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弱
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
Han character
弱 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 弓一弓戈一 (NMNIM), four-corner 17127, composition ⿰⿹弓冫⿹弓冫(GHTJ) or ⿰⿹弓𰀪⿹弓𰀪(KV))
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 358, character 24
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9791
- Dae Jaweon: page 675, character 17
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 996, character 16
- Unihan data for U+5F31
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Chinese
Glyph origin
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 弓 (“bow”) + 彡 (“hair, meaning "decoration" in this case”) - a decorative bow that is functionally inferior. Or it might be indicating that the bow is shaking, which implies a worn-out bow.
An alternate etymology is 𢎥 + 𢎥, 𢎥 being a variant of 卷.
Etymology
Probably cognate with 柔 (OC *mlju, “soft”), see there for more (STEDT).
Schuessler (2007; p. 448) and Hill (2019; p. 21) compare this word to Tibetan ཉོག་ཉོང (nyog nyong, “soft, weak”). Hill also adds Burmese ညက် (nyak, “to be smooth”) to the comparison. From this, one can reconstruct Proto-Sino-Tibetan *njewk.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ro2
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): vó
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): yo̊q
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): ngiŏ̤
- Eastern Min (BUC): iŏk
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zyorh7 / zyoeh7
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 8zaq
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: ruò
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄛˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ruò
- Wade–Giles: jo4
- Yale: rwò
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruoh
- Palladius: жо (žo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ro2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rho
- Sinological IPA (key): /zo²¹/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: vó
- Sinological IPA (key): /vo²⁴/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: yo̊q
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): yoq5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ioʔ⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: joek6
- Yale: yeuhk
- Cantonese Pinyin: joek9
- Guangdong Romanization: yêg6
- Sinological IPA (key): /jœːk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ngiak5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡiak̚³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngio̍k
- Hakka Romanization System: ngiog
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngiog6
- Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯ok̚⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: ngiogˋ
- Sinological IPA: /ŋiok²/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngiŏ̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋiɔ²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: iŏk
- Sinological IPA (key): /yoʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: zyorh7
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: cio̤̍h
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡syɒʔ⁴/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: zyoeh7
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡syøʔ⁴/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Kaohsiung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jio̍h
- Tâi-lô: jio̍h
- Phofsit Daibuun: jioih
