Israël

Civitas Israël^[1] (Hebraice מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל Medīnat Yisrā'el ; Arabice دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل Dawlat Isrāʼīl), breviter Israël,^[2] est respublica parlamentaria in Medio Oriente sub Maris Mediterranei litore sita, diversarum intra parvam suam aream geographicarum proprietatum. A septentrionibus Libanum et Syriam attingit, ab oriente Iordaniam et Ripam Occidentalem, a meridie Aegyptum et Sectorem Gazensem. est.^[3]^[4] Suis legibus definitus "Civitas Iudaica et Democratica", Israël est sola in orbe terrarum civitas ubi Iudaei aliis gentibus praevalent.^[5]

-2 Latinitas huius rei dubia est. Corrige si potes. Vide {{latinitas}}.

Vide etiam paginam discretivam: Israël (discretiva).

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Linguae

Solum lingua Hebraica est lingua publica; incolae autem Hebraica, Arabica, aliisque linguis late utuntur. Non pauci inter sese Russice, nonnulli etiam Iudaeogermanica lingua loquuntur, et pueri puellaque linguam Anglicam in scholis discunt

Religiones

Ex Iudaeis consistit 76%;
Ex Musulmanis (Druzis inclusis) 18%;
Ex Christianis 2%.

Fabula in Bibliis Sacris

Iudaei eam terram, quam nunc Israel appellant, sibi ab deo suo datam esse (Liber Iosue 1, 1-5) arbitrantur. Est enim in Bibliis Sacris:

Et factum est, ut post mortem Moysi servi Domini loqueretur Dominus ad Iosue filium Nun ministrum Moysi et diceret ei:

"Moyses servus meus mortuus est; nunc igitur surge et transi Iordanem istum, tu et omnis populus iste, in terram, quam ego dabo filiis Israël. Omnem locum, quem calcaverit vestigium pedis vestri, vobis tradidi, sicut locutus sum Moysi.

A deserto et Libano isto usque ad fluvium magnum Euphraten, omnis terra Hetthaeorum usque ad mare Magnum contra solis occasum erit terminus vester."

Historia

Antiquitus

Anno 586 a.C.n., cum Nabuchodonosor II rex Babylonis, terram Iudaeam expugnavisset et Templum Salomonicum evertisset, Babylonii septuaginta annos in eam terram regnaverunt, sed cum anno 533 a.C.n. Cyrus II cum exercitu superavisset, Persae ab anno 533 a.C.n. ad 332 a.C.n. regnaverunt. Anno 332 a.C.n., Alexander Magnus regionem superavit.

Duobus bellis cum Romanis (annis 70 et 135) gestis et praecipue templo Hierosolymorum ab imperatore Tito (anno 70) diruto, magna Iudaeorum pars ex Israël fugit. Anno 135, post secundum excidium, Romani Hierosolyma restituerunt, novoque nomine appellaverunt Aeliam Capitolinam.

Recentioribus temporibus

Iam anno 1917, Arthurus Balfour Scoticus suasit, ut Iudaei in Palaestinam redirent et quamprimum priori bello mundano fini imposito Imperium Ottomanicum, quod antea Palaestinam tenuerat, ruissent.

Post secundum bellum mundanum et Iudaeorum in Europa persecutionem, 1947 anno 29 die Novembris, Consociatio Nationum Palaestinam proposuerunt inter Iudaeos et Arabes distribuendam.

Die 14 Maii 1948, civitas Israël rite condita est. Quamquam iuxta resolutionem, qua civitas creata erat, urbs Hierosolyma nec ab Iudeis nec Arabis, sed Britanniarum Regno regenda esset, tamen 1950 anno, Israël caput suum Hierosolyma declaravit. Principio civitati superficies 14 000 km² erat. 1948 et 1967 vero annis, ager 8000 km² ulterius expugnatus est et usquedum retinetur. Quam enim terram colonis adductis Israël sibi vindicare molitur.

