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Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet
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The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) possesses a variety of obsolete and nonstandard symbols. Throughout the history of the IPA, characters representing phonetic values have been modified or completely replaced. An example is ⟨ɷ⟩ for standard [ʊ]. Several symbols indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that they should be indicated with diacritics: ⟨ʮ⟩ for [z̩ʷ] is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series ⟨ƥ ƭ 𝼉 ƈ ƙ ʠ⟩ has been dropped.
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2018) |
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Other characters have been added in for specific phonemes which do not possess a specific symbol in the IPA. Those studying modern Chinese phonology have used ⟨ɿ⟩ to represent the sound of -i in Pinyin hanzi which has been variously described as [ɨ], [ɹ̩], [z̩] or [ɯ]. (See the sections Vowels and Syllabic consonants of the article Standard Chinese phonology.) The term para-IPA is used to describe "symbols that are commonly used within IPA notation but that are not themselves part of the IPA alphabet."[1]
There are also unsupported symbols from local traditions that find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA. This is especially common with Americanist symbols, including affricates such as ⟨ƛ⟩ for [t͡ɬ]. Extensions from the Americanist affricate convention of c = ts and č = tš include 𝼝 = tʂ and ɕ = t𝼞.
While the IPA does not itself have a set of capital letters (the ones that look like capitals are actually small capitals), many languages have adopted symbols from the IPA as part of their orthographies, and in such cases they have invented capital variants of these. This is especially common in Africa. An example is Kabiyé of northern Togo, which has ⟨Ɔ Ɛ Ŋ Ɣ⟩. Other pseudo-IPA capitals supported by Unicode are ⟨Ɓ/Ƃ Ƈ Ɗ/Ƌ Ə/Ǝ Ɠ Ħ Ɯ Ɲ Ɵ Ʃ (capital ʃ) Ʈ Ʊ Ʋ Ʒ⟩. (See Case variants of IPA letters.)
Capital letters are also used as cover symbols in phonotactic descriptions: ⟨C⟩ = consonant, ⟨V⟩ = vowel, ⟨N⟩ = nasal, ⟨S⟩ = sonorant, etc.
This list does not include commonplace extensions of the IPA, such as doubling a symbol for a greater degree of a feature ([aːː] extra-long [a], [ˈˈa] extra stress, [kʰʰ] strongly aspirated [k], and [a˞˞] extra-rhotic [a][2]), nor superscripting for a lesser degree of a feature ([ᵑɡ] slightly prenasalized [ɡ], [ᵗs] slightly affricated [s], and [ᵊ] epenthetic schwa). The asterisk, as in [k*] for the fortis stop of Korean, is the convention the IPA uses when it has no symbol for a phone or feature.
For symbols and values which were discarded by 1932, see History of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
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Symbol or exemplar |
Name | Meaning | Standard IPA equivalent |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
, | comma | secondary stress | ˌ | a mistake |
' | apostrophe |
primary stress | ˈ | |
glottal stop | ʔ | typewriter substitution | ||
7 | digit seven | |||
? | question mark | |||
ɋ | q with hook tail | bilabial click | ʘ | the tenuis bilabial click, and basis of digraphs for other bilabial clicks; equivalent to IPA [ʘ].[3] |
! | exclamation mark | alveolar click | ǃ | a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape |
