-lain

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-lainen. Cognates include Finnish -lainen and Estonian -lane.

The sense "kind of" developed separately, ultimately from a combination of Old Swedish slagh +‎ -in, probably via Finnish -lainen.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-lɑi̯ne/, [-ɫɑi̯n]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-lɑi̯n/, [-ɫɑi̯n]

Suffix

-lain (front vowel variant -läin)

1. Used to form ethnonyms from plural ethnonyms and names of locations.

   ‎ižorat (“Ingrians”) + ‎-lain → ‎ižoralain (“Ingrian”)

2. Used to form nouns for people that are characterised by the suffixed noun.

   ‎api (“help”) + ‎-lain → ‎apilain (“helper”)

3. Used to form adjectives indicating a smaller degree of a quality; kind of

   ‎yks (“one, same”) + ‎-lain → ‎yhenlain (“similar”)

Usage notes

• In its oblique forms, this suffix always carries secondary stress in polysyllabic words.
• When used in the sense "kind of", the suffix not always follows vowel harmony:

  ‎min (“of what?”) (front vocalic) + ‎-lain → ‎millain, milläin (“what kind of?”) (front or back vocalic)

• Note that due to assimilation, the suffix may take the form -llain when following a word originally ending in -n:

  ‎kaiken (“all”) (genitive) + ‎-lain → ‎kaikellain (“all kinds of”)

Declension

Declension of -lain (type 1/kärpäin, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-lain	-laiset
genitive	-laisen	-laisiin
partitive	-laista, -laist	-laisia
illative	-laisee	-laisii
inessive	-laisees	-laisiis
elative	-laisest	-laisist
allative	-laiselle	-laisille
adessive	-laiseel	-laisiil
ablative	-laiselt	-laisilt
translative	-laiseks	-laisiks
essive	-laisenna, -laiseen	-laisinna, -laisiin
exessive1)	-laisent	-laisint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -lain

apilain

apulain

cirkkulain

erilain

frantsilain

hittolain

hovilain

hämöläin

inkerläin

ižoralain

kahenlain

kaikellain

karjalain

keltulain

kerrääläin

kosjolain

kosolain

latinalain

laukaalain

linnalain

loukkulain

matkalain

meikäläin

millain

miltäläin

mustalain

muukalain

mäkkyläin

orjalain

pahalain

paitulain

pitkulain

päiväläin

pääskyläin

pöröläin

rantalain

repolain

rootsalain

ruskulain

saarelain

saksalain

samallain

sellain

sikäläin

soikkolain

soomalain

sukulain

täkäläin

tööläin

vaadulain

vadjalain

valkulain

ventolain

viholain

virolain

yhenlain

žiidalain

References

• Arvo Laanest (1966), “Ижорский Язык”, in Финно-Угорские и Самодийские языки (Языки народов СССР), volume 3, Moscow: Наука, page 107

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-lainen.

Suffix

-lain

1. Forms nouns with the meaning of "inhabitant", or agent nouns that have the characteristic of the noun that it is derived from

   viro (“Estonia”) → virolain (“an Estonian person”)

   õma (“own”) → õmalain (“relative, ally, one's own people”)

   ühsi (“one”) → ühsilain (“lonely person”)

Inflection

Declension of -lain (type XII/sinin, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-lain	-laizõd
genitive	-laizõ	-laisiijõ, -laisii
partitive	-laissõ	-laisiitõ, -laisii
illative	-laisõ, -laisõsõ	-laisiisõ
inessive	-laizõz	-laisiiz
elative	-laizõssõ	-laisiissõ
allative	-laizõlõ	-laisiilõ
adessive	-laizõllõ	-laisiillõ
ablative	-laizõltõ	-laisiiltõ
translative	-laizõssi	-laisiissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

Derived terms

Votic terms suffixed with -lain

inkerilain

ižorilain

pakolain

saksõlain

sukulain

tüüläin

tšimolain

tšüläläin

vaapsõlain

vadʹdʹalain

venäläin

virolain