna alaƙar farko tsakanin masu yaren Cadi da Nilo-Saharan yayin da Chadic ke yin ƙaura zuwa yamma.
Kodayake ana magana da harsunan Adamawa kusa da harsunan Chadic, hulɗa tsakanin Chadi da Adamawa tana da iyaka. [5]
Karin magana
Karin magana a cikin Proto-Chadic, idan aka kwatanta da karin magana a cikin harsunan Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020: 351): [6]
Remove ads
Kwatanta ƙamus
Samfurin kalmomin asali a cikin rassa daban daban na Chadi da aka jera daga yamma zuwa gabas, tare da sake gina wasu rassa na Afroasiatic kuma an basu don kwatancen:
Kalmomin Proto-Chadic
Kalmomin Proto-Chadic:[11]
Kalmomin Proto-Ron
Kalmomin Proto-Ron:[12]
Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi
Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi:[13]
Kalmomin Proto-Masa
Kalmomin Proto-Masa:[14]
Remove ads
Bibiyar Tarihi
- Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Najeriya. A cikin: Pascal Boyeldieu & Pierre Nougayrol (eds. ), Langues et Al'adu: Terrains d'Afrique. Gidaje a Faransa Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Langage 7). 193-201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters.
- Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'Halin ilimin harshe a yankin Tafkin Chadi a Afirka ta Tsakiya.' Afirka, 9, 332 – 349.
- Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937;
- Newman, Paul da Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Kwatancen Cadiic: salon magana da kalmomi.' Jaridar Harsunan Afirka, 5, 218 – 251.
- Newman, Paul (1977) 'Tsarin Chadi da sake ginawa.' Harsunan Afroasiatic 5, 1, 1 – 42.
- Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic' adieu ': sabbin tunani kan rabe-raben harshen Chadi', a Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed. ), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica . Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Jami'ar di Firenze, 389 – 397.
- Newman, Paul (1980) Theididdigar Chadic a cikin Afroasiatic. Leiden: Jami'ar Pers Leiden.
- Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Kiyoshi Shimizu: Tushen lafazin Chadic. Reimer, Berlin 1981.
- Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: Tushen lafazin Chadic. 2 kundin. Reimer, Berlin 1994
- Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Tsinkayen Chadic', a cikin M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, da David L. Appleyard (eds. ), Zaba Comparative-Historical Afrasian ilimin harsuna Nazarin a Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55 – 60.
- Bayanin bayanai
- Robert Forkel, & Tiago Tresoldi. (2019). lexibank / kraftchadic: Chadic Wordlists (Shafin v3.0) [Saitin bayanai]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3534953
Remove ads
Manazarta
Wikiwand - on
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Remove ads