憶

See also: 忆

憶 U+61B6, 憶 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-61B6 ← 憵 [U+61B5] CJK Unified Ideographs 憷 → [U+61B7]

Translingual

Han character

憶 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 心卜廿心 (PYTP), four-corner 9003₆, composition ⿰忄意)

Derived characters

• 𬟔

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 404, character 33
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11295
• Dae Jaweon: page 744, character 27
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2362, character 13
• Unihan data for U+61B6

Chinese

trad.		憶
simp.		忆

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (意) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
噫	*qrɯːɡs, *qɯ
譩	*qɯ, *qɯʔ, *qɯl
醷	*qɯʔ, *qɯɡ
意	*qɯɡs
鷾	*qɯɡs
憶	*qɯɡ
億	*qɯɡ
臆	*qɯɡ
繶	*qɯɡ
澺	*qɯɡ
薏	*qɯɡ
檍	*qɯɡ
癔	*qɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qɯɡ): semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 意 (OC *qɯɡs, “thought”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yì (yi⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jik¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): yi

  (Meixian, Guangdong): yid⁵

• Northern Min (KCR): i̿
• Eastern Min (BUC): é
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): it / ek / iak

  (Teochew, Peng'im): êg⁸ / êg⁴ / i³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵i

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yì
    • Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yì
    • Wade–Giles: i⁴
    • Yale: yì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
    • Palladius: и (i)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jik¹
    • Yale: yīk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jik⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: yig¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɪk̚⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yi
    • Hakka Romanization System: i
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /i⁵⁵/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yi
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)i
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: yid⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /it̚¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: i̿
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i³³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: é
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɛi²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: it
    • Tâi-lô: it
    • Phofsit Daibuun: id
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /it̚⁵/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /it̚³²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
    • Tâi-lô: ik
    • Phofsit Daibuun: eg
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iɪk̚³²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
    • Tâi-lô: iak
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iag
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /iak̚⁵/

Note:

• it - vernacular;
• ek/iak - literary.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: êg⁸ / êg⁴ / i³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: e̍k / ek / ì
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ek̚⁴/, /ek̚²/, /i²¹³/
Note:
• êg8 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai;
• êg4 - Jieyang.
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵i
    • MiniDict: i^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²i
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /i³⁴/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 憶
Mandarin	Beijing	/i⁵¹/
	Harbin	/i⁵³/
	Tianjin	/i⁵³/
	Jinan	/i²¹/
	Qingdao	/i⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/i³¹²/
	Xi'an	/i⁴⁴/
	Xining	/ji²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/i¹³/
	Lanzhou	/i¹³/
	Ürümqi	/i²¹³/
	Wuhan	/i³⁵/
	Chengdu	/i¹³/
	Guiyang	/i²¹³/
	Kunming	/i²¹²/
	Nanjing	/i⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/zz̩⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/i³⁵/
	Hohhot	/i⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/i³⁵/
	Suzhou	/i⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ʔi⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/j̠i⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/i³²⁴/
	Tunxi	/i¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/i⁵⁵/
	Xiangtan	/i⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/i⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/it̚¹/
	Taoyuan	/ʒï⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jek̚⁵/
	Nanning	/jek̚⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/jek̚⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/ik̚³²/ /it̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ɛiʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/i³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ek̚⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/it̚⁵/ /i⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: 'ik

Rime
Character	憶
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	職 (134)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於力切
Baxter	'ik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔik̚/
Li Rong	/ʔiək̚/
Wang Li	/ĭək̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jik1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)ək/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	憶
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yì
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔik ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔ(r)ək/
English	remember
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	憶
Reading #	1/1
No.	15156
Phonetic component	意
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	憶
Old Chinese	/*qɯɡ/

Definitions

憶

1. to recall; to recollect; to think back; to remember

   回憶／回忆  ―  huíyì  ―  to reminisce

2. to bear in mind; to memorize; to remember

   記憶／记忆  ―  jìyì  ―  to remember

3. memory

   回憶／回忆  ―  huíyì  ―  memory

Synonyms

• (to recall):

edit

• 回味 (huíwèi) (to recall something and ponder it)
• 回念 (huíniàn)
• 回想 (huíxiǎng)
• 回憶 / 回忆 (huíyì)
• 回溯 (huísù)
• 回顧 / 回顾 (huígù)
• 回首 (huíshǒu)
• 思古 (sīgǔ) (literary, to be nostalgic for antiquity)
• 感念 (gǎnniàn) (to recall fondly)
• 感懷 / 感怀 (gǎnhuái) (to recall with emotion)
• 想起 (xiǎngqǐ)
• 憶想 / 忆想 (yìxiǎng)
• 懷古 / 怀古 (huáigǔ) (literary, to be nostalgic for antiquity)
• 浮想 (fúxiǎng)
• 留戀 / 留恋 (liúliàn) (to recall with nostalgia)
• 緬想 / 缅想 (miǎnxiǎng)
• 緬懷 / 缅怀 (miǎnhuái) (to cherish the memory of, especially the deceased)
• 記 / 记 (jì)
• 記得 / 记得 (jìde)
• 記憶 / 记忆 (jìyì)
• 記起 / 记起 (jìqǐ)
• 諗起 / 谂起 (nam² hei²) (Cantonese)
• 追 (literary, or in compounds)
• 追念 (zhuīniàn)
• 追思 (zhuīsī) (especially the deceased)
• 追想 (zhuīxiǎng)
• 追憶 / 追忆 (zhuīyì)
• 追懷 / 追怀 (zhuīhuái)
• 遙想 / 遥想 (yáoxiǎng)

Compounds

• 主記憶體 / 主记忆体
• 回憶 / 回忆 (huíyì)
• 回憶錄 / 回忆录 (huíyìlù)
• 失憶症 / 失忆症 (shīyìzhèng)
• 愊憶 / 愊忆
• 憂憶 / 忧忆
• 憶念 / 忆念
• 緬憶 / 缅忆
• 苦憶 / 苦忆
• 行思坐憶 / 行思坐忆
• 記憶 / 记忆 (jìyì)
• 記憶力 / 记忆力 (jìyìlì)
• 記憶單元 / 记忆单元
• 記憶容量 / 记忆容量
• 記憶猶新 / 记忆犹新 (jìyìyóuxīn)
• 記憶體 / 记忆体 (jìyìtǐ)
• 追憶 / 追忆 (zhuīyì)
• 遙憶 / 遥忆
• 陶庵夢憶 / 陶庵梦忆

References

• “憶”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–