φ | Greek phi | voiceless bilabial fricative | ɸ | |
ꜰ | Small capital f | replaced by ⟨ɸ⟩ | ||
ψ | Greek psi | retroflex click | 𝼊, ‼ | used by (Doke 1925). |
bunched-r | ɹ̈ | proposed by John Laver (1994) | ||
voiced bilabial fricative trill | ʙ̝ | Proposed by Sinologists.[4] | ||
voiceless labio-alveolar affricate | p͡s | Used by Blench (2008).[5] | ||
voiced bilabial trill | ʙ | used by Uralicists[6] | ||
ᴪ | small capital Greek psi | voiceless bilabial trill | ʙ̥ | |
ᴍ | small capital m | voiced labiodental nasal | ɱ | Proposed in 1911, rejected[7] |
μ | Greek mu | |||
ʙ | small capital b | voiced labiodental plosive | b̪ | |
β | Greek beta | |||
ᴘ | small capital p | voiceless labiodental plosive | p̪ | |
π | Greek pi | Proposed in 1911[7] and 1989,[8] rejected | ||
ß | sharp s | voiced bilabial fricative | β | a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape |
∫ or |
integral symbol | voiceless postalveolar fricative | ʃ | |
3 | digit three | voiced postalveolar fricative | ʒ | a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape; often confused with open-mid central unrounded vowel |
đ | d with stroke | voiced dental fricative | ð | a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape |
þ | thorn | voiceless dental fricative | θ | Proposed by early 20th century American phoneticians for English dictionaries;[11] also proposed in 1989, rejected.[8] |
ƍ | turned delta | labialized voiced alveolar or dental fricative | zʷ, z͎, ðʷ | intended for the voiced whistled sibilant, ɀ, of Shona and related languages, withdrawn 1976[12] |
σ | sigma | labialized voiceless alveolar or dental fricative | sʷ, s͎, θʷ | intended for the voiceless whistled sibilant, ȿ, of Shona and related languages, withdrawn 1976[12] |
ƺ | ezh with tail | labialized voiced alveolo-palatal fricative | ʑʷ, ʒᶣ | intended for w before front vowels in Twi;[12] may also be used for the lightly rounded English /ʒ/, withdrawn 1976. |
ƪ | reversed esh with top loop | labialized voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative | ɕʷ, ʃᶣ | intended for hw before front vowels in Twi;[12] may also be used for the lightly rounded English /ʃ/, withdrawn 1976. |
ƻ | barred digit two | voiced alveolar affricate | d͡z | withdrawn 1976 |
ƾ | inverted glottal stop with stroke | voiceless alveolar affricate | t͡s | |
ȼ | c with stroke | Americanist notation | ||
¹, ², etc. | superscript digits | pitch accents | ˈ◌̌, ˈ◌̂ or ˈ◌̂, ˈ◌̌ | used in Swedish and Norwegian |
tonal accents | ◌́, ◌̌, ◌̀, ◌̂ or ◌̋, ◌᷄, ◌᷉, ◌̂ or similar, or Chao tone letters | used by Sinologists in China and Taiwan | ||
ƞ | n with long right leg | moraic nasal | m, ɰ̃, ɴ, etc. | Intended for the moraic nasal /N/ of Japanese.[12] Withdrawn 1976 |
N | uppercase n | commonly used wildcard | ||
ā, ī, ū, etc. | macron | long vowel | aː, iː, uː, etc. | a mistake |
a:, i:, u:, etc. | colon | |||
◌̡ | palatal hook | palatalization | ◌ʲ | Typically used in the transcription of Slavic languages such as Russian. Superseded 1989 |
◌̢ | retroflex hook | voiced alveolar or retroflex approximant | ɹ / ɻ | a mistake; an example like /ᶚ/ was actually [ʒ͡ɻ] |
r-colored vowels | ɚ, ɝ, ◌˞ | Superseded 1989; MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK (U+02DE) is now preferred | ||
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schwa with right hook | Used by Kenyon until 1935;[13] in the Unicode pipeline[14] | ||