Anno 1967, Israël Bello Sex Dierum ripam occidentalem Iordanis occupans intra Palaestinorum fines colonias condidit. Quo ex bello contentio Arabo-Israëlitica, scilicet dissensio inter Israël, Palaestinenses, Arabes, orta est.

Anno 1973, expiationis die, quae Iudaeis sanctissima est, et Aegyptus et Syria Israële oppugnato, a terra propulsati sunt. Qua victoria Aegyptus coacta est, ut Israëlem civitatem iure agnoscerent.

Urbes principales

Hierosolyma (sive Ierusalem)
Tel Avivum (sive Vernicollis; confer Acervus novarum frugum)
- Ioppa
- Ramatgan
- Rison Lezion
Nazareth
- Sephath^[6]
- Accho (sive Ace, Ptolemais Phoeniciae)
- Tiberias
Hepha (sive Sycaminus)
- Hadera
Petah Tiqwa
- Ramla
- Lydia (sive Lod)
Berosaba^[7] (sive Bersabee^[8], sive Bersabea^[9])
- Ascalo
- Rooboth

Nexus interni

"A flumine ad mare"
Hatikvah, hymnus nationalis
Hermon, mons altissimus
Historia Israelis et Iudae, regnorum antiquorum
Iesus Nazarenus
Index urbium Israëliticarum
Netafim, negotium rusticum
Ohalo II, situs archaeologicus
Paradoxum Israeliticum
Territorialismus Iudaeus
Titus, imperator Romanus

Notae

[1]
"De Colonis Hebraeis e Gaza Expulsis", Ephemeris (Fasc. 61) (Ephemeris), 2005 .
[2]
"Israël -is, m.": Carolus Egger, Diurnarius Latinus. Epitome actorum diurnorum in lingua Latina. (1980. ISBN 88-209-4366-2) p. 35 .
[3]
"Israël", CIA Factbook (CIA) .
[4]
Skolnik 2007, pp. 132–232.
[5]
"Israël", Country Report (Freedom House), 2007 .
[6]
Iud. 1.17.
[7]
Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854).
[8]
In Vulgata.
[9]
Scripturae Sacrae cursus completus.

