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5-MeO-DMT
Chemical compound From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), also known as O-methylbufotenin or mebufotenin (INN), is a naturally occurring psychedelic of the tryptamine family.[6][1][5][2] It is found in a wide variety of plant species, and is also secreted by the glands of at least one toad species, the Colorado River toad.[6] It may occur naturally in humans as well.[6] Like its close relatives dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and bufotenin (5-HO-DMT), it has been used as an entheogen in South America.[6][7] Slang terms include five-methoxy, the power, bufo, and toad venom.[8] The drug has been described as the most powerful psychedelic[9][10] and, by journalist Michael Pollan, as the "Mount Everest of psychedelics".[10][11]
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Adverse effects of 5-MeO-DMT include sickness, vomiting, headache, chest pressure, fatigue, anxiety, fear, terror, confusion, paranoia, crying, loss of awareness and motor control, and reactivations.[11] The drug acts as a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, including of the serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, among others.[1][5][12] However, 5-MeO-DMT differs from most other serotonergic psychedelics in having 100- to 1,000-fold higher affinity for the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor over the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor.[1][5][12] In relation to this, 5-MeO-DMT has been described as an "atypical" psychedelic and as producing subjective effects notably distinct from those of DMT and other psychedelics, for instance having a relative lack of visual effects.[6][1][5] Nonetheless, 5-MeO-DMT reliably produces mystical experiences in most people who take it.[11] Like DMT, 5-MeO-DMT is only active non-orally and has a very rapid onset of action and short duration.[1][5] However, 5-MeO-DMT is 4- to 20-fold more potent than DMT in humans.[2][11]
5-MeO-DMT was first described by 1936, was first isolated from natural sources by 1959, and was first reported to be hallucinogenic by 1970.[10][6] The use of 5-MeO-DMT-containing toad venom was first described in 1984.[10][13] It is a controlled substance in some countries, for instance the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.[6] The drug is used recreationally and several deaths have been reported in association with its use.[6][14] Use of 5-MeO-DMT is rare compared with other psychedelics, with only 0.003% of the United States general population having reported taking it in 2019 (compared to 8.5% for psilocybin).[11][15] 5-MeO-DMT is being developed for potential use in medicine in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression.[11][6][1][5]
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Uses
Recreational
5-MeO-DMT is used as a recreational drug.
Medical
Preliminary clinical findings suggest that 5-MeO-DMT might have antidepressant and anxiolytic effects.[16][17]
Religious
The Church of the Tree of Life, founded in California in 1971 by John Mann but now defunct, declared the use of 5-MeO-DMT to be a sacrament. From approximately 1971 to the late 1980s, 5-MeO-DMT was discreetly available to its members.[18][19] Between 1970 and 1990, smoking of 5-MeO-DMT on parsley was probably one of the two most common forms of ingestion in the United States.[19][unreliable source?]
Dosage
5-MeO-DMT has been described as having a steep dose–response curve.[11]
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Effects
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Perspective
When smoked, the duration of the effects of 5-MeO-DMT can be as little as ten minutes; when insufflated, up to two hours, although the peak effects are usually in the range of 10–40 minutes.[20] Effects vary and can range from radical perspective shifting and perception of new insights, euphoria, immersive experiences, dissociation and non-responsiveness, sensual/erotic enhancement, to dysphoria, fear, terror, panic, and ego death.[21][better source needed]
The subjective effects of 5-MeO-DMT are described as distinct from those of DMT and other psychedelics.[5][6][11] Whereas DMT is described as producing more "information-rich" experiences, with "rich sensory phenomenology", visuals, and experiences of encountering entities and visiting other worlds, 5-MeO-DMT is described as having a relative lack of visual effects, producing a sense of "nothingness", and causing experiences that are said to be "content-free" and sometimes known as "whiteouts".[5][6][11] These experiences have been described as "beyond ordinary human comprehension", with a subjective impression of a void or amnesia of the experience.[5][6][11] In spite of this however, some have described the experiences as orgasmic, ecstatic, and blissful, whereas others have described them as terror or "information overwhelm".[5][11] As with DMT and other psychedelics, the experiences with 5-MeO-DMT are often described as overwhelming, profound, spiritual, religious, and/or mystical.[5][6][11]
The experiences of 5-MeO-DMT have been related to the experience of ecstatic seizures.[5]
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Interactions
Pharmacology
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Pharmacodynamics
5-MeO-DMT is a methoxylated derivative of dimethyltryptamine (DMT). While most common psychedelics are believed to primarily elicit psychological effects through agonism of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, 5-MeO-DMT shows 1,000-fold greater affinity for the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor over the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor.[22] In line with its affinity for serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, 5-MeO-DMT is extremely potent at suppressing the firing of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin neurons.[33] Further, its activity in rats was attenuated with the selective serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635, while selective serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist volinanserin failed to demonstrate any change.[34] Additional mechanisms of action such as inhibition of monoamine reuptake may also be involved in its effects.[35]
