25D-NBOMe
Chemical compound From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
25D-NBOMe (or NBOMe-2C-D) is a derivative of the phenethylamine derived hallucinogen 2C-D. It acts in a similar manner to related compounds such as 25I-NBOMe, which is a potent agonist at the 5-HT2A receptor.[2][3] 25D-NBOMe has been sold as a street drug since 2010 and produces similar effects in humans to related compounds such as 25I-NBOMe and 25C-NBOMe.[4] It was banned as a Temporary Class Drug in the UK on 10 June 2013 after concerns about its recreational use.[5]
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| Formula | C19H25NO3 |
| Molar mass | 315.413 g·mol−1 |
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Pharmacology
25D-NBOMe acts as an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors.[6]
The drug produces the head-twitch response, a behavioral proxy of psychedelic-like effects, in rodents.[7]
25D-NBOMe has shown reinforcing effects in rodents.[6][8] This included conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration.[6][8] Relatedly, the drug has been found to increase dopaminergic signaling in the nucleus accumbens.[6][8]
Interactions
Toxicity and harm potential
Summarize
Perspective
NBOMe compounds are often associated with life-threatening toxicity and death.[9][10] Studies on NBOMe family of compounds demonstrated that the substance exhibit neurotoxic and cardiotoxic activity.[11] Reports of autonomic dysfunction remains prevalent with NBOMe compounds, with most individuals experiencing sympathomimetic toxicity such as vasoconstriction, hypertension and tachycardia in addition to hallucinations.[12][13][14][15][16] Other symptoms of toxidrome include agitation or aggression, seizure, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, hypertonia, rhabdomyolysis, and death.[12][16][10] Researchers report that NBOMe intoxication frequently display signs of serotonin syndrome.[17] The likelihood of seizure is higher in NBOMes compared to other psychedelics.[11]
NBOMe and NBOHs are regularly sold as LSD in blotter papers,[10][18] which have a bitter taste and different safety profiles.[12][9] Despite high potency, recreational doses of LSD have only produced low incidents of acute toxicity.[9] Fatalities involved in NBOMe intoxication suggest that a significant number of individuals ingested the substance which they believed was LSD,[14] and researchers report that "users familiar with LSD may have a false sense of security when ingesting NBOMe inadvertently".[12] While most fatalities are due to the physical effects of the drug, there have also been reports of death due to self-harm and suicide under the influence of the substance.[19][20][12]
Given limited documentation of NBOMe consumption, the long-term effects of the substance remain unknown.[12] NBOMe compounds are not active orally,[a] and are usually taken sublingually.[22]: 3 When NBOMes are administered sublingually, numbness of the tongue and mouth followed by a metallic chemical taste was observed, and researchers describe this physical side effect as one of the main discriminants between NBOMe compounds and LSD.[23][24][25]Neurotoxic and cardiotoxic actions
Many of the NBOMe compounds have high potency agonist activity at additional 5-HT receptors and prolonged activation of 5-HT2B can cause cardiac valvulopathy in high doses and chronic use.[10][15] 5-HT2B receptors have been strongly implicated in causing drug-induced valvular heart disease.[26][27][28] The high affinity of NBOMe compounds for adrenergic α1 receptor has been reported to contribute to the stimulant-type cardiovascular effects.[15]
In vitro studies, 25C-NBOMe has been shown to exhibit cytotoxicity on neuronal cell lines SH-SY5Y, PC12, and SN471, and the compound was more potent than methamphetamine at reducing the visibility of the respective cells; the neurotoxicity of the compound involves activation of MAPK/ERK cascade and inhibition of Akt/PKB signaling pathway.[11] 25C-NBOMe, including the other derivative 25D-NBOMe, reduced the visibility of cardiomyocytes H9c2 cells, and both substances downregulated expression level of p21 (CDC24/RAC)-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), an enzyme with documented cardiac protective effects.[11]
Preliminary studies on 25C-NBOMe have shown that the substance is toxic to development, heart health, and brain health in zebrafish, rats, and Artemia salina, a common organism for studying potential drug effects on humans, but more research is needed on the topic, the dosages, and if the toxicology results apply to humans. Researchers of the study also recommended further investigation of the drug's potential in damaging pregnant women and their fetus due to the substance's damaging effects to development.[29][30]Emergency treatment
At present, there are no specific antidotes for NBOMes, and all acute intoxication is managed by symptomatic treatments, such as administration of benzodiazepines, antipsychotic drugs, and antiarrhythmic agents, such as beta blockers; some emergency interventions are intended to specifically treat rhabdomyolysis, which may lead to critical complications such as metabolic acidosis and acute kidney injury.[11]
Legality
China
As of October 2015 25D-NBOMe is a controlled substance in China.[31]
Sweden
Sveriges riksdag added 25D-NBOMe to schedule I ("substances, plant materials and fungi which normally do not have medical use") as narcotics in Sweden as of Aug 1, 2013, published by Medical Products Agency in their regulation LVFS 2013:15 listed as 25D-NBOMe 2-(2,5-dimetoxi-4-metylfenyl)-N-(2-metoxibensyl)etanamin.[32]
United Kingdom
This substance is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the N-benzylphenethylamine catch-all clause in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.[33]
United States
Unregulated at a federal and state level, though arguably may contravene the Federal Analog Act under certain circumstances given its structural and functional similarity to controlled substance 2C-D.
See also
Notes
- The potency of N-benzylphenethylamines via buccal, sublingual, or nasal absorption is 50- to 100-fold greater (by weight) than oral route compared to the parent 2C-x compounds.[21] Researchers hypothesize the low oral metabolic stability of N-benzylphenethylamines is likely causing the low bioavailability on the oral route, although the metabolic profile of this compounds remains unpredictable; therefore researchers state that the fatalities linked to these substances may partly be explained by differences in the metabolism between individuals.[21]
References
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