Bibliographia

Abadi, Jacob (2004), Israël's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy, Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-5576-7
Ausubel, Natan (1964), The Book of Jewish Knowledge, Novi Eboraci: Crown Publishers, ISBN 0-517-09746-X
Barton, John; Bowden, Julie (2004), The Original Story: God, Israël and the World, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, ISBN 0-8028-2900-7
Barzilai, Gad (1996), Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-2943-1
Barzilai, Gad (2010), The Attorney General and the State Prosecutor-Is Institutional Separation Warrented?, The Israël Democracy Institute
Ben-Sasson, Hayim (1985), A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6
Best, Anthony (2003), International History of the Twentieth Century, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-20739-8
Bregman, Ahron (2002), A History of Israël, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-67631-9
Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Trillo, Richard (1999), World Music: The Rough Guide, Rough Guides, ISBN 1-85828-635-2
Cole, Tim (2003), Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-92968-7
Crowdy, Terry (2006), The Enemy Within: A History of Espionage, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-933-9
Dekmejian, R. Hrair (1975), Patterns of Political Leadership: Egypt, Israël, Lebanon, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-87395-291-X
Friedland, Roger; Hecht, Richard (2000), To Rule Jerusalem, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-22092-7
Gelvin, James L. (2005), The Israël-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-85289-7
Gilbert, Martin (2005), The Routledge Atlas Of The Arab–Israël conflict (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-35900-7
Goldreich, Yair (2003), The Climate of Israël: Observation, Research and Application, Springer, ISBN 0-306-47445-X
Hamilton, Victor P. (1995), The Book of Genesis (2a retractata ed.), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, ISBN 0-8028-2309-2
Harkavy, Robert E.; Neuman, Stephanie G. (2001), Warfare and the Third World, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-24012-0
Henderson, Robert D'A. (2003), Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook (2003 ed.), Brassey's Inc., ISBN 1-57488-550-2
Herzl, Theodor (1946), The Jewish State, American Zionist Emergency Council, ISBN 0-486-25849-1
Howe, Kathleen Stewart (1997), Revealing the Holy Land: the photographic exploration of Palestine, University of California Press, p. 144, ISBN 978-0-89951-095-8
Jacobs, Daniel (1988), Israël and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide (2a retractata ed.), Rough Guides, ISBN 1-85828-248-9
Kellerman, Aharon (1993), Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israël in the Twentieth Century, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-1295-4
Kornberg, Jacques (1993), Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism, Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-33203-6
Liebreich, Fritz (2005), Britain's Naval and Political Reaction to the Illegal Immigration of Jews to Palestine, 1945–1948, Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-5637-2
Lustick, Ian (1988), For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israël, Council on Foreign Relations Press, ISBN 0-87609-036-6
Mazie, Steven (2006), Israel's Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State, Lexington Books, ISBN 0-7391-1485-9
Morçöl, Göktuğ (2006), Handbook of Decision Making, CRC Press, ISBN 1-57444-548-0
Mowlana, Hamid; Gerbner, George; Schiller, Herbert I. (1992), Triumph of the File: The Media's War in the Persian Gulf — A Global Perspective, Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-1610-3
Roberts, Adam (1990), "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israëli-Occupied Territories Since 1967", The American Journal of International Law (American Society of International Law) 84 (1): 44–103
Romano, Amy (2003), A Historical Atlas of Israel, The Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8239-3978-2
Reveron, Derek S.; Murer, Jeffrey Stevenson (2006), Flashpoints in the War on Terrorism, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-95490-8
Rosenzweig, Rafael (1997), The Economic Consequences of Zionism, T Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 90-04-09147-5
Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997), Power Kills: Democracy As a Method of Nonviolence, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-7658-0523-5
Sampter, Jessie (2007) [1933], "Jewish Colonization Before 1917", in Sampter, Jessie, Modern Palestine – A Symposium, READ BOOKS, p. 444, ISBN 978-1-4067-3834-6
Scharfstein, Sol (1996), Understanding Jewish History, KTAV Publishing House, ISBN 0-88125-545-9
Shindler, Colin (2002), The Land Beyond Promise: Israël, Likud and the Zionist Dream, I.B.Tauris Publishers, ISBN 1-86064-774-X
Skolnik, Fred (2007), Encyclopedia Judaica, 9 (2a ed.), Macmillian, ISBN 0-02-865928-7
Smith, Derek (2006), Deterring America: Rogue States and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-86465-8
Stein, Leslie (2003), The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israël, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-275-97141-4
Stendel, Ori (1997), The Arabs in Israel, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 1-898723-23-0
Stone, Russell A.; Zenner, Walter P. (1994), Critical Essays on Israëli Social Issues and Scholarship, SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-1959-2
Torstrick, Rebecca L. (2004), Culture and Customs of Israël, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-32091-8
Wenham, Gordon J. (1994), Word Biblical Commentary, 2, (Genesis 16–50), Dallasiae Texiae: Word Books, ISBN 0-8499-0201-0

Nexus externi

Porta Administrationis Israëlicae (cum nexibus ad commentarios Arabicum et Hebraicum)

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Civitates et territoria Asiae

Opus geopoliticum • Nationes mundi • Asia

Capsae cognatae: Africa • America • Europa • Oceania

Israël : politica

Praesides Israëlis

Chaim Weizmann 1949 • Isaac Ben Tzwi 1952 • Zalman Shazar 1963 • Ephraim Katzir 1973 • Isaac Navon 1978 • Chaim Herzog 1983 • Ezer Weizman 1993 • Moyses Katzaw 2000 • Simon Peres 2007 • Reuben Rivlin 2014 • Isaac Herzog 2021

חיים ויצמן • יצחק בן-צבי • זלמן שזר • אפרים קציר • יצחק נבון • חיים הרצוג • עזר ויצמן • משה קצב • שמעון פרס • ראובן ריבלין • יצחק הרצוג

