Open back unrounded vowel

Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɑ⟩ in IPA From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Open back unrounded vowel

The open back unrounded vowel, or low back unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɑ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is A. The letter ɑ is called script a because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter a, which corresponds to a different vowel, the open front unrounded vowel. Script a, which has a full length linear stroke on its right, should not be confused with turned script a, ɒ, which has the linear stroke on its left and corresponds to a rounded version of this vowel, the open back rounded vowel.

Quick Facts ɑ, IPA number ...
Open back unrounded vowel
ɑ
IPA number305
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɑ
Unicode (hex)U+0251
X-SAMPAA
Braille
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More information IPA: Vowels, Front ...
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In some languages (such as Azerbaijani, Estonian, Luxembourgish and Toda)[2][3][4][5] there is the near-open back unrounded vowel (a sound between cardinal [ɑ] and [ʌ]), which can be transcribed in IPA with ɑ̝ or ʌ̞.

Features

  • Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

More information Language, Word ...
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[6]daar[dɑːr]'there'The quality varies between open near-back unrounded [ɑ̟ː], open back unrounded [ɑː] and even open back rounded [ɒː].[6] See Afrikaans phonology
Äiwoo kânongä [kɑnoŋæ] 'I want'
ArabicStandard[7]طويل / awīl[tˤɑˈwiːl]'tall'Allophone of long and short /a/ near emphatic consonants, depending on the speaker's accent. See Arabic phonology
Essaouira[8] قال / qāl [qɑːl] 'he said' One of the possible realisations of /ā/.[8]
ArmenianEastern[7]հաց / hacʿ[hɑt͡sʰ]'bread'
Azerbaijani[2]qardaş[ɡɑ̝ɾˈd̪ɑ̝ʃ]'brother'Near-open.[2]
Bashkir ҡаҙ / qađ [qɑð] 'goose'
CatalanMany dialects[9]pal[ˈpɑɫ]'stick'Allophone of /a/ in contact with velar consonants.[9] See Catalan phonology
Some dialects[10][11]mà[ˈmɑ]'hand'More central ([ɑ̟], [ä]) in other dialects; fully front [a] in Majorcan Catalan.[11]
Some Valencian and Majorcan speakers[9]lloc[ˈʎ̟ɑk]'place'Unrounded allophone of /ɔ/ in some accents.[9] Can be centralized.
Some southern Valencian speakers[12]bou[ˈbɑw]'bull'Pronunciation of the vowel /ɔ/ before [w].[12] Can be centralized.
ChineseMandarin[13] / bàng[pɑŋ˥˩]'stick'Allophone of /a/ before /ŋ/.[13] See Standard Chinese phonology
DutchStandard[14][15]bad[bɑt]'bath'Backness varies among dialects; in the Standard Northern accent it is fully back.[16][14] In the Standard Belgian accent it is raised and fronted to [ɑ̝̈].[15] See Dutch phonology
Leiden[16][bɑ̝t]Near-open fully back; can be rounded [ɒ̝] instead.[16] See Dutch phonology
Rotterdam[16]
Amsterdam[17]aap[ɑːp]'monkey'Corresponds to [ ~ äː] in standard Dutch.
Antwerp[18]
Utrecht[18]
The Hague[19]nauw[nɑː]'narrow'Corresponds to [ʌu] in standard Dutch.
EnglishCardiff[20]hot[hɑ̝̈t]'hot'Somewhat raised and fronted.[20][21]
Norfolk[21]
General American[22][hɑt]May be more front [ɑ̟ ~ ä], especially in accents without the cot-caught merger.[clarification needed] See English phonology
Cockney[23]palm[pɑːm]'palm'Fully back. It can be more front [ɑ̟ː] instead.
General South African[24]Fully back. Broad varieties usually produce a rounded vowel [ɒː ~ ɔː] instead, while Cultivated SAE prefers a more front vowel [ɑ̟ː ~ äː]. See South African English phonology
Cultivated
South African[25]
[pɑ̟ːm]Typically more front than cardinal [ɑ]. It may be as front as [äː] in some Cultivated South African and southern English speakers. See English phonology and South African English phonology
Received Pronunciation[26]
Non-local Dublin[27]back[bɑq]'back'Allophone of /a/ before velars for some speakers.[27]
Estonian[3]vale[ˈvɑ̝le̞ˑ]'lie'Near-open.[3] See Estonian phonology
