允

See also: 充

允 U+5141, 允 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5141 ← 兀 [U+5140] CJK Unified Ideographs 兂 → [U+5142]

Translingual

Han character

允 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 戈竹山 (IHU), four-corner 2321₀, composition ⿱厶儿)

Derived characters

• 阭, 抁, 吮, 狁, 沇, 𰎍, 玧, 鈗, 馻, 兖

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 123, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1338
• Dae Jaweon: page 258, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 265, character 3
• Unihan data for U+5141

Chinese

simp. and trad.		允

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 允
Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script
Oracle bone script j20520 j20521 j20522 j20523 j20524 j20525 j20526 j20527 j20528 j20529 j20530 j20531 j20532 j20533 j20534 j20535 j20536 j20537 j20538 j20539 j20540 j20541 j20542 j20543 j20544 j20545 j20546 j20547 j20548 j20549 j20550 j20551 j20552 j20553 j20554 j20555 j20556 j20557 j20558 j20559 j20560 j20561 j20562 j20563 j20564 j20565 j20566 j20567 j20568 j20569 j20570 j20571 j20572 j20573 j20574 j20575 j20576 j20577 j20578 j20579 j20580 j20581 j20582 j20583 j20584 j20585 j20586 j20587 j20596 j20597 j20598 j20599 j20600 j20601 j20602 j20603 j20604 j20605 j20606 j20607 j20608 j20609 j20610 j20611 j20612 j20613 j20614 j20615 j20616 j20617 j20622 Bronze inscriptions b13468 b13469 b13470 b13471 Small seal script s06202 Transcribed ancient scripts L15716 L15717 L15718 L15719
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (允) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
唆	*sloːl
梭	*sloːl
葰	*sloːlʔ, *sroːlʔ, *slul
誜	*sroːls
朘	*ʔslon
捘	*ʔsluːls, *ʔsluːns, *sʰlun
荾	*slul
酸	*sloːn
狻	*sloːn
痠	*sloːn
鋑	*ʔslon
脧	*ʔsluːl
悛	*sʰlon
吮	*zlonʔ, *ɦljunʔ
萒	*ɡronʔ, *lonʔ
沇	*lonʔ
抁	*lonʔ
馻	*lonʔ, *lunʔ
兖	*lonʔ
渷	*lonʔ
兗	*lonʔ
焌	*ʔsluːns, *ʔsluns, *sʰlud
允	*lunʔ
狁	*lunʔ
玧	*lunʔ
俊	*ʔsluns
晙	*ʔsluns, *sluns
餕	*ʔsluns
畯	*ʔsluns
駿	*ʔsluns
竣	*sʰlun
皴	*sʰlun
逡	*sʰlun
踆	*sʰlun
夋	*sʰlun
埈	*sluns
陖	*sluns
鵕	*sluns
浚	*sluns
峻	*sluns

Oracle bone script: Pictogram (象形) – a person with the head emphasized, indicating a nod.

Bronze inscriptions onward (corrupted form): Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *lunʔ): phonetic 㠯 (OC *lɯʔ) + semantic 儿 (“person”).

Etymology

Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs *winʔ or *junʔ:

• If *junʔ, then possibly related to Burmese ယုံ (yum, “to believe”); if so, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *yum (“to believe”); other cognates would then be Asho Chin yón-é, Mara Chin zó, Lahu ʑo³¹.
• If *winʔ, then 信 (OC *hljins) (minimally reconstructed *sin(s)) is its possible derivative.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): yǔn, rǔn (yun³, run³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄩㄣˇ, ㄖㄨㄣˇ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yun³ / yong³

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wan⁵

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): vun⁴

• Gan (Wiktionary): yn³
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): yún

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ngiun¹

• Jin (Wiktionary): yng¹
• Northern Min (KCR): ě̤ng
• Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̄ng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): yng³
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ún / ín

  (Teochew, Peng'im): rung²

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵iun
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): yn³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yǔn
    • Zhuyin: ㄩㄣˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yǔn
    • Wade–Giles: yün³
    • Yale: yǔn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeun
    • Palladius: юнь (junʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /yn²¹⁴/
      
