Environmental Performance Index

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Environmental Performance Index

The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is a method of quantifying and numerically marking the environmental performance of a state's policies, highlightning the degradation of the planet's life-supporting systems on which humanity depends. A world economy that continues to rely heavily on fossil fuels translates into ongoing air and water pollution, acidification of the oceans, and rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These changes threaten the survival of species already suffering from widespread habitat loss, pushing them closer to extinction. Recent analyses show that humanity has already transgressed six out of nine critical planetary boundaries that define Earth's safe operating space — and is close to crossing a seventh.

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Global map of countries by Environmental Performance Index, 2024[1]

The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) was started in 2002 by World Economic Forum in association with the Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy (Yale University) and Center for International Earth Science Information Network Earth Institute (Columbia University). The biennial EPI report harnesses the latest data sets, science, and technology to provide the most comprehensive assessment of the state of sustainability around the world. In total, the 2024 EPI report incorporates 58 indicators to rank 180 countries on their progress at mitigating climate change, safeguarding ecosystem vitality, and promoting environmental health. This broad set of metrics is a powerful tool to track progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the climate mitigation targets in the 2015 Paris Climate Change Agreement, and the biodiversity protection goals in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.[2]

In 2023, the first global assessment of progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement revealed a grim picture: the world is far off track. Despite record deployment of renewable energy, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions keep rising. As the world enters uncharted climatic territory, there is a heightened risk of crossing irreversible tipping points in the planet's climate system.[2]

Methodology

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Environmental Performance Index Framework, 2024[2]

Over time, the methodology for the EPI has been criticized for its arbitrary choice of metrics which could introduce bias, and its poor performance as an indicator for environmental sustainability.[3] Additional criticisms center on the EPI's lack of specific policy suggestions, and the index's weighting biases against data deficient countries that has led to the overlooking of ecological progress in developing countries.[3]

In 2024, India was ranked at 176 in the list and rejected the low ranking. As per a statement issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), it claimed that several indicators used in the calculation were based on unfounded assumptions and unscientific methods.[4][5][6]

The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe found 3 Pros: EPI provides an easily comparable index; EPI's ecosystem vitality scores are based on six constituent policy categories: water resources, agriculture, forests, fisheries, biodiversity and habitat, and climate and energy; the referenced database yields maps for each of EPI's partial indices (normalised to 0 … 100) and 3 Cons: CIESIN's EPI rather is an attempt to quantitatively represent the ecological performance of countries and companies; actual reasons for dysfunctionalities might need further research; EPI would be a more policy-relevant index.[7]

As a result of these criticisms, the number of EPI indicators has increased, and their weight has changed, to provide a better data-driven summary of the state of sustainability around the world. The 2024 index is based on 58 performance indicators grouped into 30 issue categories with an objective of environmental health, ecosystem vitality and climate change, ranking 180 countries.[8]

