1956 (MCMLVI ) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar , the 1956th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini 2nd millennium , the 56th year of the 20th century , and the 7th year of the 1950s decade.
This article is about the year 1956. For the 2000 album by Soul-Junk, see
1956 (album).
Clockwise, from top left: Elvis Presley becomes the leading figure of the newly popular music genre of rock and roll; Illustration of the 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision ; A reel of 2-inch quadruplex videotape compared with a later miniDV videocassette.; Smoke rises from oil tanks on Port Said following the invasion of Egypt by Israel, United Kingdom and France as part of the Suez Crisis ; Ron Clarke carrying the Olympic Torch during 1956 Summer Olympics opening ceremony; Seawall being repaired after Typhoon Wanda ; people protesting in the 1956 Poznań protests ; Hungarian Revolution of 1956
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1956 .
March
March 1 – The International Air Transport Association finalizes a draft of the radiotelephony spelling alphabet , for the International Civil Aviation Organization .March 2 – Morocco declares its independence from France.[3] March 9
March 10 – The Fairey Delta 2 breaks the World Air Speed Record, raising it to 1,132 mph (1,822 km/h) or Mach 1.73, an increase of some 300 mph (480 km/h) over the previous record, and thus becoming the first aircraft to exceed 1,000 mph (1,600 km/h) in level flight.March 11 – After having opened in London the previous year, Laurence Olivier 's film, Richard III Shakespeare 's play, has its U.S. premiere in theatres and on NBC -TV on the same day. On television it is not shown in prime time, but as an afternoon matinée , in a slightly cut version, one of the first such experiments. Olivier is later nominated for an Oscar for his performance.March 12 – 96 U.S. Congressmen sign the Southern Manifesto , a protest against the 1954 Supreme Court ruling (Brown v. Board of Education desegregated public education.March 13 – Elvis Presley releases his first gold album titled Elvis Presley March 15 – The Broadway musical My Fair Lady March 19 – At age 48, Dutch boxer Bep van Klaveren contests his last match in Rotterdam .March 20 – Tunisia gains independence from France.March 21 – The 28th Academy Awards Ceremony is held in Los Angeles. Marty Best Picture .March 23 – Pakistan becomes the first Islamic republic , and a national holiday is observed in the country, including the state of East Pakistan .June
June 1 – Vyacheslav Molotov resigns as foreign minister of the Soviet Union ; he later becomes ambassador to Mongolia .June 4 – Montgomery bus boycott : The related civil suit[5] June 5
June 6 – In Singapore , chief minister David Marshall resigns, after the breakdown of talks about internal self-government in London.June 8 – General Electric /Telechron introduces model 7H241 "The Snooz Alarm", the first snooze alarm clock ever.[6] June 10 – 1956 Summer Olympics : Equestrian events open in Stockholm , Sweden (all other events are held in November in Melbourne , Australia).June 13
June 14 – The Flag of the United States Army is formally dedicated.[7] June 15 – Eindhoven University of Technology is founded in Eindhoven , The Netherlands.June 18 – The last British troops leave Egypt .June 21 – Playwright Arthur Miller appears before the House Un-American Activities Committee in Washington, D.C. June 23 – Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes the 2nd president of Egypt , a post he holds until his death in 1970 .June 28
Poznań 1956 protests : Labour riots in Poznań , Poland, are crushed with heavy loss of life. Soviet troops fire at a crowd protesting high prices, killing 53 people.The film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's The King and I Deborah Kerr and Yul Brynner , is released only a few months after the film version of R&H's Carousel . It becomes the most financially successful film version of a Rodgers and Hammerstein musical up to this time, and the only one to win an acting Oscar (Yul Brynner wins Best Actor for his performance as the King of Siam). It is also one of two Rodgers and Hammerstein films to be nominated for Best Picture (which it does not win). June 29