FaroeseSome dialects[28]vátur[ˈvɑːtʊɹ]'wet'Corresponds to /ɔɑ/ in standard language.[28] See Faroese phonology
Finnish[29]kana[ˈkɑ̝nɑ̝]'hen'Near-open,[29] also described as open central [ä].[30] See Finnish phonology
FrenchConservative Parisian[31][32]pas[pɑ]'not'Contrasts with /a/, but many speakers have only one open vowel [ä].[33] See French phonology
Quebec[34]pâte[pɑːt]'paste'Contrasts with /a/.[34] See Quebec French phonology
Galician[35][36]irmán[iɾˈmɑŋ]'brother'Allophone of /a/ in contact with velar consonants.[35][36] See Galician phonology
Georgian[37]გუდ / guda[k̬ud̪ɑ]'leather bag'Usually not fully back [ɑ], typically [ɑ̟] to [ä].[38] Sometimes transcribed as /a/.
GermanStandard[39]Gourmand[ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɑ̃ː]'gourmand'Nasalized; often realized as rounded [ɒ̃ː].[40] See Standard German phonology
Many speakers[41]nah[nɑː]'near'Used by speakers in Northern Germany, East Central Germany, Franconia and Switzerland.[41] Also a part of the Standard Austrian accent.[42] More front in other accents. See Standard German phonology
GreekSfakian[43]μπύρα / býra[ˈbirɑ]"beer"Corresponds to central [ä ~ ɐ] in Modern Standard Greek.[44][45] See Modern Greek phonology
HungarianSome dialects[46]magyar[ˈmɑɟɑr]'Hungarian'Weakly rounded [ɒ] in standard Hungarian.[47] See Hungarian phonology
InuitWest Greenlandic[48]oqarpoq[ɔˈqɑpːɔq̚]'he says'Allophone of /a/ before and especially between uvulars.[48] See Inuit phonology
Italian Some Piedmont dialects casa [ˈkɑːzɑ] 'house' Allophone of /a/ which in Italian is largely realised as central [ä].
Irish Munster Dialect áit [ɑːtʲ] 'place' See Irish phonology
Kazakhalma[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈmɑ̝]'apple'Can be realised as near-open.
Kaingang[49]ga[ᵑɡɑ]'land, soil'Varies between back [ɑ] and central [ɐ].[50]
Khmerស្ករ / skâr[skɑː]'sugar'See Khmer phonology
Limburgish[51][52][53]bats[bɑ̽ts]'buttock'The quality varies between open back [ɑ],[51] open near-back [ɑ̟][52] and near-open near-back [ɑ̽][53] (illustrated in the example word, which is from the Maastrichtian dialect), depending on the dialect.
Low German[54]al / aal[ɑːl]'all'Backness may vary among dialects.[54]
Luxembourgish[4]Kapp[kʰɑ̝p]'head'Near-open fully back.[4] See Luxembourgish phonology
MalayKedah[55]mata[ma.tɑ]'eye'See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani Allophone of syllable-final /a/ in open-ended words and before /k/ and /h/ codas. See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Standard qari [qɑ.ri] 'qari' Found only in certain Arabic loanwords and used by speakers who know Arabic. Normally replaced by [ä]. See Malay phonology
Norwegian[56][57]hat[hɑːt]'hate'The example word is from Urban East Norwegian. Central [äː] in some other dialects.[56][57][58] See Norwegian phonology
PortugueseSome Azorean dialectsnada[ˈnɑdɐ]'nothing'See Portuguese phonology
Paulista[59] vegetal [veʒe'tɑʊ] 'vegetable' Only immediately before [ʊ].[59]
Russian[60]палка / palka[ˈpɑɫkə]'stick'Occurs only before the hard /l/, but not when a palatalized consonant precedes. See Russian phonology
Scottish GaelicLewis[61]balach[ˈpɑl̪ˠəx]'boy'Allophone of [a] in proximity to broad sonorants.
Sema[62]amqa[à̠mqɑ̀]'lower back'Possible realization of /a/ after uvular stops.[62]
SwedishSome dialectsjag[jɑːɡ]'I'Weakly rounded [ɒ̜ː] in Central Standard Swedish.[63] See Swedish phonology
Toda[5][ɑ̝ːn]'elephant'Near-open.[5]
Turkish[64]at[ɑt̪]'horse'Also described as central [ä].[65] See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[66]мати / maty[ˈmɑtɪ]'mother'See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese Some dialects in North Central and Central gà [ɣɑ˨˩] 'chicken' See Vietnamese phonology[67][68]
West FrisianStandard[69]lang[ɫɑŋ]'long'Also described as central [ä].[70] See West Frisian phonology
Aastersk[71]maat[mɑːt]'mate'Contrasts with a front //.[71] See West Frisian phonology
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See also

Notes

References

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