ꭤ | inverted Latin alpha | open back unrounded vowel | ɑ | used by Kurath (1939),[15] where ⟨ɑ⟩ is instead used for the open central unrounded vowel |
α | Greek alpha | a mistake; homoglyphic in many sans-serif and italic fonts | ||
α | turned Greek alpha | open back rounded vowel | ɒ | |
a | reversed a | near-open front unrounded vowel | æ | Proposed in 1989, rejected[8] |
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nv ligature | close front rounded vowel | y | |
ᵿ˞ | barred horseshoe u with hook | back sulcal vowel | ||
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w with left hook | voiced labial-velar fricative (labialized voiced velar fricative) | ɣʷ | |
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long-leg g | voiced velar lateral approximant | ʟ | |
ɓ ɭ ɻ | letters with left-swinging top hook | dental consonants | d̪ l̪ r̪ | proposed in 1989, rejected[8] |
𝼥 𝼦 𝼧 𝼨 𝼩 𝼪 | letters with left-swinging mid hook | retroflex consonants | ɖ ɭ ɳ ɽ ʂ ʈ | Malayalam transcriptions[16] |
ƕ | hv ligature | voiceless labial-velar approximant | w̥ | appears only in the 1921 chart |
voiceless alveolar lateral fricative | ɬ | proposed in 1989, rejected[8] | ||
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h turned h ligature | voiceless labial-palatal approximant | ɥ̊ | appears only in the 1921 chart |
ƃ or б | small capital b with top bar or Cyrillic be | voiced bilabial approximant | β̞ | proposed in 2011[17] |
ъ | small capital Cyrillic hard sign | |||
β | reversed Greek beta | used by Ball et al. in 2020[18] | ||
β | turned Greek beta | para-IPA[19] | ||
δ | small capital Greek delta | voiced dental approximant | ð̞ | proposed in 2011[17] |
ƌ or б | small capital d with top bar or reversed Cyrillic be | |||
ð | reversed eth | used by Ball et al. in 2020[18] | ||
ð | turned eth | proposed in 2010[20] | ||
ᴆ | small capital eth | |||
dental fricative | ð or θ | used by Uralicists[6] | ||
voiceless alveolar tap and flap | ɾ̥ | |||
σ | small capital reversed Greek sigma | laminal voiced alveolar approximant | z̞ or ɹ̻ | proposed in 2011[17] |
ƨ | reversed s | |||
z | reversed z | used by Ball et al. in 2020[18] | ||
ƹ | reversed ezh | voiced pharyngeal fricative | ʕ | it is based on the Arabic letter ʿayn (ع) instead of letter ezh,[21] used in Arabic and Ethiopic transcriptions |
laminal voiced postalveolar approximant | ʒ̞ or ɹ̻˗ | proposed in 2011;[17] used by Ball et al. in 2020[18] | ||
ᶎ | reversed z with retroflex hook | laminal retroflex approximant | ʐ̞ or ɻ̻ | used by Ball et al. in 2020[18] |
J | capital inverted J | voiced palatal approximant | j or ʝ̞ | proposed in 2011[17] |
ʝ | reversed curly-tail j | used by Ball et al. in 2020[18] | ||
ᴦ | small capital Greek gamma | voiced velar approximant | ɰ or ɣ̞ | proposed in 2011[17] |
ɣ | inverted Latin gamma | used by Ball et al. in 2020[18] | ||
ʁ̢ | small capital inverted r with hook | voiced uvular approximant | ʁ̞ | proposed in 1989, rejected[8] |
ᴩ | small capital Greek rho | voiceless uvular trill | ʀ̥ | used by Uralicists[6] |
ᴙ | small capital reversed r | appears sporadically in historical charts | ||
voiced uvular approximant | ʁ̞ | proposed in 2011[17] | ||
ᴚ | small capital turned r | voiceless uvular fricative | χ / ꭓ | replaced in 1928[22] |
voiced uvular approximant | ʁ̞ | proposed in 2011;[17] used by Ball et al. in 2020[18] | ||