June 30 – 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision : A TWA Lockheed Constellation and United Airlines Douglas DC-7 collide in mid-air over the Grand Canyon in Arizona , killing all 128 people aboard both aircraft, in the deadliest civil aviation disaster to date; the accident leads to sweeping changes in the regulation of cross-country flight and air traffic control over the United States.July
July 2 – A laboratory experiment involving scrap thorium at Sylvania Electric Products in Bayside, New York , results in an explosion .July 4 – An American Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft makes its first flight over the Soviet Union .July 8 – The mountain Gasherbrum II , on the border of Pakistan and China, is first ascended, by an Austrian expedition.July 9 – The 7.7 M w Amorgos earthquake shakes the Cyclades island group in the Aegean Sea , with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent ). The shaking and the subsequent tsunami leave 53 people dead.July 10 – The British House of Lords defeats the abolition of the death penalty.July 13 – John McCarthy (Dartmouth), Marvin Minsky (MIT), Claude Shannon (Bell Labs) and Nathaniel Rochester (IBM) assemble the first coordinated research meeting on the topic of artificial intelligence , at Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire , in the United States.July 16 – With the closing of its "Big Tent" show in Pittsburgh , Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus announces all subsequent circuses will be "arena shows", due to changing economics.July 24 – At New York City's Copacabana nightclub, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis perform their last comedy show together (their act started on July 25, 1946).July 25 – The Italian ocean liner SS Andrea Doria sinks after colliding with the Swedish ship SS Stockholm in heavy fog 72 kilometers (45 mi) south of Nantucket island, killing 51.July 26 – Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal , sparking international condemnation.July 30 – A joint resolution of Congress is signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower , authorizing "In God we trust " as the U.S. national motto .July 31
August
August 6 – After going bankrupt in 1955, the American broadcaster DuMont Television Network airs its final broadcast, an episode of its sports series Boxing from St. Nicholas Arena August 7 – Seven ammunition trucks loaded with 1,053 boxes of dynamite explode in Cali, Colombia . Death estimates range from 1,300 to 10,000, in a city that at this time has 120,000 inhabitants.[9] August 8 – 262 miners (chiefly Italian nationals) die in a fire at the Bois du Cazier coal mine, in Marcinelle , Belgium.August 9 – Art exhibition This Is Tomorrow Whitechapel Art Gallery in London.August 12 – Around 5,000 members of the Romanian Greek-Catholic Church hold a mass outside Cluj-Napoca Piarists' Church to demonstrate that their church, proscribed by the government in 1948, has not ceased to exist as the regime claims.August 17 – West Germany bans the Communist Party of Germany .The first interfaith dialogue between Christians, Jews and Muslims with over 850 participants takes place at the monastery of Toumliline in Azrou , Morocco .[10] November
November 1
The States Reorganisation Act of India reforms the boundaries and names of Indian states. Three new states, Kerala , Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh , are formed.
City Lights Bookstore in San Francisco publishes Howl and Other Poems Allen Ginsberg , a key work of the Beat Generation .The film Oklahoma! Todd-AO , now receives a U.S. national release in CinemaScope , since not all theatres are yet equipped for Todd-AO. To accomplish this, the film has actually been shot twice, rather than printing one version in two different film processes, as is later done. November 3
