1931 (MCMXXXI ) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar , the 1931st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 931st year of the 2nd millennium , the 31st year of the 20th century , and the 2nd year of the 1930s decade.
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1931 .
April
April 1 – The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet in China is launched by the Kuomintang government, to destroy the Communist forces in Jiangxi Province.
April 6 – The Portuguese government declares martial law in Madeira and in the Azores , because of the Madeira uprising in Funchal .
April 12 – Municipal elections in Spain, which are treated as a virtual referendum on the monarchy, result in the triumph for the republican parties.
April 14 – The Second Spanish Republic is proclaimed in Madrid . Meanwhile, as a result of the victory of the Republican Left of Catalonia , Francesc Macià proclaims in Barcelona the Catalan Republic , as a state of the Iberian Federation.
April 15 – Assassination of Giuseppe (Joe the Boss) Masseria, New York City Mafia boss.
April 17 – After the negotiations between the republican ministers of Spain and Catalonia, the Catalan Republic becomes the Generalitat of Catalonia , a Catalan autonomous government inside the Spanish Republic.
April 22 – Austria , the UK , Denmark , Germany , Italy , Sweden and the United States recognize the Spanish Republic .
April 25 – The automobile manufacturer Porsche is founded by Ferdinand Porsche in Stuttgart .
June
June 5
German Chancellor Heinrich Brüning visits London, where he warns the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald that the collapse of the Austrian banking system, caused by the bankruptcy of the Creditanstalt , has left the entire German banking system on the verge of collapse.
Anti-Chinese rioting occurs in Pyongyang . Approximately 127 Chinese people are killed, 393 wounded, and a considerable number of properties are destroyed by Korean residents.[4]
June 14 – Saint-Philibert disaster : The overloaded pleasure craft Saint-Philibert , carrying trippers home to Nantes from the Île de Noirmoutier, sinks at the mouth of the River Loire in France; over 450 drown.
June 19
June 23 –July 1 – Wiley Post and Harold Gatty accomplish the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane, flying eastabout from Roosevelt Field , New York, in 8 days, 15 hours, 51 minutes.[5]
October
October 5 – American aviators Clyde Edward Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, Jr., complete the first non-stop flight across the Pacific Ocean, flying their plane, Miss Veedol , from Misawa, Japan , to East Wenatchee, Washington , in 41½ hours.[10]
October 11 – A rally in Bad Harzburg, Germany leads to the Harzburg Front being founded, uniting the NSDAP, the DNVP, the Stahlhelm and various other right-wing factions.
October 24 – The George Washington Bridge across the Hudson River in the United States is dedicated; it opens to traffic the following day. At 3,500 feet (1,100 m) , it nearly doubles the previous record for the longest main span in the world .
October 27 – The United Kingdom general election results in the victory of the National Government , and the defeat of Labour Party , in the country's greatest ever electoral landslide.
December
December 5 – The original Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow (1883 ) is dynamited, by order of Joseph Stalin .
December 8 – Carl Friedrich Goerdeler is appointed Reich Price Commissioner, in Germany to enforce the deflationary policies of the Brüning government.
December 9 – The Spanish Constituent Cortes approves the Spanish Constitution of 1931 , effectively establishing the Second Spanish Republic .
December 10 – Niceto Alcalá-Zamora is elected president of the Spanish Republic.
December 11 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom enacts the Statute of Westminster , which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the Commonwealth of Australia , Canada , the Irish Free State , Newfoundland , the Dominion of New Zealand and the Union of South Africa .
December 13 – Wakatsuki Reijirō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan .
December 19 – The UAP /Country Coalition , led by Joseph Lyons , defeats the Australian Labor Government , led by Prime Minister James Scullin . Coming in the aftermath of two splits in the Labor Party, the election comes about due to the defeat of the Scullin government on the floor of the House of Representatives – to date, it is the last federal election where a one-term government was defeated. Lyons will be sworn in January 6th the following year, but not before disbanding the Coalition, after the UAP wins enough seats to form a government in its own right.