More information Policy Objective, Wt. (%) ...
2024 EPI indicators and weights (%)
Policy ObjectiveWt. (%)Issue CategoryWt. (%)IndicatorWt. (%)
Ecosystem Vitality45%Biodiversity & Habitat25Marine KBA Protection12.0
Marine Habitat Protection12.0
Marine Protection Stringency2.0
Protected Areas Representativeness Index12.0
Species Protection Index16.0
Terrestrial Biome Protection10.0
Terrestrial KBA Protection10.0
Protected Area Effectiveness2.0
Protected Human Land2.0
Red List Index12.0
Species Habitat Index8.0
Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience2.0
Forests5Primary Forest Loss30.0
Intact Forest Landscape Loss30.0
Tree cover loss weighted by permanency25.0
Net change in tree cover10.0
Forest Landscape Integrity5.0
Fisheries2Fish Stock Status15.0
Fish Catch Discarded20.0
Bottom Trawling in EEZ25.0
Bottom Trawling in Global Ocean35.0
Regional Marine Trophic Index5.0
Air Pollution6Ozone exposure KBAs8.3
Ozone exposure croplands8.3
Adj. emissions growth rate for nitrous oxides41.7
Adj. emissions growth rate for sulfur dioxide41.7
Agriculture3Sustainable Nitrogen Management Index40.0
Phosphorus Surplus3.3
Pesticide Pollution Risk16.7
Relative Crop Yield40.0
Water Resources5Wastewater generated10.0
Wastewater collected40.0
Wastewater treated40.0
Wastewater reused10.0
Environmental Health25%Air Quality17Anthropogenic PM2.5 exposure38.2
Household solid fuels38.2
Ozone exposure8.8
NOx exposure5.9
SO2 exposure2.9
CO exposure2.9
VOC exposure2.9
Sanitation & Drinking Water5Unsafe sanitation40.0
Unsafe drinking water60.0
Heavy Metals2Lead exposure100.0
Waste Management1Waste generated per capita40.0
Controlled solid waste20.0
Waste recovery rate40.0
Climate Change30%Climate Change Mitigation30Adjusted emissions growth rate for carbon dioxide25.0
CO2 growth rate (country- specific targets)1.7
Adjusted emissions growth rate for methane10.0
Adjusted emissions growth rate for F-gases6.7
Adjusted emissions growth rate for nitrous oxide3.3
Adjusted emissions growth rate for black carbon5.0
Net carbon fluxes due to land cover change3.3
GHG growth rate adjusted by emissions intensity20.0
GHG growth rate adjusted by per capita emissions20.0
Projected emissions in 20503.3
Projected cumulative emissions to 2050 relative to carbon budget1.7
    Note: Wt. (%) is percent weights of overall EPI. Weights are rounded and may not add up to 100%.[1][8]
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    List of countries by 2024 EPI scores

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    The 2024 Environmental Performance Index report ranks 180 countries and territories, based on 58 performance indicators grouped into 30 issue categories. The top five countries are Estonia, Luxembourg, Germany, Finland and the United Kingdom, while the last ones are India, Myanmar, Laos, Pakistan and Vietnam.[9] Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.