November 4 – Hungarian Revolution of 1956 : More Soviet troops invade Hungary, to crush the revolt that started on October 23. Thousands are killed, more are wounded, and nearly a quarter million leave the country.November 6 – 1956 United States presidential election : Republican incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats Democratic challenger Adlai Stevenson , in a rematch of their contest 4 years earlier .November 7 – Suez Crisis : The United Nations General Assembly adopts a resolution calling for the United Kingdom, France and Israel to withdraw their troops from Arab lands immediately.November 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1956 : Last insurgents succumb to the invading Soviet army.[14] November 12 – Morocco , Sudan and Tunisia join the United Nations.November 13 – Browder v. Gayle United States Supreme Court declares illegal the state and municipal laws requiring segregated buses in Montgomery, Alabama , thus ending the Montgomery bus boycott .November 14 – An eight-mile long stretch of highway is opened west of Topeka, Kansas , creating the first portion of the Interstate Highway System in the United States and the first highway to be completed with funds from the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 .[15] November 15 – Middle East Technical University is founded in Ankara , Turkey.November 18 – At a reception for Western ambassadors at the Polish embassy in Moscow, Nikita Khrushchev utters his famous phrase "We will bury you ".November 20 – In Yugoslavia , former prime minister Milovan Đilas is arrested after he criticizes Josip Broz Tito .November 22 – The 1956 Summer Olympics begin in Melbourne , Australia.November 23 – The Suez Crisis causes petrol rationing in Britain.[16] November 25 – Fidel Castro and Che Guevara depart from Tuxpan, Veracruz , Mexico, en route to Santiago de Cuba aboard the yacht Granma November 30 – African-American Floyd Patterson wins the world heavyweight boxing championship that is vacant after the retirement of Rocky Marciano .December
December 2
December 3 – The 1956 Bush Terminal explosion occurs in Brooklyn, United States.December 4 – The Million Dollar Quartet (Elvis Presley , Jerry Lee Lewis , Carl Perkins , and Johnny Cash ) get together at Sun Studio , for the first and last time in history.December 9 – Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810 , a Canadair North Star , crashes into Slesse Mountain near Chilliwack , British Columbia . All 62 people aboard, including five Canadian Football League players, are killed.December 12 – Japan becomes a member of the United Nations .December 18 – To Tell the Truth CBS -TV in the United States.December 19 – British doctor John Bodkin Adams is arrested for the murder of 2 patients in Eastbourne , England; he will be acquitted.December 23 – British and French troops leave the Suez Canal region.December 31 – Bob Barker makes his television debut, as host of the game show Truth or Consequences
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January
Mel Gibson David Caruso Bill Maher Robby Benson Geena Davis Mimi Rogers John Lydon January 1
January 3
January 4 – Bernard Sumner , British musicianJanuary 5
January 7
January 9
January 12 – Nikolai Noskov , Soviet and Russian rock singer and songwriterJanuary 14 – Ed Bordley , associate general counsel with the U.S. DOJ and Olympic gold medalist in the 1980 Summer Paralympic games (d. 2017)January 15 – Vitaly Kaloyev , Russian convicted murderer, architect deputy minister of construction of North Ossetia-AlaniaJanuary 16 – Martin Jol , Dutch football managerJanuary 17 – Paul Young , English musicianJanuary 18
January 19 – Adriana Acosta , Argentine militant and field hockey player (d. 1978 )January 20 – Bill Maher , American actor, comedian and political analystJanuary 21
January 24 – Lounès Matoub , Algerian Berber Kabyle singer (d. 1998 )January 25 – Bronwyn Pike , Australian politicianJanuary 26 – Pat Musick , American voice actressJanuary 27
January 28 – Peter Schilling , German singerJanuary 29
January 30 – Keiichi Tsuchiya , Japanese race car driverJanuary 31
February
Nathan Lane Enele Sopoaga Jay Nixon February 1 – Mike Kitchen , Canadian ice hockey player and coachFebruary 2
February 3
February 10 – Enele Sopoaga , 12th prime minister of TuvaluFebruary 11
February 13
February 14 – Tom Burlinson , Australian actorFebruary 15 – Desmond Haynes , West Indian cricketerFebruary 18 – Thomas Gradin , Swedish hockey playerFebruary 19
February 20 – François Bréda , Romanian essayist, poet, literary critic, literary historian, translator and theatrologist (d. 2018 )February 23
February 24