ʖ | inverted glottal stop | alveolar lateral click | ǁ | removed 1989; see click letters, but in some African languages still use this symbol to avoid confusion with ⟨‖⟩ (major break) |
voiced pharyngeal approximant | ʕ̞ | proposed in 2011[17] | ||
ʔ | turned glottal stop | used by Ball et al. in 2020[18] | ||
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hooktop ezh | voiced velar fricative | ɣ | proposed in 1989, rejected[8] |
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double-loop g | used in the early alphabet from 1895 to 1900; replaced with [ǥ] in the 1900 chart | ||
voiced velar plosive | ɡ | standard Unicode Basic Latin/ASCII lower-case g (U+0067) may have a double-loop g glyph. The preferred IPA single-loop g (U+0261) is in the IPA Extensions Unicode block. For a time it was proposed that the double-loop g might be used for [ɡ] and the single-loop g for [ᶃ] (ɡ̟),[12] but the distinction never caught on. | ||
voiced postalveolar affricate | d͡ʒ | used in Arabic transcriptions | ||
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single-loop g with stroke | voiced velar fricative | ɣ | replaced double-loop g in 1900, then replaced by gamma [ɣ] around 1928-1930. the character ǥ may not have the single-loop shape in some fonts.[23] |
ʆ | curly-tail esh | voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative | ɕ | variant, also for Russian щ (now ⟨ɕ⟩). removed 1989 |
voiceless laminal closed postalveolar sibilant | modern usage;[citation needed] transcribed by Catford with ⟨ŝ⟩ | |||
ᵷ | turned g | withdrawn 1904 | ||
ʓ | curly-tail ezh | voiced alveolo-palatal fricative | ʑ | variant, removed 1989 |
voiced laminal closed postalveolar sibilant | modern usage;[citation needed] transcribed by Catford with ⟨ẑ⟩ | |||
ʒ | turned ezh | withdrawn 1904 | ||
ȵ, ȡ, ȶ, ȴ | curly-tail n, d, t, l | alveolo-palatal consonants | n̠ʲ, d̠ʲ, t̠ʲ, l̠ʲ or ɲ̟, ɟ˖, c̟, ʎ̟ | used by some Sinologists. |
ř | r with háček | voiced strident apico-alveolar trill | r̝ | Intended for ř in Czech and related languages; replaced in 1949[24] |
ɼ | long-leg r | Introduced in 1949,[24] withdrawn 1989 | ||
syllabic alveolar trill | r̩ | a mistake | ||
Ꙫ | Cyrillic o with two dots inside | nasal-ingressive velar trill | a paralinguistic impression of a snort, due to the graphic resemblance to a pig snout.[25] | |
ᴅ | small capital d | voiced alveolar tap and flap | ɾ | used by Americanists |
lenis alveolar plosive | d̥ | used by Uralicists[6] | ||
ᴃ | small capital barred b | bilabial fricative | β / ꞵ or ɸ | |
ᴊ | small capital j | voiceless palatal approximant | j̊ | |
ᴌ | small capital ł | voiceless velarized alveolar lateral approximant | ɫ̥ | |
ᴫ | small capital Cyrillic el | voiceless velar lateral approximant | ʟ̥ | |
ᴎ | small capital reversed n or engma | voiceless velar nasal | ŋ̊ | |
λ | Greek lambda | voiced palatal lateral approximant | ʎ | a mistake |
voiced alveolar lateral affricate | d͡ɮ | used by Americanists | ||
ƛ | barred lambda | voiceless alveolar lateral affricate | t͡ɬ | |
ł | l with stroke | voiceless alveolar lateral fricative | ɬ | used by Americanists, also a typographic substitute |
velarized voiced alveolar lateral approximant | ɫ | used by Baltic transcriptions | ||
ᵽ | p with middle stroke | voiceless bilabial fricative | ɸ | used by Americanists[26] |
ᵽ | b with middle stroke | voiced bilabial fricative | β | |
ᵽ | d with middle stroke | voiced dental fricative | ð | |
š č ž | s c z with háček | postalveolar consonants | ʃ t͡ʃ ʒ; ʂ ʈ͡ʂ ʐ | used by Americanists, Uralicists, Semiticists, Slavicists |