    More information Country, Region ...
    CountryRegionValueTrendRank 2024
     AfghanistanSouth Asia 31.0Increase 12.8144
     AngolaSub-Saharan Africa 40.1Increase 8.2106
     AlbaniaEurope & Central Asia 52.2Increase 6.147
     United Arab EmiratesMiddle East & North Africa 51.6Increase 9.148
     ArgentinaLatin America & Caribbean 47.0Increase 1.170
     ArmeniaEurope & Central Asia 44.9Increase 2.080
     Antigua and BarbudaLatin America & Caribbean 55.6Increase 1.237
     AustraliaEast Asia & Pacific 63.1Increase 4.222
     AustriaEurope & Central Asia 68.9Increase 0.18
     AzerbaijanEurope & Central Asia 40.5Decrease −0.3103
     BurundiSub-Saharan Africa 33.5Decrease −1.3138
     BelgiumEurope & Central Asia 66.8Increase 4.914
     BeninSub-Saharan Africa 37.8Decrease −0.3119
     Burkina FasoSub-Saharan Africa 42.2Increase 0.195
     BangladeshSouth Asia 28.1Increase 2.3148
     BulgariaEurope & Central Asia 56.2Decrease −1.235
     BahrainMiddle East & North Africa 35.3Decrease −1.4131
     BahamasLatin America & Caribbean 55.9Increase 1.636
     Bosnia and HerzegovinaEurope & Central Asia 46.0Increase 3.375
     BelarusEurope & Central Asia 58.2Increase 8.731
     BelizeLatin America & Caribbean 47.4Increase 0.967
     BoliviaLatin America & Caribbean 45.3Increase 3.478
     BrazilLatin America & Caribbean 53.0Increase 6.744
     BarbadosLatin America & Caribbean 53.1Increase 2.643
     BruneiEast Asia & Pacific 48.3Decrease −3.162
     BhutanSouth Asia 43.3Increase 6.889
     BotswanaSub-Saharan Africa 49.2Decrease −1.859
     Central African RepublicSub-Saharan Africa 39.0Decrease −5.1111
     CanadaNorth America 61.1Increase 3.527
     SwitzerlandEurope & Central Asia 67.8Increase 2.39
     ChileLatin America & Caribbean 49.6Increase 3.057
     ChinaEast Asia & Pacific 35.4Increase 5.6130
     Ivory CoastSub-Saharan Africa 42.9Increase 7.890
     CameroonSub-Saharan Africa 38.6Increase 2.2114
     Democratic Republic of the CongoSub-Saharan Africa 39.5Increase 6.0109
     Republic of the CongoSub-Saharan Africa 41.6Increase 0.999
     ColombiaLatin America & Caribbean 49.7Increase 4.456
     ComorosSub-Saharan Africa 38.2Decrease −5.9115
     Cape VerdeSub-Saharan Africa 38.0Decrease −1.8117
     Costa RicaLatin America & Caribbean 55.5Increase 0.238
     CubaLatin America & Caribbean 52.5Increase 2.546
     CyprusEurope & Central Asia 53.9Decrease −0.241
     Czech RepublicEurope & Central Asia 65.5Increase 0.416
     GermanyEurope & Central Asia 74.5Increase 4.33
     DjiboutiMiddle East & North Africa 32.3Increase 0.2141
     DominicaLatin America & Caribbean 49.3Decrease −0.258
     DenmarkEurope & Central Asia 67.7Decrease −0.310
     Dominican RepublicLatin America & Caribbean 47.7Decrease −1.166
     AlgeriaMiddle East & North Africa 41.7Increase 3.298
     EcuadorLatin America & Caribbean 51.3Increase 7.049
     EgyptMiddle East & North Africa 43.7Increase 3.587
     EritreaSub-Saharan Africa 29.0Decrease −0.3147
     SpainEurope & Central Asia 64.0Increase 2.221
     EstoniaEurope & Central Asia 75.7Increase 14.91
     EthiopiaSub-Saharan Africa 36.3Increase 3.8125
     FinlandEurope & Central Asia 73.8Increase 3.14
     FijiEast Asia & Pacific 46.0Decrease −2.475
     FranceEurope & Central Asia 67.0Increase 1.612
     Federated States of MicronesiaEast Asia & Pacific 40.8Increase 0.3101
     GabonSub-Saharan Africa 53.3Increase 7.342
     United KingdomEurope & Central Asia 72.6Increase 1.35
     GeorgiaEurope & Central Asia 47.3Increase 6.268
     GhanaSub-Saharan Africa 36.9Increase 1.8122
     GuineaSub-Saharan Africa 36.5Decrease −2.9123
     GambiaSub-Saharan Africa 37.6Increase 0.6120
     Guinea-BissauSub-Saharan Africa 42.0Decrease −0.596
     Equatorial GuineaSub-Saharan Africa 41.7Decrease −3.398
     GreeceEurope & Central Asia 67.3Increase 8.911
     GrenadaLatin America & Caribbean 45.8Increase 0.476
     GuatemalaLatin America & Caribbean 32.5Decrease −2.8140
     GuyanaLatin America & Caribbean 49.0Increase 2.360
     HondurasLatin America & Caribbean 40.2Increase 2.9105
     CroatiaEurope & Central Asia 62.3Increase 4.924
     HaitiLatin America & Caribbean 36.4Increase 7.7124
     HungaryEurope & Central Asia 59.8Decrease −1.330
     IndonesiaEast Asia & Pacific 33.6Increase 5.8137
     IndiaSouth Asia 27.6Increase 4.2149
     IrelandEurope & Central Asia 65.8Increase 2.815
     IranMiddle East & North Africa 41.8Increase 0.097
     IraqMiddle East & North Africa 30.3Increase 6.4145
     IcelandEurope & Central Asia 64.3Increase 2.518
     IsraelMiddle East & North Africa 48.0Increase 0.663
     ItalyEurope & Central Asia 60.3Increase 4.828
     JamaicaLatin America & Caribbean 48.5Increase 1.061
     JordanMiddle East & North Africa 47.3Increase 10.168
     JapanEast Asia & Pacific 61.4Increase 4.226
     KazakhstanEurope & Central Asia 47.8Increase 4.065
     KenyaSub-Saharan Africa 36.9Decrease −0.2122
     KyrgyzstanEurope & Central Asia 42.8Increase 13.091