February 25
February 26 – Keisuke Kuwata , Japanese musicianFebruary 28 – Thomas Remengesau Jr. , 7th and 9th president of Palau February 29
March
Tim Daly Bryan Cranston John Kapelos Rob Paulsen Ingemar Stenmark Catherine Ashton José Manuel Barroso March 1
March 2 – Eduardo Rodríguez , President of Bolivia March 5
March 7
March 9
March 11 – Rob Paulsen , American voice actor and singerMarch 12 – Steve Harris , English musician and songwriter (Iron Maiden)March 13 – Dana Delany , American actressMarch 16
March 18 – Ingemar Stenmark , Swedish alpine skierMarch 19 – Yegor Gaidar , Russian economist and politician (d. 2009 )[20] March 20
March 22
March 24 – Steve Ballmer , American businessman, CEO of Microsoft (2000–2014), owner of the Los Angeles Clippers March 25 – Matthew Garber , English child actor (d. 1977 )March 28
March 29 – Evie , American Christian musicianMarch 30 Shahla Sherkat , Iranian feminist journalistPaul Reiser , American actorApril
Miguel Bosé Andy García Melody Thomas Scott Eric Roberts Lars von Trier April 2 – Phillip Journey , American jurist, politician and member of the Kansas Senate from 2003 until 2008April 3
April 4
April 5
April 6
April 7 – Christopher Darden , African-American attorney, author, actor and lecturer[24] April 9
April 12
April 13 – Possum Bourne , New Zealand rally car driver (d. 2003 )April 14 – Barbara Bonney , American sopranoApril 16
April 18
April 19 – Sue Barker , British tennis player and television presenterApril 21 – Phillip Longman , American demographerApril 22 – Jukka-Pekka Saraste , Finnish conductorApril 23 – Greg Colson , American artistApril 26 – Koo Stark , British actressApril 27 – Bryan Harvey , American musician (d. 2006 )April 28 – Hanka Paldum , Bosnian singerApril 30 – Lars von Trier , Danish film director and screenwriterMay
Jan Peter Balkenende Sugar Ray Leonard Giuseppe Tornatore La Toya Jackson David Sassoli May 1 – Alexander Ivanov , Russian-born American chess grandmasterMay 4
May 5 – Lisa Eilbacher , American actressMay 6 – Vladimir Lisin , Russian business oligarch May 7
May 9
May 10
May 12 – Jānis Bojārs , Latvian shot putter (d. 2018 )May 13
May 15 – Dan Patrick , American sports commentatorMay 17
May 19 – Steven Ford , American actorMay 20
May 23
May 26 – Lisa Niemi , American actress and dancerMay 27 – Giuseppe Tornatore , Italian film directorMay 28
May 29 – La Toya Jackson , American singer, songwriter, actress, businesswoman and television personalityMay 30 – David Sassoli , 16th president of the European Parliament (d. 2022 )May 31 – Yoshiko Sakakibara , Japanese voice actressJune
Keith David Kenny G Björn Borg Joe Montana Tim Russ Randy Jackson Anthony Bourdain Bob West Catherine Samba-Panza Chris Isaak June 1
June 3 – George Burley , Scottish football managerJune 4 – Keith David , African-American actor and voice actorJune 5 – Kenny G , American saxophonistJune 6
June 7
June 8 – Péter Besenyei , Hungarian pilotJune 9 – Patricia Cornwell , American novelistJune 10 – Borwin, Duke of Mecklenburg , German head of the House of Mecklenburg June 11
June 13 – Yurik Vardanyan , Soviet weightlifter (d. 2018 )June 14 – King Diamond , Danish heavy metal musicianJune 15 – Robin Curtis , American actressJune 17 – Kelly Curtis , American actorJune 20 – Cho Chikun , Korean Go playerJune 21 – Thomas James O'Leary , American actorJune 22
June 23 – Randy Jackson , African-American musician and talent judgeJune 24 – Turid Leirvoll , Norwegian-Danish politicianJune 25
June 26
June 27
June 28 – Noel Mugavin , Australian rules football playerJune 29
June 30
August
Robert Khuzami Maureen McCormick Bruce Greenwood Kim Cattrall Andreas Floer Kevin Dunn August 2 – Robert Khuzami , Deputy Attorney for the Southern District of New YorkAugust 4
August 5
August 6 – Stepfanie Kramer , American actressAugust 7
August 8 – Chris Foreman , English rock guitaristAugust 10
August 12 – Bruce Greenwood , Canadian actorAugust 14
August 17 – Dave Jones , English football managerAugust 18 – John Debney , American film composerAugust 19 – Adam Arkin , American actorAugust 20
August 21 – Kim Cattrall , English-born Canadian actressAugust 22 – Paul Molitor , American baseball playerAugust 23
August 24