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January
Robert Duvall
Caterina Valente
James Earl Jones
Sam Cooke
January 1
January 2 – Toshiki Kaifu , Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2022 )[14]
January 3 – Conrad Brooks , American actor (d. 2017)
January 4
January 5
January 6 – E. L. Doctorow , American author (d. 2015 )[21]
January 8 – Bill Graham , German concert promoter (d. 1991 )
January 10 – Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat , Malaysian politician, Muslim cleric (d. 2015 )
January 12 – Roland Alphonso , Jamaican musician (d. 1998 )
January 13 – Rip Taylor , American comedian and actor (d. 2019)
January 14 – Caterina Valente , French singer and actress (d. 2024 )[22]
January 16
January 17 – James Earl Jones , African-American actor (d. 2024 )
January 20 – David Lee , American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics [23]
January 22 – Sam Cooke , African-American singer (d. 1964 )[24]
January 24 – Lars Hörmander , Swedish mathematician (d. 2012 )
January 25 – Dean Jones , American actor (d. 2015 )[25]
January 27 – Mordecai Richler , Canadian author (d. 2001 )[26]
January 28 – Lucia Bosè , Italian actress (d. 2020 )
January 29 – Ferenc Mádl , President of Hungary (d. 2011 )
February
Boris Yeltsin
Dries van Agt
Isabel Perón
James Dean
February 1
February 2
February 4 – Isabel Perón , 41st President of Argentina
February 6
February 8
February 9
February 12 – Agustín García-Gasco Vicente , Spanish cardinal (d. 2011 )
February 14 – Gerrit Jan Heijn , Dutch businessman (d. 1987 )
February 15 – Claire Bloom , English actress
February 18 – Toni Morrison , African-American writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2019 )[31]
February 19 – Camillo Ruini , Italian cardinal
February 20 – John Milnor , American mathematician
February 23 – Linda Cristal , Argentine actress (d. 2020 )
February 26 – Josephine Tewson , British actress (d. 2022 )
March
Mikhail Gorbachev
Chun Doo-hwan
León Febres Cordero
Rupert Murdoch
William Shatner
Leonard Nimoy
March 1 – Lamberto Dini , Italian politician, economist and 51st Prime Minister of Italy
March 2 – Mikhail Gorbachev , the 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union , recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2022 )
March 4
March 5 – Barry Tuckwell , Australian horn player (d. 2020 )
March 6 – Chun Doo-hwan , 5th President of South Korea (d. 2021 )[32]
March 8 – Neil Postman , American media theorist and cultural critic (d. 2003 )[33]
March 9 – León Febres Cordero , President of Ecuador (d. 2008 )
March 10 – Kovambo Nujoma , First Lady of Namibia
March 11
March 14 – Lisbet Palme , Swedish child psychologist (d. 2018 )
March 15 – D. J. Fontana , American drummer (d. 2018 )
March 16 – Elliott Belgrave , 7th Governor-General of Barbados
March 18 – Vlastimil Bubník , Czech ice hockey and football player (d. 2015 )
March 22
March 26 – Leonard Nimoy , American actor, film director (Star Trek ), and singer (d. 2015 )[36]
March 27 – David Janssen , American actor (The Fugitive ) (d. 1980 )
March 28 – Anatoly Lein , Russian-born American chess Grandmaster (d. 2018 )
March 29 – Aleksei Gubarev , Russian cosmonaut (d. 2015 )
April
April 1
April 2 – Joseph Joffo , French author (d. 2018 )
April 4 – Catherine Tizard , 16th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 2021 )
April 5 – Héctor Olivera , Argentine film director, producer and screenwriter
April 6
April 7 – Daniel Ellsberg , American whistleblower (d. 2023 )
April 8 – John Gavin , American actor and diplomat (d. 2018 )
April 11
April 13 – Dan Gurney , American race car driver (d. 2018 )
April 15
April 18 – Klas Lestander , Swedish biathlete and Olympic champion (d. 2023 )
April 19 – Kobie Coetsee , South African politician (d. 2000 )
April 26 – John Cain , Australian politician (d. 2019 )
April 27 – Igor Oistrakh , Ukrainian violinist (d. 2021 )[39]
April 29
May
Willie Mays
Faten Hamama
Carroll Baker
May 1 – Chaudhry Ghulam Rasool , Pakistani educationist (d. 1991 )
May 3
May 6
May 7
May 8
May 10 – M. Chidananda Murthy , Indian historian (d. 2020 )
May 13
May 15 – James Fitz-Allen Mitchell , 2nd Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (d. 2021 )
May 16 – Magda Guzmán , Mexican actress (d. 2015 )
May 18 – Victoria Quirino-Gonzalez , First Lady of the Philippines (d. 2006 )
May 20 – George Vassiliou , 3rd President of Cyprus