     CambodiaEast Asia & Pacific 31.2Increase 0.0143
     KiribatiEast Asia & Pacific 44.3Decrease −1.182
     South KoreaEast Asia & Pacific 50.6Increase 4.951
     KuwaitMiddle East & North Africa 44.4Decrease −1.881
     LaosEast Asia & Pacific 26.3Increase 2.0151
     LebanonMiddle East & North Africa 39.9Increase 7.9108
     LiberiaSub-Saharan Africa 34.3Increase 1.3135
     Saint LuciaLatin America & Caribbean 51.1Increase 2.150
     Sri LankaSouth Asia 38.8Increase 1.8112
     LesothoSub-Saharan Africa 36.9Increase 0.1122
     LithuaniaEurope & Central Asia 64.1Increase 4.620
     LuxembourgEurope & Central Asia 75.1Increase 3.42
     LatviaEurope & Central Asia 60.2Increase 1.229
     MoroccoMiddle East & North Africa 39.5Increase 2.6109
     MoldovaEurope & Central Asia 46.1Increase 2.874
     MadagascarSub-Saharan Africa 30.1Increase 0.8146
     MaldivesSouth Asia 38.1Increase 2.8116
     MexicoLatin America & Caribbean 44.2Increase 2.283
     Marshall IslandsEast Asia & Pacific 42.5Increase 0.894
     North MacedoniaEurope & Central Asia 50.3Increase 1.252
     MaliSub-Saharan Africa 34.5Decrease −3.3134
     MaltaMiddle East & North Africa 66.9Increase 4.713
     MyanmarEast Asia & Pacific 27.1Decrease −1.4150
     MontenegroEurope & Central Asia 47.7Decrease −0.566
     MongoliaEast Asia & Pacific 37.2Increase 5.4121
     MozambiqueSub-Saharan Africa 39.0Increase 5.2111
     MauritaniaSub-Saharan Africa 34.6Decrease −3.5133
     MauritiusSub-Saharan Africa 47.3Increase 2.968
     MalawiSub-Saharan Africa 35.1Decrease −6.7132
     MalaysiaEast Asia & Pacific 41.0Increase 7.3100
     NamibiaSub-Saharan Africa 44.0Decrease −0.185
     NigerSub-Saharan Africa 40.0Increase 7.3107
     NigeriaSub-Saharan Africa 37.9Increase 4.7118
     NicaraguaLatin America & Caribbean 47.4Increase 1.267
     NetherlandsEurope & Central Asia 66.9Increase 4.413
     NorwayEurope & Central Asia 69.9Increase 3.37
     NepalSouth Asia 33.1Increase 0.7139
     New ZealandEast Asia & Pacific 57.3Increase 1.132
     OmanMiddle East & North Africa 51.3Increase 12.949
     PakistanSouth Asia 25.5Decrease −4.0152
     PanamaLatin America & Caribbean 52.9Increase 5.245
     PeruLatin America & Caribbean 46.5Increase 3.973
     PhilippinesEast Asia & Pacific 32.1Increase 0.4142
     Papua New GuineaEast Asia & Pacific 36.9Decrease −3.6122
     PolandEurope & Central Asia 64.2Increase 1.819
     PortugalEurope & Central Asia 61.9Increase 4.125
     ParaguayLatin America & Caribbean 39.5Increase 0.7109
     QatarMiddle East & North Africa 46.8Increase 5.671
     RomaniaEurope & Central Asia 57.3Decrease −3.132
     RussiaEurope & Central Asia 46.7Decrease −0.172
     RwandaSub-Saharan Africa 33.9Decrease −0.3136
     Saudi ArabiaMiddle East & North Africa 42.5Increase 9.594
     SudanSub-Saharan Africa 39.1Increase 3.9110
     SenegalSub-Saharan Africa 43.8Increase 4.886
     SingaporeEast Asia & Pacific 53.0Increase 6.544
     Solomon IslandsEast Asia & Pacific 42.2Increase 1.695
     Sierra LeoneSub-Saharan Africa 39.9Increase 5.3108
     El SalvadorLatin America & Caribbean 41.6Decrease −4.499
     SerbiaEurope & Central Asia 49.8Decrease −5.655
     São Tomé and PríncipeSub-Saharan Africa 36.2Increase 1.8126
     SurinameLatin America & Caribbean 56.9Increase 8.634
     SlovakiaEurope & Central Asia 65.1Decrease −1.617
     SloveniaEurope & Central Asia 62.4Increase 0.023
     SwedenEurope & Central Asia 70.3Increase 0.26
     EswatiniSub-Saharan Africa 38.7Decrease −2.4113
     SeychellesSub-Saharan Africa 47.9Decrease −3.964
     ChadSub-Saharan Africa 35.9Increase 2.0127
     TogoSub-Saharan Africa 35.7Decrease −1.1129
     ThailandEast Asia & Pacific 45.7Increase 4.577
     TajikistanEurope & Central Asia 32.3Decrease −4.2141
     TurkmenistanEurope & Central Asia 40.6Increase 4.9102
     Timor-LesteEast Asia & Pacific 49.9Increase 9.654
     TongaEast Asia & Pacific 40.4Decrease −7.3104
     Trinidad and TobagoLatin America & Caribbean 52.5Increase 1.046
     TunisiaMiddle East & North Africa 45.3Increase 0.578
     TaiwanEast Asia & Pacific 50.1Decrease −0.153
     TanzaniaSub-Saharan Africa 43.6Increase 5.688
     UgandaSub-Saharan Africa 35.8Increase 4.2128
     UkraineEurope & Central Asia 54.6Increase 7.339
     UruguayLatin America & Caribbean 44.1Increase 0.584
     United StatesNorth America 57.2Increase 0.233
     UzbekistanEurope & Central Asia 42.6Decrease −1.393
     Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesLatin America & Caribbean 54.2Increase 0.840
     VenezuelaLatin America & Caribbean 53.3Increase 1.142
     VietnamEast Asia & Pacific 24.6Decrease −3.7153
     VanuatuEast Asia & Pacific 45.0Increase 9.379
     SamoaEast Asia & Pacific 47.1Increase 6.069
     South AfricaSub-Saharan Africa 42.7Increase 4.492
     ZambiaSub-Saharan Africa 46.7Increase 3.972
     ZimbabweSub-Saharan Africa 51.6Increase 9.548
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    EPI scores vs. GDP per capita, 2024