ǰ, ǧ, ǯ | j, g, ezh with háček | voiced postalveolar affricate | d͡ʒ; ɖ͡ʐ | used by Americanists, Slavicists |
𝼞 | curly-tail s | voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative | ɕ | used by Roos (1998, 2000)[27] |
𝼝 | c with retroflex hook | voiceless retroflex affricate | ʈ͡ʂ | |
ć ĺ ń ś ź dź | c l n s z dz with acute accent | alveolo-palatals or palatals and postalveolar consonants | t͡ɕ l̠ʲ n̠ʲ ɕ ʑ d͡ʑ; t͡ʃ ʎ ɲ ʃ ʒ d͡ʒ | used by Slavicists |
ẋ | x with dot | voiceless uvular fricative | χ | used by Americanists |
X | uppercase x | voiceless uvular fricative | χ | a mistake |
Y | uppercase y | voiced labial–palatal approximant | ɥ | |
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baby gamma | close-mid back unrounded vowel | ɤ | used from 1921 to 1989, replaced by ramshorn to avoid confusion with gamma; LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN (U+0264) now represents both glyphs |
ρ | Greek rho | voiced bilabial trill | ʙ | common before an official letter was adopted[citation needed] |
voiced uvular trill | ʀ | used by Uralicists[6] | ||
ȸ ȹ | db and qp ligatures or footless phi and headless phi | voiced and voiceless labiodental plosives | b̪ p̪ | Used by Africanists. |
0, 0̷, or Ø | digit zero, slashed digit zero or uppercase slashed o | null initial | ∅ | usually used in phonology to mean a spelling with no sound value. however, in Chinese and some Korean linguistics, some scholars use it for a weak glottal stop; the sound value of the first consonant of syllables started by a vowel. |
ƥ ƭ 𝼉 ƈ ƙ ʠ | hooktop p, t, ʈ, c, k, q | voiceless implosives | ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥ or pʼ↓ tʼ↓ ʈʼ↓ cʼ↓ kʼ↓ qʼ↓ | brief additions to the IPA; removed 1993 |
ʇ | turned t | dental click | ǀ | removed 1989; see click letters, but in some African languages still use this symbol to avoid confusion with ⟨l⟩ (voiced alveolar lateral approximant) and/or ⟨|⟩ (minor break) |
ʗ | stretched (or descended) c | alveolar click | ǃ | removed 1989; see click letters |
voiced retroflex flap | ɽ | some assumed this symbol was made by combining ⟨ɾ⟩ with ⟨◌̢⟩ and thus was used as the symbol for voiced retroflex flap ([ɽ]); ⟨ɽ⟩ assumed as the symbol of voiced retroflex trill ([ɽr]).[28][29] | ||
ʞ | turned k | originally a palatal click, reinterpreted as a velar click | velar articulation was judged impossible.[30] later reanalyzed and found paralinguistically. For several years used for a voiceless velodorsal stop in the extIPA.[31] | |
𝼋 (⨎) | esh with two bars | voiced palatal implosive | ʄ | old form of ⟨ʄ⟩. |
fricated palatal click | ǂǂ or ǃ͡s | uncommon letter in Ekoka !Kung transcription | ||
ȣ | ou | close-mid back unrounded vowel or voiced velar fricative | ɤ or ɣ | a common mistake |
ʀ or R | small capital or uppercase r | long vowel or prolonged moraic N | ː | used by Japanologists. This symbol represents phonemic long vowel (such as /aʀ/) or /aR/) or rarely prolonged moraic N (hatsuon).[citation needed] |
ɿ | reversed r with fishhook | syllabic denti-alveolar approximant | ɹ̩,[32] ɹ̩, z̩, ◌͡ɯ[33] | used by Sinologists, and by Japanologists specifically for the Miyako and Tarama languages. |
℩ | turned iota | old form of ⟨ɿ⟩, used by Sinologists, and by Japanologists specifically for the Miyako and Tarama languages. | ||
ʅ | squat reversed esh | syllabic retroflex approximant | ɹ̩,[32] ɻ̩, ʐ̩, ◌͡ɨ | used by Sinologists. See Chinese vowels |