May 21 – Bombolo , Italian character actor and comedian (d. 1987 )
May 25 – Georgy Grechko , Russian cosmonaut (d. 2017 )
May 27 – Faten Hamama , Egyptian actress (d. 2015 )
May 28 – Carroll Baker , American actress
May 31
June
Raúl Castro
João Gilberto
Marla Gibbs
Fernando Henrique Cardoso
Olympia Dukakis
June 2 – Viktor Tsaryov , Russian footballer (d. 2017 )
June 3
June 4 – D. M. Jayaratne , Sri Lankan politician (d. 2019 )[43]
June 8 – Dana Wynter , German-born American actress (d. 2011 )
June 10 – João Gilberto , Brazilian singer-songwriter and guitarist, pioneer of bossa nova (d. 2019 )
June 14
June 16 – Ivo Petrić , Slovenian composer (d. 2018 )
June 17 – John Baldessari , American conceptual artist (d. 2020 )
June 18 – Fernando Henrique Cardoso , 34th President of Brazil
June 20
June 22 – Ian Browne , Australian track cyclist (d. 2023 )
June 23 – Ola Ullsten , Swedish politician and diplomat (d. 2018 )
June 24
June 25 – V. P. Singh , Prime Minister of India (d. 2008 )
June 26 – Colin Wilson , British novelist and philosopher (d. 2013 )[45]
June 27
June 28
June 29 – Alina Obidniak , Polish actress and theatre director (d. 2021 )
June 30 – Gerda Herrmann , German composer and poet (d. 2021 )
July
Leslie Caron
Seyni Kountché
July 1
July 4 – Stephen Boyd , Irish actor (Ben-Hur ) (d. 1977 )[47]
July 5 – Ismail Mahomed , South African, Namibian Chief Justice (d. 2000 )
July 6
July 10
July 14 – Robert Stephens , English actor (d. 1995 )
July 15
July 22 – Guido de Marco , Maltese politician, 6th President of Malta (d. 2010 )
July 23
July 25 – Paul Danblon , Belgian composer, opera director, administrator and journalist (d. 2018 )
July 28 – Darryl Hickman , American actor, screenwriter, television executive, and acting coach (d. 2024 )
August
Don King
Barbara Eden
August 1
August 2 – Ruth Maria Kubitschek , German actress (d. 2024 )
August 3 – Vladimir Trusenyov , Russian discus thrower (d. 2001 )
August 6 – Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani , Iranian cleric, writer and politician (d. 2014 )
August 8 – Roger Penrose , English mathematical physicist, Nobel Prize laureate[50]
August 9 – Mário Zagallo , Brazilian football player, manager (d. 2024 )
August 12 – William Goldman , American author (d. 2018 )
August 15
August 16 – Harold Bernard St. John , 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 2004 )
August 18 – Hans van Mierlo , Dutch politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister (d. 2010 )
August 19 – Willie Shoemaker , American jockey (d. 2003 )
August 20 – Don King , American boxing promoter
August 23
August 27
August 28 – Shunichiro Okano , Japanese football player and manager (d. 2017 )[52]
August 30
August 31 – Jean Béliveau , Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2014 )
September
Javier Solís
Silvia Pinal
Larry Hagman
September 2 – Zoltán Latinovits , Hungarian actor (d. 1976 )
September 3 – Paulo Maluf , Brazilian politician
September 4
September 5 – Moshé Mizrahi , Israeli film director (d. 2018 )
September 10 – Idelisa Bonnelly , Dominican marine biologist (d. 2022 )
September 12
September 13 – Barbara Bain , American actress
September 16 – E. C. George Sudarshan , Indian theoretical physicist (d. 2018 )
September 17
September 19 – Brook Benton , American singer-songwriter (d. 1988 )
September 21
September 22 – Fay Weldon , British author (d. 2023 )
September 24
September 27 – Freddy Quinn , Austrian singer, actor
September 29
September 30 – Angie Dickinson , American actress
October
Desmond Tutu
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
October 3 – Denise Scott Brown , American architect
October 6 – Riccardo Giacconi , Italian-born astrophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2018 )[57]
October 7
October 13 – Raymond Kopa , French footballer (d. 2017 )
October 15 – A. P. J. Abdul Kalam , President of India (d. 2015 )
October 16 – Charles Colson , American politician, Watergate conspirator, later evangelist (d. 2012 )
October 17 – José Alencar , Brazilian politician (d. 2011 )
October 19
October 20 – Mickey Mantle , American baseball player (d. 1995 )
October 21 – Shammi Kapoor , Indian film actor, director (d. 2011 )
October 23 – Diana Dors , English actress (d. 1984 )
October 25
October 27 – Nawal El Saadawi , Egyptian feminist (d. 2021 )[59]
October 28 – Analía Gadé , Argentine actress (d. 2019 )
October 31
November
Mwai Kibaki