Similarly to other serotonergic psychedelics, 5-MeO-DMT is a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, including of the serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors, among others.[1][5][27][26] It is 4- to 10-fold more potent as a hallucinogen than DMT in humans.[2] In contrast to most serotonergic psychedelics however, it has been said that it is unclear that the hallucinogenic effects of 5-MeO-DMT are principally mediated by activation of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor.[5] In any case, 5-MeO-DMT does still activate the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor and does still produce psychedelic effects.[5] It has been proposed that 5-MeO-DMT be considered an "atypical" psychedelic.[5] This relates to the fact that 5-MeO-DMT has 100- to 1,000-fold selectivity for the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor over the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor and that the actions of 5-MeO-DMT appear to be primarily mediated by serotonin 5-HT1A receptor activation.[1][5][2][12] For example, the potencies of drugs substituting for 5-MeO-DMT in drug discrimination assays is well-correlated with their serotonin 5-HT1A receptor affinities, and the discriminative stimulus effects of 5-MeO-DMT are attenuated by serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonists.[2] However, there is partial generalization of 5-MeO-DMT to the selective serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist (–)-DOM in animals.[2] In accordance with the preceding findings, 5-MeO-DMT is reported to produce notably distinct subjective effects compared DMT and other psychedelics in humans.[5]
Although 5-MeO-DMT shows dramatically higher affinity for the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor than for the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, the situation appears to be very different in terms of its actual activational potencies at these receptors.[36][26][23] Its EC50 values have been found to be 1.80 to 3.87 nM at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor and 3.92 to 1,060 nM at the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor.[36][26][23][32] For comparison, the EC50 values of DMT were found to be 38.3 nM at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor and >10,000 nM at the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor in one of the same studies.[36][26] Hence, 5-MeO-DMT appears to be similarly potent or as much as 200-fold more potent as an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor than of the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor.[36][26][23] In addition, 5-MeO-DMT is 10-fold more potent than DMT as an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor.[36][26]
Besides the serotonin receptors, 5-MeO-DMT is an agonist of the melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors.[25][32][31] Unlike DMT, 5-MeO-DMT is not a ligand or agonist of the sigma receptors.[6][32][31] In contrast to certain other tryptamines, 5-MeO-DMT is inactive as a monoamine releasing agent, including of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.[26] However, it is a weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 2,184 nM.[26] Conversely, it is inactive as a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (IC50 = >10,000 nM).[26]
Similarly to DMT, but in contrast to most other psychedelics, like LSD and psilocybin,[37][38] there appears to be very little development of tolerance with 5-MeO-DMT.[6][26][1][5] In fact, there may even be sensitization to the effects of 5-MeO-DMT.[5] The lack of tolerance development with 5-MeO-DMT may be due to biased agonism of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor.[6] More specifically, 5-MeO-DMT activates the Gq signaling pathway of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor with much less potency in recruiting β-arrestin2.[6][26] Activation of β-arrestin2 is linked to receptor downregulation and tachyphylaxis.[38][39][40]
A 2019 European study with 42 volunteers showed that a single inhalation of 5-MeO-DMT produced sustained enhancement of satisfaction with life, and easing of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[41] A 2018 study found that a single dose of 5-MeO-DMT induced neurogenesis in mice.[42]
Pharmacokinetics
5-MeO-DMT is lipophilic and is thought to easily cross the blood–brain barrier.[2] Accordingly, 5-MeO-DMT readily accumulates in the brain in animals with levels higher than in blood.[2] This is in notable contrast to bufotenin (5-HO-DMT or N,N-dimethylserotonin) and serotonin (5-HT), which are hydrophilic and have varying degrees of peripherally selectivity.[2][43][44]
Bufotenin is an active metabolite of 5-MeO-DMT, formed by O-demethylation by cytochrome P450 CYP2D6.[2] Bufotenin notably has much higher affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor than 5-MeO-DMT itself.[2] However, bufotenin does not seem to be extensively produced from 5-MeO-DMT in the brain.[2] In addition, peripherally formed bufotenin is less able to exert central effects due to its relative peripheral selectivity in terms of crossing into the brain.[2] Hence, the involvement of bufotenin in the psychoactive effects of 5-MeO-DMT is uncertain.[2]
The metabolism of 5-MeO-DMT can be dramatically reduced and its levels markedly augmented and prolonged by monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).[2] In addition, MAOIs allow 5-MeO-DMT to become orally active in humans.[2] Combination of 5-MeO-DMT with MAOIs has sometimes resulted in serotonin syndrome and death in humans.[2]
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Chemistry
5-MeO-DMT, also known as 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a substituted tryptamine derivative. It is the 5-methoxylated derivative of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), the N,N-dimethylated derivative of 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT; mexamine), and the O-methylated derivative of bufotenin (5-HO-DMT).
It has a relatively high experimental log P of 3.30.[2][44]
Synthesis
In addition to naturally-occurring sources, 5-MeO-DMT can be produced synthetically.[45][46]
Analogues and derivatives
Analogues of 5-MeO-DMT include 4-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-AMT, 5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MeO-DIPT, 5-MeO-MiPT, 5-EtO-DMT, and 5-MeO-MET. Other analogues include dimemebfe and EMDT.