August 25 – Henri Toivonen , Finnish rally car driver (d. 1986 )August 26 – Mark Mangino , American football coachAugust 29 – Mark Morris , American choreographerAugust 31
September
Michael Feinstein David Copperfield Almazbek Atambayev Gary Cole Linda Hamilton September 1 – Bernie Wagenblast , American editor and broadcasterSeptember 2
September 3 – Pat McGeown , Provisional Irish Republican Army member (d. 1996 )September 11 – Phillip D. Bissett , American politicianSeptember 12
September 13 – Ilie Balaci , Romanian football player (d. 2018 )September 14
September 15 – George Howard , American jazz saxophone musician (d. 1998 )September 16
September 17 – Almazbek Atambayev , 3-Time Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan and 4th president of Kyrgyzstan September 18 – Tim McInnerny , English actorSeptember 20
September 21 – Jack Givens , American basketball playerSeptember 23
September 25 – Jamie Hyneman , American television co-hostSeptember 26 – Linda Hamilton , American actressSeptember 29 – Sebastian Coe , Baron Coe, British athlete; co-ordinator of the London 2012 Olympic Games [30] September 30 – Gordon Elliott , British-Australian television personality and talk show hostOctober
Theresa May Charlie Adler Christoph Waltz Mae Jemison Craig Bartlett Carrie Fisher Rita Wilson Mahmoud Ahmadinejad October 1
October 2 – Charlie Adler , American voice actor and directorOctober 3 – Ralph Morgenstern , German actorOctober 4 – Christoph Waltz , German-Austrian actorOctober 8
October 10 – Amanda Burton , Irish actressOctober 11 – Nicanor Duarte , 47th president of Paraguay October 12 – Trần Đại Quang , President of Vietnam (d. 2018 )October 16 – Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah , Bangladeshi poet (d. 1991 )October 17
October 18
Craig Bartlett , American animator, writer, storyboard artist, director and voice actorMartina Navratilova , Czech-American multiple Grand Slam title winning tennis playerOctober 19
October 20 – Danny Boyle , English film directorOctober 21 – Carrie Fisher , American actress and novelist (d. 2016 )[31] October 22 – Marvin Bush , American businessmanOctober 23 – Dwight Yoakam , American country singer, musician and actorOctober 26 – Rita Wilson , American actress and producerOctober 28 – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , 6th president of Iran November
Richard Curtis Sinbad Bo Derek William Fichtner November 5 – Rob Fisher , British keyboardist and songwriter (Climie Fisher ) (d. 1999 )November 7 – Mikhail Alperin , Soviet-Norwegian jazz pianist (d. 2018 )November 8
November 10 – Sinbad , African-American stand-up, comedian and actorNovember 11 – Talat Aziz , ghazal singerNovember 13 – Charlie Baker , American politician, 72nd governor of Massachusetts November 14
November 17
November 18
November 20
November 21 – Terri Welles , American actress and adult modelNovember 22 – Richard Kind , American actorNovember 23
November 24 – Jouni Kaipainen , Finnish composerNovember 26 – Dale Jarrett , American Race Car DriverNovember 27
November 28
November 29 – Eric Laakso , American football playerDecember
Markos Kounalakis Randy Rhoads Iveta Radičová Larry Bird Rod Blagojevich December 1 – Sultan bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , Emirati politician and royal (d. 2019 )December 4 – Bernard King , American basketball player and commentatorDecember 5
December 6
December 7
December 9 – Baruch Goldstein , American-Israeli physician and mass murderer (d. 1994 )December 10 – Rod Blagojevich , American politician and convicted felon, Governor of Illinois (2003–2009)December 11 – Lani Brockman , American playwrightDecember 12
December 13 – Majida El Roumi , Lebanese singerDecember 14 – Béla Réthy , German sports journalistDecember 16 – Duncan Faure , South African musicianDecember 18 – Ron White , American comedianDecember 19
December 21 – Anna Erlandsson , Swedish filmmaker and animatorDecember 23
December 24
December 26
December 28
December 29 – Fred MacAulay , Scottish comedianDecember 30
December 31 – Hussein Ahmed Salah , Djiboutian marathon runner
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June
Michio Miyagi Artur Văitoianu June 2 – Jean Hersholt , Danish-born American actor (b. 1886 )June 4 – Katherine MacDonald , American actress (b. 1891 )June 6