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
November 1 – Shunsuke Kikuchi , Japanese composer (d. 2021 )
November 2 – Phil Woods , American saxophonist (d. 2015 )
November 3
November 5 – Ike Turner , American singer, songwriter (d. 2007 )
November 6
November 12 – Majida Boulila , Tunisian militant (d. 1952 )
November 15
November 21 – Malcolm Williamson , Australian composer (d. 2003 )[62]
November 26 – Adolfo Pérez Esquivel , Argentine activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
November 28 – Tomi Ungerer , French artist, illustrator and writer (d. 2019 )[63]
November 29 – Shintaro Katsu , Japanese actor (d. 1997 )
December
Rita Moreno
December 1
December 2 – Wynton Kelly , Jamaican-American jazz pianist, composer (d. 1971 )
December 3 – Elizabeth Ramsey , Filipina singer and actress (d. 2015 )
December 5 – Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni , Indian Navy admiral (d. 2018 )
December 7 – Carmela Rey , Mexican singer, actress (d. 2018 )
December 9 – Ladislav Smoljak , Czech film, theater director, actor and screenwriter (d. 2010 )
December 13 - Ida Vos , Dutch Jewish author of books for children and adults (d. 2006)[64]
December 11 – Rita Moreno , Puerto-Rican actress (West Side Story )
December 15 – Klaus Rifbjerg , Danish writer (d. 2015 )[65]
December 21
December 22 – Carlos Graça , 6th Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (d. 2013 )
December 24
December 26 – Roger Piantoni , French footballer (d. 2018 )
December 27
December 30
January
Anna Pavlova
Otto Wallach
F. W. Murnau
Joe Masseria
January 3 – Joseph Joffre , French World War I general (b. 1852 )
January 4
January 10 – James Milton Carroll , American Baptist pastor, historian, and author (b. 1852 )
January 14 – Hardy Richardson , American baseball player (b. 1855 )
January 17 – Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1864 )
January 22 – Alma Rubens , American actress (b. 1897 )
January 23
January 24 – Sir Percy FitzPatrick , South African author, politician and mining financier (b. 1862)
January 28 – Bernardo Soto Alfaro , 14th President of Costa Rica (b. 1854 )
January 29 – Henri Mathias Berthelot , French general (b. 1861 )
February
February 1 – Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendome (b. 1872 )
February 9 – Mammad Hasan Hajinski , last Prime Minister of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (b.1875 )
February 11 – Sir Charles Parsons , British inventor (b. 1854 )
February 13 – Martin von Feuerstein , German painter (b. 1865 )
February 16 – Wilhelm von Gloeden , German photographer (b. 1856 )
February 18 – Louis Wolheim , American actor (b. 1880 )
February 19 – Tovmas Nazarbekian , Armenian general (b. 1855 )
February 23
February 24 – Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (b. 1852 )
February 26 – Otto Wallach , German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1847 )
February 28 – Thomas S. Rodgers , American admiral (b. 1858 )
March
March 5 – Arthur Tooth , Anglican clergyman (b. 1839 )
March 7
March 11 – F. W. Murnau , German director (b. 1888 )
March 16 – Sir Charles Eliot , British diplomat (b. 1862 )
March 20
March 22 – James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy , Irish lawyer, politician (b. 1851 )
March 23
March 24 – Robert Edeson , American actor (b. 1868 )
March 25 – Ida B. Wells , African-American anti-lynching crusader (b. 1862 )
March 27 – Arnold Bennett , British novelist (b. 1867 )[69]
March 28 – Ban Johnson , American baseball executive (b. 1864 )
March 31 – Knute Rockne , American football coach (b. 1888 )
April
April 4 – André Michelin , French industrialist and originator of Michelin Guides (born 1854 )[70]
April 8 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt , Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864 )
April 9 – Nicholas Longworth , American politician, Speaker of the House (b. 1869 )
April 10 – Khalil Gibran , Lebanese poet, painter (b. 1883 )[71]
April 15
April 16 – Rachel Bluwstein , Israeli poet (b. 1890 )[73]
April 20 – Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon , Scottish landowner, Titanic survivor (b. 1862 )[74]
April 26 – George Herbert Mead , American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist (b. 1863 )[ citation needed ]
April 27 – Albert, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1869 )[75]
April 30 – Sammy Woods , English cricketer (b. 1867 )
September
Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria
Omar al-Mukhtar
September 4 – Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria (b. 1863 )
September 5 – John Thomson , Scottish footballer (b. 1909 )
September 7 – Federico Tinoco Granados , 21st President of Costa Rica (b. 1868 )
September 9 – Lujo Brentano , German economist (b. 1844 )
September 10 – Salvatore Maranzano , Italian mobster (b. 1886 )
September 12
September 13 – Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia (b. 1866 )
September 14 – Tom Roberts , English-born Australian artist (b. 1856 )
September 16 – Omar al-Mukhtar , Libyan resistance leader (b. 1858 )
September 17
September 18 – Geli Raubal , German niece of Adolf Hitler (suicide; b. 1908 )
September 19 – David Starr Jordan , American ichthyologist, educator, eugenicist, and peace activist (b. 1851 )[78]
September 29 – Sir William Orpen , Irish artist (b. 1878 )
November
November 4 – Buddy Bolden , American musician (b. 1877 )
November 6 – Jack Chesbro , American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1874 )
November 10 – Charlotte Scott , English mathematician (b. 1858)[81]
November 11 – Shibusawa Eiichi , Japanese industrialist (b. 1840 )
November 13 – Ivan Fichev , Bulgarian general, minister of defense, military historian, and academician (b. 1860 )
November 17 – Hara Prasad Shastri , Indian academic and Sanskrit scholar (b. 1853 )
November 21 – Bruno von Mudra , German general (b. 1851 )
November 27 – Robert Ames , American actor (b. 1889 )
December
December 2 – Vincent d'Indy , French composer (b. 1851 )
December 5 – Vachel Lindsay , American poet (b. 1879 )[82]
December 9 – Antonio Salandra , Italian statesman, 21st Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1853 )
December 18 – Jack Diamond , American gangster (b. 1897 )
December 23 – Tyrone Power Sr. , English-born American actor (b. 1869 )
December 24 – Carlo Fornasini , micropalaeontologist (b. 1854 )
December 26 – Melvil Dewey , American librarian, inventor of the Dewey Decimal Classification (b. 1851 )[83]
December 27 – José Figueroa Alcorta , Argentine politician, 16th President of Argentina (b. 1860 )
"New Delhi: The Inaugural Ceremony". The Times . No. 45744. London. February 11, 1931. p. 12.
BBC History , July 2011, p12.
Jing, Xu; Dengfeng, Wang (2018). "Dual Identity and Multiple Tasks: Contemporary Chinese Party Media's Involvement in Political Communication". LCM Journal . 5 (2).
Briton Hadden (1935). Time . Time Incorporated. p. 54.
Japan Report . Japan Information Center, Consulate General of Japan. 1989. p. 71.
Chase's Calendar of Events 2019 : the ultimate go -to guide for special days, weeks and months . Bernan Press. 2018. p. 73. ISBN 9781641432641 .
Jancik, Wayne (1998). The Billboard book of one-hit wonders . New York: Billboard Books. p. 6. ISBN 9780823076222 .
1940 United States Census, United States census , 1940; Sioux City, Iowa; page 480, line 13, enumeration district 97-61B. Retrieved on February 13, 2014.
Contemporary authors. New Revision series . Detroit, Mich: Gale Research. 1981. p. 123. ISBN 9780810319929 .
CHASE'S CALENDAR OF EVENTS 2019 : the ultimate go -to guide for special days, weeks and months . Place of publication not identified: BERNAN Press. 2018. p. 191. ISBN 9781641432641 .
Abbott, Derek (2008). Quantum aspects of life . London: Imperial College Press. p. x. ISBN 9781848162532 .
1931 at National-Football-Teams.com
Gray, Charlotte (1986). Klaus Rifbjerg . New York: Greenwood Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780313250989 .
Geller, Judith (1998). Titanic: women and children first . Sparkford: Patrick Stephens. p. 22. ISBN 9781852605940 .
The New International Year Book . Dodd, Mead and Company. 1932. p. 533.
National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) (1937). Biographical Memoirs . National Academy of Sciences. p. 258.
Clark Kenschaft, Patricia (1987). "Charlotte Angas Scott". In Grinstein, Louise S.; Campbell, Paul J. (eds.). Women of Mathematics: a Biobibliographic Sourcebook . New York: Greenwood Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-3132-4849-8 .
Masters, Edgar Lee (1935). Vachel Lindsay : A Poet in America . Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 361. ISBN 978-0819602398 .
Miriam Drake (2003). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Second Edition - Volume II . Taylor & Francis. p. 848.