ʃ or ꭍ | reversed (baseline) esh | old form of ⟨ʅ⟩, used by Sinologists. See Chinese vowels | ||
ʮ | turned h with fishhook | labialized syllabic denti-alveolar approximant | ɹ̩ʷ, z̩ʷ, ◌͡u | used by Sinologists |
ʯ | turned h with fishhook and tail | labialized syllabic retroflex approximant | ɻ̩ʷ, ʐ̩ʷ, ◌͡ʉ | |
ꬰ | barred Latin alpha | open central unrounded vowel | ä, ɑ̈, ɐ̞, a̠, ɑ̟ | Proposed by Charles-James N. Bailey in 1976[34] |
ꜵ | ao ligature | Used by Leoni & Maturi (2002).[35] | ||
ᴀ | small capital a | used by Sinologists | ||
ᴀ | small capital turned a | close-mid back unrounded vowel | ɤ | withdrawn in 1928. |
ᴇ | small capital e | mid front unrounded vowel | e̞, ɛ̝ | Bloch & Trager (1942). Used by Sinologists and some Koreanists |
ꬳ | barred e | close-mid central unrounded vowel | ɘ | used by Teuthonista |
ⱻ | small capital turned e | mid back unrounded vowel | ɤ̞, ʌ̝ | used by some Koreanists who study Gyeongsang dialect, where there is no phonemic differentiation between /ʌ/ (RR eo; Hangul ㅓ) and /ɯ/ (RR eu; Hangul ㅡ).[citation needed] |
ʚ | closed Latin epsilon | open-mid central rounded vowel | ɞ | appears sporadically in historical charts |
typographical error from 1993, fixed in 1996 | ||||
ɩ | Latin iota | near-close near-front unrounded vowel | ɪ | longstanding alternate symbol until 1989 |
ı | dotless small i | a mistake or typographic substitute; or used by Americanists. | ||
ᵻ | barred small capital i | near-close central unrounded vowel | ɪ̈, ɨ̞, ɘ̝, ɪ̠ | used by some English phoneticians, including the Oxford English Dictionary; Americanist notation[36] |
ᵼ | barred Latin iota | used by Slavicists[36] | ||
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small capital i over schwa | used by some English phoneticians and dictionaries;[26] may be more broadly described as any obscure vowel between ⟨i⟩ or ⟨ɪ⟩ and ⟨ə⟩ | ||
ꝋ | barred o | close-mid central rounded vowel | ɵ | variant shape of ɵ in some early 20th century works.[37] |
ꭥ | small capital omega | mid back rounded vowel | o̞, ɔ̝ | Proposed by Bloch & Trager (1942) and Koreanists. |
o̧ | o with cedilla | Used by Sinologists.[38] | ||
ω | omega | near-open back rounded vowel | ɒ̝, ɔ̞ | Proposed by Bloch & Trager (1942) and Sinologists.[38] |
near-close near-back unrounded vowel | ɯ̽ or ʊ̜ | Used by Wells (1982);[39] made from obsolete ɷ symbol. | ||
ұ | Cyrillic straight U with stroke | used in Mande studies[40] | ||
ɷ | closed omega | near-close near-back rounded vowel | ʊ | longstanding alternate symbol until 1989 |
ᴜ | small capital u | Americanist notation; also shape of ʊ in the original 1900 chart | ||
ᵿ | barred Latin upsilon | near-close central rounded vowel | ʊ̈, ʉ̞, ɵ̝, ʊ̟ | used by some English phoneticians, including the Oxford English Dictionary |
ᵾ | barred small capital u | Americanist notation[36] | ||
![]() ə) |
small capital Latin upsilon over schwa | used by some English phoneticians and dictionaries;[26] may be more broadly described as any obscure vowel between ⟨u⟩ or ⟨ʊ⟩ and ⟨ə⟩ | ||
ɏ | barred y | close central compressed vowel | ÿ | para-IPA, by analogy of central ⟨i u⟩ being transcribed as ⟨ɨ ʉ⟩ |
ɏ | small capital barred y | near-close central compressed vowel | ʏ̈ | para-IPA, by analogy of central ⟨ɪ ʊ⟩ being transcribed as ⟨ᵻ ᵿ⟩ |
ɉ | barred j | voiced post-palatal approximant | ȷ̈ | used by Ball et al. (2011, 2020)[17][18] |