June 7 – Julien Benda , French philosopher and novelist (b. 1867 )[36] June 11
June 17 – Artur Văitoianu , Romanian general and politician, 27th prime minister of Romania (b. 1864 )June 19 – Thomas J. Watson , American computer pioneer (b. 1874 )[37] June 22 – Walter de la Mare , English poet, short story writer, and novelist (b. 1873 )June 23 – Reinhold Glière , Russian composer (b. 1875 )June 25 – Ernest King , American Navy Fleet Admiral and Commander in Chief (b. 1878 )June 26 – Clifford Brown , American jazz trumpeter (b. 1930 )October
Risto Ryti October 2 – George Bancroft , American actor (b. 1882 )October 6 – Charles E. Merrill , American banker, co-founder of Merrill Lynch (b. 1885 )[40] October 9 – Marie Doro , American actress (b. 1882 )October 12 – Lorenzo Perosi , Italian composer (b. 1872 )October 14 – Jules Richard , French mathematician (b. 1862 )October 16 – Jules Rimet , French football administrator, 3rd president of FIFA (b. 1873 )October 17 – Anne Crawford , British actress (b. 1920 )October 19 – Isham Jones , American musician (b. 1894 )October 22 – Hannah Mitchell , English socialist and suffragette (b. 1872 )October 25 – Risto Ryti , 23rd prime minister of Finland and 5th president of Finland (b. 1889 )October 26 – Walter Gieseking , French-born German pianist (b. 1895 )October 30 – Pío Baroja , Spanish novelist (b. 1872 )November
Pietro Badoglio Juan Negrín November 1
November 2 – Leo Baeck , German rabbi, scholar and theologian (b. 1873 )November 3 – Jean Metzinger , French painter, theorist and critic (b. 1883 )November 5 – Art Tatum , American jazz pianist (b. 1909 )November 6 – Paul Kelly , American stage and film actor (b. 1899 )November 10 – Victor Young , American composer (b. 1900 )November 12 – Juan Negrín , 67th prime minister of Spain (b. 1892 )November 19 – Francis L. Sullivan , English actor (b. 1903 )November 22 – Theodore Kosloff , Russian-born ballet dancer, choreographer and actor (b. 1882 )November 23 – André Marty , French Communist Party leader (b. 1886 )[41] November 24 – Guido Cantelli , Italian conductor (b. 1920 )November 26 – Tommy Dorsey , American trombonist and bandleader (b. 1905 )December
Juho Kusti Paasikivi December 2 – Dell Henderson , Canadian actor (b. 1877 )December 3 – Alexander Rodchenko , Russian artist (b. 1891 )December 6 – B. R. Ambedkar , Indian jurist and politician (b. 1891 )December 9 – Charles Joughin , English-born baker on RMS Titanic (b. 1878 )December 10 – David Shimoni , Israeli poet and writer (b. 1891 )December 12 – Ewald André Dupont , German film director (b. 1891 )December 14 – Juho Kusti Paasikivi , twice Prime Minister of Finland and 7th president of Finland (b. 1870 )December 16 – Nina Hamnett , Welsh artist (b. 1890 )December 17 – Eddie Acuff , American actor (b. 1903 )December 21 – Lewis Terman , American psychologist (b. 1877 )December 23 – Josep Puig i Cadafalch , Spanish architect (b. 1867 )December 26 – Holmes Herbert , English actor (b. 1882 )
The Bulletin, volumes 4-5 . Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung. 1956. p. 8.
"Stadiums" . Russian Football News . July 13, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2018 ."Preface" . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan . Retrieved April 2, 2023 .Lendvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy . Princeton University Press.
Stevens, William K. (November 14, 1976). "Superhighway System, in 20 Years, Has Tied a Vast Nation Together". The New York Times . p. 1.
"Dalia Grybauskaite" . Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers . February 25, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2021 .The Luxembourg Grand Ducal Family (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Ministry of State, Press and Information Service, 1986), p. 26
Probst, Ernst (2010). Angelika Machinek – Eine Segelfliegerin der Weltklasse [ Angelika Machinek – A World Class Glider Pilot ] (in German). Munich: Grin-Verl. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-640-73630-0
London Institute of World Affairs, The Year Book of World Affairs 1957 (London 1957) full text online , comprehensive reference book covering 1956 in diplomacy, international affairs and politics for major nations and regions 
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