Opus geopoliticum • Duces civitatum Asiaticarum hodiernarum

Capsae cognatae: Primi ministri Israëlis

Primi ministri Israëlis

David Ben-Gurion 1948 • Moyses Scharet 1953 • David Ben-Gurion 1955 • Levi Eschkol 1963 • Golda Meir 1969 • Isaac Rabin 1974 • Menachem Begin 1977 • Isaac Shamir 1983 • Simon Peres 1984 • Isaac Shamir 1986 • Isaac Rabin 1992 • Simon Peres 1995 • Beniaminus Netanjahu 1996 • Ehud Barak 1999 • Ariel Sharon 2001 • Ehud Olmert 2006 • Beniaminus Netanjahu 2009 • Nephtali Bennett 2021 • Iairus Lapid 2022 • Beniaminus Netanjahu 2022

דוד בן-גוריון • משה שרת • דוד בן-גוריון • לוי אשכול • גולדה מאיר • יצחק רבין • מנחם בגין • יצחק שמיר • שמעון פרס • יצחק שמיר • יצחק רבין • שמעון פרס • בנימין נתניהו • אהוד ברק • אריאל שרון • אהוד אולמרט • בנימין נתניהו • ‏נפתלי בנט‏‎ • יאיר לפיד • בנימין נתניהו

Opus geopoliticum • Gubernatores civitatum Asiaticarum hodiernarum

Capsae cognatae: Praesides Israëlis • Ministri rerum externarum • Ministri munitionis • Ministri eruditionis

Ministri rerum externarum Israëlis

Moyses Sharett 1948 • Golda Meir 1956 • Abba Eban 1966 • Yigal Allon 1974 • Moyses Dayan 1977 • Isaac Shamir 1980 • Simon Peres 1986 • Moyses Arens 1988 • David Levy 1990 • Simon Peres 1992 • Ehud Barak 1995 • David Levy 1996 • Ariel Sharon 1998 • David Levy 1999 • Salomon Ben-Ami 2000 • Simon Peres 2001 • Beniaminus Netanjahu 2002 • Silvan Shalom 2003 • Tzipi Livni 2006 • Avigdor Lieberman 2009 • Beniaminus Netanjahu 2012 • Avigdor Lieberman 2013 • Beniaminus Netanjahu 2015 • Israel Katz 2019 • Gabriel Aškenazi 2020 • Iairus Lapid 2021 • Eli Cohen 2022 • Israel Katz 2024

משה שרת • גולדה מאיר • אבא אבן • יגאל אלון • משה דיין • יצחק שמיר • שמעון פרס • משה ארנס • דוד לוי • שמעון פרס • אהוד ברק • דוד לוי • אריאל שרון • דוד לוי • שלמה בן עמי • שמעון פרס • בנימין נתניהו • סילבן שלום • ציפי לבני • אביגדור ליברמן • בנימין נתניהו • אביגדור ליברמן • בנימין נתניהו • ישראל כץ‎ • גבריאל אשכנזי • יאיר לפיד • אלי כהן • ישראל כץ‎

Opus geopoliticum • Ministri a rebus externis civitatum Asiaticarum hodiernarum

Capsae cognatae: Primi ministri Israëlis

Israël : geographica

Provinciae Israëlis


Hepha • Hierosolyma • Iudaea et Samaria • Medium • Meridies • Septentrio • Telavivum Opus geopoliticum

[1] [1]
"De Colonis Hebraeis e Gaza Expulsis", Ephemeris (Fasc. 61) (Ephemeris), 2005 .

[2] [2]
"Israël -is, m.": Carolus Egger, Diurnarius Latinus. Epitome actorum diurnorum in lingua Latina. (1980. ISBN 88-209-4366-2) p. 35 .

[3] [3]
"Israël", CIA Factbook (CIA) .

[4] [4]
Skolnik 2007, pp. 132–232.

[5] [5]
"Israël", Country Report (Freedom House), 2007 .

[6] [6]
Iud. 1.17.

[7] [7]
Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854).

[8] [8]
In Vulgata.

[9] [9]
Scripturae Sacrae cursus completus.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]