barred turned h | compressed voiced post-palatal approximant | ɥ̈ | used by Ball et al. (2011);[17] in the Unicode pipeline[41] | |
barred w | protruded voiced post-palatal approximant | ẅ | used by Ball et al. (2020);[18] in the Unicode pipeline[41] | |
B G Ɠ H I L Ɬ N Œ R Y | uppercase letters | small caps | ʙ ɢ ʛ ʜ ɪ ʟ 𝼄 ɴ ɶ ʀ ʏ | often mistaken by typing, uppercase alternatives to symbols shaped like small capitals |
Q | uppercase q | sokuon |
used by Japanologists. | |
ꞯ | small capital q | |||
Voiceless upper-pharyngeal stop | q (q˗) | proposed for the pharyngeal stop of Formosan languages,[citation needed] officially used in extIPA | ||
ꞎ 𝼆 𝼄 | belted letters | voiceless lateral fricatives (retroflex, palatal, and velar) | ɭ̊˔ ʎ̝̊ ʟ̝̊ | now in the extIPA[31] |
ⱳ | w with hook | bilabial flap | ⱱ̟ | para-IPA[42] |
𝼑 | l with fishhook | alveolar lateral flap | ɺ | historical alternate used in transcriptions before the official adoption of ⟨ɺ⟩ by the IPA[43] |
𝼈 | turned r with long leg and retroflex hook | retroflex lateral flap | ɭ̆ | para-IPA, by analogy of retroflex ⟨ɗ⟩ being transcribed as ⟨ᶑ⟩[43] |
ᶘ ᶚ | esh or ezh with retroflex hook | retroflex palato-alveolar fricatives | ʃ͡ɻ̊ ʒ͡ɻ | may be impossible to pronounce[44] |
k', t', etc. | apostrophe | no audible release | k̚, t̚, etc. | removed |
palatalization | k̟, tʲ, etc. | common in X-SAMPA | ||
k’, t’, etc. | right single quotation mark | Korean fortis | k͈, t͈, etc. | used by some Koreanists for fortis sounds. |
K, T, etc. | uppercase letters (not small capitals) | |||
ɔ̩ | vowel with tilted line below | lower-pitched rising / falling tone contour | for languages that distinguish multiple rising or falling tones | |
kʻ, tʻ, etc. | turned comma above | weak (sometimes normal) aspiration | k t (sometimes kʰ tʰ) | First symbol may be left single quotation mark (U+2018) or modifier letter apostrophe (U+02BC); second symbol may be single high-reversed-9 quotation mark (U+201B) or modifier letter reversed comma (U+02BD) |
ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ ꭧ ꭦ ʨ ʥ | ligatures | affricates | t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ | formerly acceptable variants[45] |
𝼗 𝼒 | ligatures with palatal hook | palatalized affricates | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ | historical, para-IPA[43] |
𝼜 𝼙 | ligatures with retroflex hook | retroflex affricates | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ | |
p′ s′ t′ etc. | prime | palatalization | pʲ sʲ tʲ etc. | traditional Irish phonology transcription |
pʼ sʼ tʼ etc. | combining apostrophe | traditional Russian phonology transcription | ||
* | asterisk | syntactic gemination | used in some Italian dictionaries | |
˹ | open corner | release/burst | IPA number 490 | |
◌˖, ◌˗ | plus, minus | advanced, retracted | ◌᫈, ◌ | used to avoid a descender or another diacritic. the minus may have serifs to distinguish it from a hyphen. withdrawn in 1989. |
◌꭪, ◌꭫ | left-tack, right-tack | advanced, retracted | ◌, ◌ | used to avoid a descender or another diacritic. retired in 1912. sometimes seen today with their modern values of advanced and retracted tongue root. |
◌˔, ◌˕ | up-tack, down-tack | raised, lowered | ◌᷵, ◌ | used to avoid a descender or another diacritic. withdrawn in 1989. |
◌ᶹ | superscript v with hook | labialization (compressed) | ◌ᵝ | extIPA; used in some language studies e.g. Swedish and Japanese; may actually indicate labiodentalization |
