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kind

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

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See also: Kind and -kind

English

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Pronunciation

  • enPR: kīnd, IPA(key): /kaɪnd/
  • Audio (US):(file)
  • Rhymes: -aɪnd

Etymology 1

    From Middle English kynde, kinde, from Old English cynd, ġecynd (“inherent nature, disposition, kind, gender, generation, race”), from Proto-West Germanic *kundi, from Proto-Germanic *kinþiz, related to Proto-Germanic *kunją (“race, kin”) and Old English cennan (“to bear, give birth”).

    Cognate with Old High German gikunt (“nature, kind”), Icelandic kind (“race, species, kind”). Doublet of gens, genesis, and jati. See also kin.

    Alternative forms

    Noun

    kind (plural kinds)

    1. A type, race or category; a group of entities that have common characteristics such that they may be grouped together.
      What kind of (a) person are you?
      This is a strange kind of tobacco.
      What kind of ice-cream would you like? There's chocolate, strawberry, and lemon.
      • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto V”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 1:
        How diversely Love doth his pageants play, / And shews his powre in variable kinds !
      • 1921, Ben Travers, chapter 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:
        “ […] the awfully hearty sort of Christmas cards that people do send to other people that they don't know at all well. You know. The kind that have mottoes like
          Here's rattling good luck and roaring good cheer, / With lashings of food and great hogsheads of beer. […] ”
      • 2022, James Dominic Rooney, Material Objects in Confucian and Aristotelian Metaphysics, page 166:
        That in virtue of which all of his material parts are of the same kind human being is what makes those parts belong to Hook, but Hook is neither identical with his kind (the essence of human being), nor is Hook merely that which makes him a member of the kind or all his parts human (his soul).
    2. A makeshift or otherwise atypical specimen.
      The opening served as a kind of window.
    3. (archaic) One's inherent nature; character, natural disposition.
      • 1533, Thomas More, The second parte of the confutacion of Tyndals answere in whyche is also confuted the chyrche that Tyndale deuyseth:
        Must yt nedes folowe that theyr fayth was chaunged in kynde, bycause yt was augmented in degrees.
      • 1551, Thomas Wilson, The rule of reason, conteinyng the arte of logique:
        The generall woorde, is spoken of many, that differ either in kynd, or els in nombre.
      • 1665, Robert Boyle, Occasional Reflections upon Several Subjects. Whereto is premis'd a Discourse about such kind of thoughts:
        'Tis all one..whether our Afflictions be the same with those of others, in Kind, or not Superiour to them in Degree.
      • 2002, D. DeGrazia, Animal Rights:
        He also argued powerfully, if less influentially, that animals' and humans' capacities differ largely in degree and not in kind.
    4. (archaic) Family, lineage.
      • "She Moved through the Fair" (traditional Irish folk song)
        My young love said to me, My mother won’t mind
        And my father won’t slight you for your lack of kind.
    5. (archaic) Manner.
    7. Goods or services used as payment, as e.g. in barter.
      in kind ― with goods or services instead of with money
      I don't have any money but I can pay in kind by washing the dishes.
      • 1691, John Dryden, Prologue to King Arthur:
        Some of you, on pure instinct of nature, / Are led by kind t'admire your fellow-creature.
    8. Equivalent means used as response to an action.
      in kind ― in a similar manner
      I'll pay in kind for his insult.
    9. (Christianity) Each of the two elements of the communion service, bread and wine.
    10. (type theory) The type of a type constructor or a higher-order type operator.
      The kind of any primitive data type is *, corresponding to a nullary constructor.
    11. (Caribbean, in compounds) Food in a particular category.
      • 1998, Easton Lee, From Behind the Counter: Poems from a Rural Jamaican Experience:
        Fish kind was what she ate then.
      • 2005 January 1, Michaeline A. Crichlow, Negotiating Caribbean Freedom: Peasants and the State in Development, Lexington Books, →ISBN, page 116:
        The farmers had plenty of ground provisions, but there was no "meat kind."
      • 2013 06, Wellesley Gayle, The Jamaica Insider Guide, Lulu.com, →ISBN, page 30:
        They can be served with fried fish, chicken, ackee and salt fish or other meat kind, as well as eaten separately as a treat.
    Usage notes
    • In the sense of “goods or services” or “equivalent means”, kind is almost exclusively used in the expression in kind.
    Synonyms
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    (1) and/or (2)

    Derived terms
    Translations
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    Etymology 2

      From Middle English kynde, kinde, from Old English cynde, ġecynde (“innate, natural, native”), from Old English cynd, ġecynd (“nature, kind”).

      Alternative forms

      Adjective

      kind (comparative kinder, superlative kindest)

      1. Having a benevolent, courteous, friendly, generous, gentle, liberal, sympathetic, or warm-hearted nature or disposition, marked by consideration for – and service to – others.
      2. Affectionate.
        a kind man; a kind heart
      3. Favorable.
      4. Mild, gentle, forgiving
        The years have been kind to Richard Gere; he ages well.
      5. Gentle; tractable; easily governed.
        a horse kind in harness
      6. (obsolete) Characteristic of the species; belonging to one's nature; natural; native.
      Synonyms
      Derived terms
      terms derived from kind (adjective)
      Translations
      The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
      Translations to be checked

      Further reading

      Anagrams

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      Afrikaans

      Etymology

      From Dutch kind, from Middle Dutch kint, from Old Dutch kint, from Proto-Germanic *kindą (“offspring”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁tóm.

      Pronunciation

      Noun

      kind (plural kinders)

      1. child

      Anagrams

      Danish

      Etymology

      From Old Norse kinn, from Proto-Germanic *kinnuz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénu- (“cheek”). Compare Swedish kind, Norwegian and Icelandic kinn, Low German and German Kinn, Dutch kin, English chin.

      Pronunciation

      Noun

      kind c (singular definite kinden, plural indefinite kinder)

      1. cheek

      Inflection

      More information common gender, singular ...

      Dutch

      Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipedia nl

      Etymology

      From Middle Dutch kint, from Old Dutch kint, from Proto-West Germanic *kind (“offspring”), from Proto-Germanic *kindą (“offspring”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁tóm (“that which is produced, that which is given birth to”), related to *ǵn̥h₁tós (“produced, given birth”), from *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to give birth”).

      Pronunciation

      Noun

      kind n (plural kinderen or kinders, diminutive kindje n or kindertje n or kindeken n or kindelijn n)

      1. child, kid, non-adult human
        Synonyms: koter, (dated) wicht
        Hij heeft als kind leren schaatsen. ― He learned how to ice-skate as a child.
      2. first-degree descendant, still a minor or irrespective of age
        Synonyms: afstammeling, nakomeling, telg
        Mijn kinderen zijn intussen allemaal volwassen. ― My children are all adults by now.
      3. (figuratively) product of influence, breeding etc.
        Deze kunstwerken zijn een kind van de moderne kunstbeweging. ― These artworks are a product of the modern art movement.

      Usage notes

      • The normal plural is kinderen (a double plural combining the endings -er (archaic) and -en, also found in a few other neuter nouns). The form kinders is heard colloquially, often also humorously.
      • In compounds, the word can take the form kinder- or kind- as a tail. The former is used more often, however.
      • The diminutive kindelijn is now archaic, but can still be found in some fossilized songs and religious texts.

      Derived terms

      Descendants

      • Afrikaans: kind
      • Jersey Dutch: känt
      • Negerhollands: kind, kint, kin, ken
      • Skepi Creole Dutch: kente, kinte

      See also

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      Icelandic

      Icelandic Wikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipedia is

      Etymology

      From Old Norse kind, from Proto-Germanic *kinþiz, cognate with Latin gēns (“clan, tribe”). The sense of “sheep” is derived from the compound sauðkind, literally “sheep-kind”.

      Pronunciation

      Noun

      kind f (genitive singular kindar, nominative plural kindur or (in the meaning "race, kind, kin") kindir)

      1. (obsolete) race, kind, kin
      2. a sheep (especially a ewe)
        Synonyms: rolla, sauðkind
      3. (dated) used as a term of disparagement for a girl (or woman)

      Declension

      More information singular, plural ...

      1In the meaning "race, kind, kin".

      Derived terms

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      Middle English

      Etymology 1

      Noun

      kind

      1. (especially Northern) alternative form of kynde

      Etymology 2

      Adjective

      kind

      1. (Northern) alternative form of kynde

      Norwegian Nynorsk

      Etymology

      From Old Norse kind f, from Proto-Germanic *kinþiz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis. Akin to English kind.

      Noun

      kind m (definite singular kinden, indefinite plural kindar, definite plural kindane)
      kind n (definite singular kindet, indefinite plural kind, definite plural kinda)

      1. a child in a cradle

      References

      Old Norse

      Etymology

      From Proto-Germanic *kinþiz. Compare Latin gēns (“clan, tribe”).

      Noun

      kind f (genitive kindar, plural kindir or kindr)

      1. race, kind, kin
      2. creature, being

      Declension

      More information feminine, singular ...

      Derived terms

      Descendants

      • Icelandic: kind f (“sheep”)
      • Faroese: kind

      Further reading

      • Zoëga, Geir T. (1910), “kind”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive
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      Old Saxon

      Etymology

      From Proto-West Germanic *kind (“child”), from Proto-Germanic *kindą, *kinþą, from Pre-Germanic *ǵénh₁tom, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to bear, give birth”).

      Noun

      kind n

      1. child

      Declension

      More information singular, plural ...
      More information singular, plural ...

      Descendants

      • Middle Low German: kint
        • Low German: Kind
          • Dutch Low Saxon: kind, kiend, keend
          • German Low German: Kind
        • → Old Frisian: kind
          • West Frisian: kyn

      Swedish

      Swedish Wikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipedia sv

      Etymology

      From Old Norse kinn, from Proto-Germanic *kinnuz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénu- (“cheek”). Compare Danish kind, Norwegian and Icelandic kinn, German Kinn, Dutch kin, English chin.

      Pronunciation

      Noun

      kind c

      1. (anatomy) cheek (part of the face)
        • (Can we date this quote?), “Huvud, axlar, knä(n) och tå(r) [Head, Shoulders, Knee(s) and Toe(s) [singular in most other versions]]”‎performed by Mora Träsk:
          Huvud, axlar, knän och tår, knän och tår. Huvud, axlar, knän och tår, knän och tår. Ögon, öron, kinden klappen får. Huvud, axlar, knän och tår, knän och tår.
          Head, shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes. Head, shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes. Eyes, ears, the cheek gets the pat ["Kinden får klappen" is the normal word order, like in English, but switching it around does not sound ungrammatical in Swedish]. Head, shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes.

      Usage notes

      False friend with chin, see haka.

      Declension

      More information nominative, genitive ...

      Derived terms

      References

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      Zealandic

      Etymology

      From Middle Dutch kint.

      Noun

      kind n (plural kinders)

      1. child

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