  • (Beijing dialect, colloquial)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rǔn
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄣˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rǔn
    • Wade–Giles: jun³
    • Yale: rwǔn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: roen
    • Palladius: жунь (žunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐu̯ən²¹⁴/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: yun³ / yong³
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: wen / yng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /yn⁵³/, /yoŋ⁵³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: wan⁵
    • Yale: wáhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: wan⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: wen⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɐn¹³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: vun⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /vun²¹/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: yn³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /yn²¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún
    • Hakka Romanization System: iun^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yun³
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯un³¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)iun^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yun³
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯un³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ngiun¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋiun⁴⁴/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: yng¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /yŋ¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ě̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /œyŋ²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̄ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /yŋ³³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: yng³
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ṳ̂ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /yŋ⁴⁵³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: yng³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /yŋ³³²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ún
    • Tâi-lô: ún
    • Phofsit Daibuun: uon
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /un⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /un⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ín
    • Tâi-lô: ín
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ien
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /in⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /in⁵³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: rung²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: júng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡zuŋ⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵iun
    • MiniDict: iuin^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²yn
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /yn³⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: yn³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /yn⁴¹/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 允
Mandarin	Beijing	/yn²¹⁴/ /ʐuən²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/yn²¹³/
	Tianjin	/yŋ¹³/
	Jinan	/yẽ⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/yə̃⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/yn⁵³/
	Xi'an	/yẽ⁵³/
	Xining	/yə̃⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/yŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ỹn⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/ʐuŋ⁵¹/ /vɤŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/yn⁴²/
	Chengdu	/yn⁵³/ /yoŋ⁵³/
	Guiyang	/in⁴²/
	Kunming	/ĩ⁵³/
	Nanjing	/yn²¹²/
	Hefei	/yn²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/yəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/yŋ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/ỹŋ⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦyŋ²³/ /ɦioŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/yən⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/ʔin⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/j̠oŋ³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/yʌ̃³⁵/
	Tunxi	/yan²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/yn⁴¹/
	Xiangtan	/yn⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/yn²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋiun⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/ʒuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/wɐn³⁵/
	Nanning	/wɐn³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/wɐn³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/un⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/yŋ³²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/œyŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/zuŋ⁵³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/zun²¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: ywinX

Rime
Character	允
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	諄 (47)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	余準切
Baxter	ywinX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiuɪnX/
Pan Wuyun	/jʷinX/
Shao Rongfen	/juenX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jwinX/
Li Rong	/iuĕnX/
Wang Li	/jĭuĕnX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯uĕnX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǔn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wan5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[l]u[r]ʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*lunʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	允
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yǔn
Middle Chinese	‹ ywinX ›
Old Chinese	/*[l]u[r]ʔ/
English	truly
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	允
Reading #	1/1
No.	16452
Phonetic component	允
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	尹
Old Chinese	/*lunʔ/
Notes	說文以聲

Definitions

允

1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to allow; to consent; to permit

   允許／允许  ―  yǔnxǔ  ―  to allow

2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) fair; just; equitable; even-handed; impartial

   公允  ―  gōngyǔn  ―  fair

3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) proper; suitable; appropriate
4. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) honest; genuine
5. a surname

Synonyms

• (to allow):

edit

• 允准 (yǔnzhǔn)
• 允許 / 允许
• 准許 (zhǔnxǔ)
• 容允 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
• 容許 / 容许 (róngxǔ)
• 應允 / 应允 (yīngyǔn) (literary)
• 承允 (chéngyǔn)
• 許允 / 许允 (xǔyǔn) (literary)
• 許可 / 许可 (xǔkě)
• 開可 / 开可 (kāikě) (Classical Chinese)

• (fair):

edit

• 不阿 (bù'ē) (formal)
• 中和 (zhōnghé) (literary)
• 中正 (zhōngzhèng) (literary)
• 公允 (gōngyǔn)
• 公平 (gōngpíng)
• 公正 (gōngzhèng)
• 公直 (gōngzhí) (literary)
• 公道 (gōngdao)
• 大正 (literary)
• 平允 (píngyǔn)
• 平正 (píngzhèng)
• 持平 (chípíng)
• 持正 (chízhèng) (literary)
• 掠平 (Hokkien)