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    EPI scores vs GDP per capita, 2024[2]
    Countries’ wealth is a strong predictor of their overall environmental performance, but some countries vastly outperform their economic peers, while others lag.

    EPI scores are positively correlated with a country's wealth, although after a point, increasing wealth yields diminishing. returns. At every level of economic development, though, some countries outperform their peers while others lag. Some of the poorest countries in the world outperform some of the richest. In this regard, factors other than wealth, such as investments in human development, rule of law, and regulatory quality, are stronger predictors of environmental performance.[10]

    Wealth allows countries to make investments in the infrastructure required to provide clean drinking water, safely manage waste, and rapidly expand renewable energy. But wealth also leads to higher material consumption and its associated environmental impacts, such as higher rates of waste generation, GHG emissions, and ecosystem degradation. Many countries with high scores in some Ecosystem Vitality metrics — such as those measuring the pollution from pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture, the integrity of forest landscapes, and the use of destructive fishing methods — do so because their economies are stagnant and underdeveloped.[9]

    Developing countries must be careful not to repeat the mistakes of nations that followed a dirty and unsustainable path to industrialization. On the other hand, rich countries need to decouple their consumption from environmental degradation and use their wealth to help developing countries leapfrog to a path of truly sustainable development, preserving their biodiversity and other global commons for the benefit of all humankind.[1][9][10]

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