ogopa

Swahili

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-jògʊpa (“to fear”). From the same root as woga and mwoga with the “inceptive” extension also seen in nenepa and -lapa.

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

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Verb

-ogopa (infinitive kuogopa)

1. to fear, be afraid

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ogopa
Positive present -naogopa Subjunctive -ogope Negative -ogopi Imperative singular ogopa
Infinitives
Positive kuogopa Negative kutoogopa
Imperatives
Singular ogopa Plural ogopeni
Tensed forms
Habitual huogopa Positive past positive subject concord + -liogopa Negative past negative subject concord + -kuogopa
Positive present (positive subject concord + -naogopa) Singular Plural 1st person ninaogopa/naogopa tunaogopa 2nd person unaogopa mnaogopa 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anaogopa wanaogopa other classes positive subject concord + -naogopa
Negative present (negative subject concord + -ogopi) Singular Plural 1st person siogopi hatuogopi 2nd person huogopi hamwogopi 3rd person m-wa(I/II) haogopi hawaogopi other classes negative subject concord + -ogopi
Positive future positive subject concord + -taogopa Negative future negative subject concord + -taogopa
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -ogope) Singular Plural 1st person niogope tuogope 2nd person uogope mwogope 3rd person m-wa(I/II) aogope waogope other classes positive subject concord + -ogope
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -siogope Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngeogopa Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singeogopa Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngaliogopa Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singaliogopa
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aogopa) Singular Plural 1st person naogopa twaogopa 2nd person waogopa mwaogopa 3rd person m-wa(I/II) aogopa waogopa m-mi(III/IV) waogopa yaogopa ji-ma(V/VI) laogopa yaogopa ki-vi(VII/VIII) chaogopa vyaogopa n(IX/X) yaogopa zaogopa u(XI) waogopa see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwaogopa pa(XVI) paogopa mu(XVIII) mwaogopa
Perfect positive subject concord + -meogopa "Already" positive subject concord + -meshaogopa "Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaogopa "If/When" positive subject concord + -kiogopa "If not" positive subject concord + -sipoogopa Consecutive kaogopa / positive subject concord + -kaogopa Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kaogope
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -niogopa -tuogopa 2nd person -kuogopa -waogopa/-kuogopeni/-waogopeni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mwogopa -waogopa m-mi(III/IV) -uogopa -iogopa ji-ma(V/VI) -liogopa -yaogopa ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kiogopa -viogopa n(IX/X) -iogopa -ziogopa u(XI) -uogopa see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kuogopa pa(XVI) -paogopa mu(XVIII) -muogopa Reflexive -jiogopa
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -ogopa- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -ogopaye -ogopao m-mi(III/IV) -ogopao -ogopayo ji-ma(V/VI) -ogopalo -ogopayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -ogopacho -ogopavyo n(IX/X) -ogopayo -ogopazo u(XI) -ogopao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -ogopako pa(XVI) -ogopapo mu(XVIII) -ogopamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -ogopa) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yeogopa -oogopa m-mi(III/IV) -oogopa -yoogopa ji-ma(V/VI) -loogopa -yoogopa ki-vi(VII/VIII) -choogopa -vyoogopa n(IX/X) -yoogopa -zoogopa u(XI) -oogopa see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -koogopa pa(XVI) -poogopa mu(XVIII) -moogopa
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Synonyms

• -hofu

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Applicative: -ogopea
  • Causative: -ogopesha (“frighten”), -ogofisha (“frighten”), -ogofya (“frighten”)

Related terms

• woga

See also

• -cha