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Natural occurrence
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Plants
Toads
The Colorado River toad is a noted animal source of 5-MeO-DMT. First described in Bufo Alvarius: the Psychedelic Toad of the Sonoran Desert in 1984 by Ken Nelson (writing under the pseudonym of Albert Most), smoking the parotoid secretions of the animal produces a powerful and short-lived psychedelic experience.[53] The smoking of I. alvarius secretions should not be confused with the urban legend of toad licking.[3] Since 1983, the animal has since became a popular source of 5-MeO-DMT for recreational or spiritual purposes.[54] Unfortunately, this increased demand and use of the toads as a source of 5-MeO-DMT has put strain on their populations.[55] Concerned with the ecological impacts of the growing use of I. alvarius secretions as a source of 5-MeO-DMT, Ken Nelson would later advocate for the use of synthetic 5-MeO-DMT and conservation of the Colorado River Toad.[56]
Fungi
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History
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Perspective
5-MeO-DMT was first synthesized by Toshio Hoshino in 1935.[10][6][57] It was isolated from the flowering plant Dictyoloma incanescens in 1959.[6][58] The drug was subsequently isolated from numerous other plant, fungal, and animal sources over time.[10][6] The behavioral effects of 5-MeO-DMT in animals were first reported by 1961.[59][60][61][62][63] In 1965, 5-MeO-DMT was reported to be the main component of the hallucinogenic snuff known variously as parica, epena, or yakee that is prepared and used from the resin of the Virola theiodora tree by indigenous people in Northern South America.[59][64][60][65] It was isolated from the toad Incilius alvarius (formerly Bufo alvarius and also known as the Sonoran Desert toad, Colorado River toad, or simply bufo) by Vittorio Erspamer by 1965.[10][6][66][67]
Alexander Shulgin briefly reported that 5-MeO-DMT was hallucinogenic in humans, via parenteral but not oral routes, in 1970, with additional details published later on.[59][64][68][69][3] Albert Most, real name Ken Nelson, was the first to describe the use of Incilius alvarius toad venom as a psychedelic in his published pamphlet Bufo Alvarius: the Psychedelic Toad of the Sonoran Desert in 1984.[10] Subsequently, Andrew Weil and Wade Davis, in part citing the pamphlet, described the psychoactive effects of the toad in the scientific literature in 1992.[13][70] In addition, they described the finding as the first instance of a psychedelic from an animal source to be discovered.[13] Recreational use of the toads, beyond the pamphlet, was encountered by the late 1980s and became a media sensation.[71] 5-MeO-DMT became a controlled substance in the United States in 2009.[6]
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Society and culture
Legal status
Australia
As a structural analog of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-MeO-DMT is a Schedule 9 prohibited substance under the Poisons Standard.[72]
Canada
5-MeO-DMT is legal for personal use and possession in Canada,[73] though sale, distribution, and other activities involving the substance are illegal under Canadian federal law.
China
As of October 2015, 5-MeO-DMT is a controlled substance in China.[74]
Germany
As of 2001 5-MeO-DMT is listed as a controlled substance. Attachement I BtMG. BGBl. I 2001, 1180 - 1186;
Sweden
The Swedish government classified 5-MeO-DMT, listed as 5-metoxi-N,N-dimetyltryptamin (5-MeO-DMT) in their regulation SFS 2004:696, as "health hazard" under the Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health in October 2004, making it illegal to sell or possess.[75]
Turkey
5-MeO-DMT has been controlled in Turkey since December 2013.[76]
United States
5-MeO-DMT was made a Schedule I controlled substance in January 2011.[77]
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Research
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Depression
5-MeO-DMT is being developed and evaluated for potential therapeutic effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD).[78] Biopharmaceutical company GH Research has sponsored a completed phase 1 study in healthy volunteers[79] and phase 1/2 study in TRD patients where 87.5% of patients with TRD were brought into remission on day 7 in the phase 2 part of the study.[80] GH Research is currently planning a phase 2b study in TRD patients and have received approval for studies in patients with bipolar II disorder and a current depressive episode and patients with postpartum depression.[81]
In February 2025, GH Research announced that their Phase 2b clinical trial of GH001, met its primary endpoint in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The trial demonstrated a placebo-adjusted reduction of 15.5 points on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) at day 8, with 57.7% of patients achieving remission compared to 0% in the placebo group. The trial also met all secondary endpoints, and the treatment was well-tolerated with no serious adverse events reported.[82]
Beckley Psytech in collaboration with King's College London is evaluating the safety and tolerability of intranasal 5-MeO-DMT in healthy subjects, in a phase 1 study.[83][84] Beckley Psytech CEO Cosmo Feilding-Mellen sees a potential in the short-acting nature of 5-MeO-DMT compared to psilocybin: "Requiring one or two therapists to sit in a room with a single patient for the entire duration of an MDMA or psilocybin experience, which is essentially a whole working day, is probably going to be very resource-intensive and expensive. There is already a global shortage of psychotherapists, and this poses a potential bottleneck to patient access in the future."[85]
Concerns have been raised about the potential use of 5-MeO-DMT in medicine due to the extreme and frequently challenging natures of the experiences.[11]
See also
References
External links
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