• (proper):

edit

• 一定 (yīdìng)
• 停當 / 停当 (tíngdàng)
• 允當 / 允当 (yǔndàng) (literary)
• 剛好 / 刚好 (gānghǎo)
• 合宜 (héyí)
• 合手 (héshǒu)
• 合用 (héyòng) (literary or Min Nan)
• 合適 / 合适 (héshì)
• 啱 (ngaam¹) (Cantonese, Hakka)
• 妥 (tuǒ)
• 妥善 (tuǒshàn)
• 妥實 / 妥实 (tuǒshí)
• 妥帖 (tuǒtiē)
• 妥當 / 妥当
• 安帖 (āntiē)
• 定當 / 定当 (dìngdàng)
• 對勁 / 对劲 (duìjìn) (colloquial)
• 對路 / 对路 (duìlù) (colloquial)
• 對頭 / 对头
• 得宜 (déyí) (literary)
• 得當 / 得当 (dédàng)
• 得體 / 得体 (détǐ)
• 恰當 / 恰当 (qiàdàng)
• 拄仔好 (Hokkien)
• 拄好 (Hokkien)
• 的當 / 的当 (dídàng)
• 相宜 (xiāngyí)
• 相當 / 相当 (xiāngdāng)
• 耐 (literary)
• 貼切 / 贴切 (tiēqiè)
• 適合 / 适合 (shìhé)
• 適宜 / 适宜 (shìyí)
• 適用 / 适用 (shìyòng)
• 適當 / 适当 (shìdàng)
• 適量 / 适量 (shìliàng)
• 配合

• (honest):

edit

• 實在 / 实在
• 實誠 / 实诚 (shíchéng) (colloquial)
• 悃誠 / 悃诚 (kǔnchéng) (literary)
• 慥慥 (zàozào) (literary)
• 懇切 / 恳切 (kěnqiè)
• 殷切 (yīnqiè)
• 熱誠 / 热诚 (rèchéng)
• 真心 (zhēnxīn)
• 真摯 / 真挚 (zhēnzhì)
• 真誠 / 真诚 (zhēnchéng)
• 老實 / 老实 (lǎoshí)
• 虔心 (qiánxīn)
• 親切 / 亲切 (qīnqiè)
• 誠信 / 诚信 (chéngxìn)
• 誠實 / 诚实 (chéngshí)
• 誠心 / 诚心 (chéngxīn)
• 誠懇 / 诚恳 (chéngkěn)
• 誠摯 / 诚挚 (chéngzhì)
• 諄諄 / 谆谆 (zhūnzhūn) (of teaching)
• 赤忱 (chìchén) (literary)
• 赤誠 / 赤诚 (chìchéng)

Compounds

• 不允 (bùyǔn)
• 中允
• 依允
• 俞允 (yúyǔn)
• 俯允 (fǔyǔn)
• 允准 (yǔnzhǔn)
• 允執其中 / 允执其中
• 允執厥中 / 允执厥中
• 允婚
• 允從 / 允从
• 允承
• 允文允武
• 允洽
• 允當 / 允当 (yǔndàng)
• 允許 / 允许
• 允諾 / 允诺 (yǔnnuò)
• 公允 (gōngyǔn)
• 平允 (píngyǔn)
• 慨允
• 慨然允諾 / 慨然允诺
• 慨然應允 / 慨然应允
• 應允 / 应允 (yīngyǔn)
• 明允
• 滿口應允 / 满口应允
• 祝允明
• 答允 (dāyǔn)
• 葷允 / 荤允
• 面允

References

• “允”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 允

允

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. consent
2. sincerity
3. permit

Readings

• Go-on: いん (in)
• Kan-on: いん (in)
• Kun: ゆるす (yurusu, 允す)、じょう (jō, 允)、まこと (makoto, 允)、まことに (makoto ni, 允に)
• Nanori: なり (nari)、や (ya)、あえ (ae)、おか (oka)、こと (koto)、さね (sane)、すけ (suke)、ただ (tada)、ちか (chika)、のぶ (nobu)、まこと (makoto)、まさ (masa)、みつ (mitsu)、むつ (mutsu)、よし (yoshi)、とう (tō)、たう (tau)、たふ (tafu)、とも (tomo)、もと (moto)

Pronunciation

Kanji in this term
允
まこと Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

• (Tokyo) まこと [màkótó] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ma̠ko̞to̞]

Proper noun

允(まこと) • (Makoto) 

1. a male given name

Korean

Hanja

允 (eum 윤 (yun))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

允: Hán Nôm readings: doãn, duẫn

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.