◌ᷩ | combining Latin beta above | used to avoid implication of a diphthong | ||
◌͍ ◌⃡ | combining left–right arrow below and above | extIPA, but intended for spread lips rather than compression | ||
◌ᫀ | combining turned w below | may also be used to indicate voiceless labialization instead of compression[46] | ||
◌ ◌ | combining double arch below and above | added to Unicode in 2025 with this as its intended usage, but not IPA[46] | ||
◌̫ ◌᫇ | combining inverted double arch below and above | labialization (protruded) | ◌ʷ | removed 1989 |
◌ᪿ ◌ᷱ | combining w below and above | used in some sources, but the rounded version (double arch) is the standard[46] | ||
◌̣ | underdot | Retroflex consonant | ◌̢ | early historical charts |
raised | ◌̝ | withdrawn in 1989 | ||
whispered | never IPA, but picked up by VoQS | |||
◌⸋ | box | unreleased | ◌̚ | used where IPA ◌̚ would get confused with the corners used to indicate change of pitch in the Japanese pitch accent system |
◌ʱ | Modifier h with hook | breathy voice or voiced aspiration | ◌̤ | Equivalent in the IPA |
◌ˀ | Modifier glottal stop | creaky voice or glottalization | ◌̰ | |
◌̴ | Combining middle tilde | velarization | ◌ˠ | |
◌͋ | Combining homothetic | nareal fricative | ◌̾ | replaced in 2024 |
ˉ◌, ˗◌, ˍ◌ | Modifier high, mid and low macron behind | high, mid and low-level tone or intonation | ◌́, ◌̄, ◌̀ or ˦ ꜓, ˧ ꜔, ˨ ꜕ |
removed[citation needed] |
˭◌, ₌◌ | Modifier high and low equals sign behind | extra-high and extra-low level tone or intonation | ◌̋, ◌̏ or ˥ ꜒, ˩ ꜖ | |
ˋ◌, ˴◌, ˎ◌ | Modifier high, mid and low grave behind | falling or high falling, mid falling and low-falling tone or intonation | ◌᷇, ◌᷆ or ˥˧ ꜒꜔, ˦˨ ꜓꜕, ˧˩ ꜔꜖ | |
ˊ◌, ˏ◌ | Modifier high and low acute behind | high rising and low rising tone or intonation | ◌᷄, ◌᷅ or ˧˥ ꜔꜒, ˨˦ ꜕꜓, ˩˧ ꜖꜔ | |
ˇ◌, ˬ◌ | Modifier high and low caron behind | high dipping and low dipping (falling-rising) tone or intonation | ◌᷉ or ˥˧˥ ꜒꜔꜒, ˦˨˦ ꜓꜕꜓, ˧˩˧ ꜔꜖꜔ | |
ˆ◌, ꞈ◌ | Modifier high and low circumflex behind | peaking (rising-falling) tone or intonation | ◌᷈ or ˧˥˨ ꜔꜒꜕, ˨˦˨ ꜕꜓꜕, ˩˧˩ ꜖꜔꜖ | |
˜◌, ̰◌ | Modifier high and low tilde behind | "wavy" tone or intonation | ||
˙◌, ·◌, .◌ | Modifier high, mid and low dot behind | atonic syllable with high, mid, and low pitch; respectively | ||
◌́, ◌̂, ◌̀, ◌̆ | Acute accent, circumflex, grave accent, breve | stress symbols:
primary stress, weakened primary stress, secondary stress, and no stress; respectively |
ˈˈ◌, ˈ◌, ˌ◌, ◌ | some English phoneticians and phonologists use acute and grave accents as primary and secondary stress symbols. Some linguists[47] use the circumflex as weakened primary stress in compound words and the breve as no stress. these symbols are also written on the English spellings not just other IPA symbols. |
◌̩, ◌̍ | Vertical line below or above | moraic | used by Japanologists. In the standard IPA, these symbols represents syllabic sounds, but Japanologists use them for phonetic variants (except for nasal vowels) of the moraic N ([n̩, ɴ̩, ŋ̍ (or ŋ̩), m̩]). | |
◌̄, ◌́, ◌̌, ◌̀ | Macron, acute accent, caron, grave accent | Chinese tones | ◌́, ◌̌, ◌̀, ◌̂ or ◌̋, ◌᷄, ◌᷉, ◌̂ or similar, depending on dialect and analysis, or Chao tone letters | used by Sinologists with the values the symbols have in Hanyu Pinyin. the standard IPA values of these diacritics are: mid, high, rising, and low tone. |
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