- IPA (Xiamen): /d͡zioʔ⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziɤʔ⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lio̍h
- Tâi-lô: lio̍h
- Phofsit Daibuun: lioih
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lioʔ²⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /lioʔ⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Kaohsiung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jio̍k
- Tâi-lô: jio̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: jiok
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziɔk̚⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen): /d͡ziɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lio̍k
- Tâi-lô: lio̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: liok
- IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔk̚²⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /liɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jia̍k
- Tâi-lô: jia̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: jiak
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziak̚⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ziak̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Kaohsiung)
Note:
- jio̍h/lio̍h - vernacular;
- jio̍k/lio̍k/jia̍k - literary.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: nyak
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*newk/
- (Zhengzhang): /*njewɢ/
Definitions
弱
Synonyms
- (weak):
- 冉弱 (rǎnruò) (literary)
- 單薄 / 单薄 (dānbó)
- 孤單 / 孤单 (gūdān)
- 孱弱 (chánruò) (literary)
- 微弱 (wēiruò)
- 柔弱 (róuruò)
- 瘦弱 (shòuruò)
- 瘦瘠 (shòují)
- 羸弱 (léiruò)
- 脆弱 (cuìruò)
- 荏弱 (Hokkien)
- 薄弱 (bóruò)
- 虛弱 / 虚弱 (xūruò)
- 虛荏 / 虚荏 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 虛虧 / 虚亏 (xūkuī)
- 虧弱 / 亏弱 (kuīruò)
- 衰弱 (shuāiruò)
- 軟弱 / 软弱 (ruǎnruò)
- 軟蔫蔫 / 软蔫蔫 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 軟䭕 / 软𬲕 (Hokkien, Teochew)
- 雌 (cí) (literary)
- 體弱 / 体弱 (tǐruò)
Antonyms
Compounds
- 不弱
- 不弱似
- 不弱如
- 不甘示弱 (bùgānshìruò)
- 以弱制強 / 以弱制强
- 以強陵弱 / 以强陵弱
- 倚強凌弱
- 倚強欺弱 / 倚强欺弱 (yǐqiáng qī ruò)
- 兼弱攻昧
- 削弱 (xuēruò)
- 力分勢弱 / 力分势弱
- 力弱
- 危弱
- 又弱一個 / 又弱一个
- 單弱 / 单弱
- 好弱
- 嬌弱 / 娇弱 (jiāoruò)
- 孅弱
- 孤弱
- 孱弱 (chánruò)
- 幼弱 (yòuruò)
- 弱不勝衣 / 弱不胜衣
- 弱不好弄
- 弱不禁風 / 弱不禁风 (ruòbùjīnfēng)
- 弱兵
- 弱冠 (ruòguàn)
- 弱勢 / 弱势 (ruòshì)
- 弱化 (ruòhuà)
- 弱喪 / 弱丧
- 弱小 (ruòxiǎo)
- 弱怯怯
- 弱息
- 弱智 (ruòzhì)
- 弱柳扶風 / 弱柳扶风
- 弱植
- 弱水 (Ruòshuǐ)
- 弱水三千 (ruòshuǐsānqiān)
- 弱水之隔
- 弱疾
- 弱視 / 弱视 (ruòshì)
- 弱笄
- 弱翰
- 弱者 (ruòzhě)
- 弱肉強食 / 弱肉强食 (ruòròuqiángshí)
- 弱質 / 弱质
- 弱酸 (ruòsuān)
- 弱項 / 弱项 (ruòxiàng)
- 弱鹼 / 弱碱 (ruòjiǎn)
- 弱點 / 弱点 (ruòdiǎn)
- 弱齡 / 弱龄
- 強幹弱枝 / 强干弱枝
- 強弱 / 强弱 (qiángruò)
- 強弱懸殊 / 强弱悬殊
- 強本弱枝 / 强本弱枝
- 彊幹弱枝 / 强干弱枝
- 彊本弱末 / 强本弱末
- 微弱 (wēiruò)
- 怯弱 (qièruò)
- 恃強凌弱 (shìqiánglíngruò)
- 恃強欺弱 / 恃强欺弱
- 懦弱 (nuòruò)
- 扶傾濟弱 / 扶倾济弱
- 扶弱抑強 / 扶弱抑强
- 抑強扶弱 / 抑强扶弱 (yìqiángfúruò)
- 按彊助弱 / 按强助弱
- 振弱除暴
- 攜老扶弱 / 携老扶弱
- 攣弱 / 挛弱
- 文弱 (wénruò)
- 文弱書生 / 文弱书生 (wénruòshūshēng)
- 柔弱 (róuruò)
- 柔心弱骨
- 沖弱 / 冲弱
- 減弱 / 减弱 (jiǎnruò)
- 漸弱 / 渐弱 (jiànruò)
- 濟弱扶傾 / 济弱扶倾
- 濟弱扶危 / 济弱扶危
- 濟弱鋤強 / 济弱锄强
- 畏強凌弱
- 疲弱
- 瘦弱 (shòuruò)
- 示弱 (shìruò)
- 神經衰弱 / 神经衰弱 (shénjīng shuāiruò)
- 積弱 / 积弱 (jīruò)
- 積弱不振 / 积弱不振
- 細弱 / 细弱 (xìruò)
- 繁弱
- 纖弱 / 纤弱 (xiānruò)
- 纖纖弱質 / 纤纤弱质
- 羸弱 (léiruò)
- 老弱 (lǎoruò)
- 老弱殘兵 / 老弱残兵
- 脆弱 (cuìruò)
- 苒弱
- 荏弱 (rěnruò)
- 蓬萊弱水 / 蓬莱弱水
- 薄弱 (bóruò)
- 虛弱 / 虚弱 (xūruò)
- 衰弱 (shuāiruò)
- 貧弱 / 贫弱 (pínruò)
- 軟弱 / 软弱 (ruǎnruò)
- 軟弱無力 / 软弱无力
- 輕塵弱草 / 轻尘弱草
- 違強陵弱 / 违强陵弱
- 鋤強扶弱 / 锄强扶弱 (chúqiángfúruò)
- 闇弱 / 暗弱 (ànruò)
- 面弱
References
- “弱”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
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