暇

暇 U+6687, 暇 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6687 ← 暆 [U+6686] CJK Unified Ideographs 暈 → [U+6688]

Translingual

Han character

暇 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 日口尸水 (ARSE), four-corner 6704₇, composition ⿰日叚)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 497, character 36
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14036
• Dae Jaweon: page 865, character 27
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1527, character 2
• Unihan data for U+6687

Chinese

simp. and trad.		暇
2nd round simp.		⿰日下

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 暇
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (叚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
葭	*kraː
麚	*kraː
瘕	*kraː, *kraːʔ
豭	*kraː
貑	*kraː
猳	*kraː
犌	*kraː
假	*kraːʔ, *kraːs
嘏	*kraːʔ
婽	*kraːʔ
椵	*kraːʔ
叚	*kraːʔ
蝦	*qʰraː, *ɡraː
煆	*qʰraː, *qʰraːs
霞	*ɡraː
遐	*ɡraː
瑕	*ɡraː
鰕	*ɡraː
碬	*ɡraː
蕸	*ɡraː
赮	*ɡraː
鍜	*ɡraː
騢	*ɡraː
暇	*ɡraːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡraːs): semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 叚 (OC *kraːʔ)

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Any relation to 假 ("vacation")?”)

Pulleyblank (1973) suggests that it is cognate with 閒 (OC *ɡreːn, “idle, unoccupied, relaxed, etc.”).

Sagart (2023b) relates it to 夏 (OC *[ɡ]ˤraʔ) "summer" and Burmese အား (a:, “to be free (not in use; without obligations)”).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiá, xià (xia², xia⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˊ, ㄒㄧㄚˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haa⁶
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hâ / hā / hēe / hě / hē / hê
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵shia

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiá
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siá
    • Wade–Giles: hsia²
    • Yale: syá
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shya
    • Palladius: ся (sja)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xià
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sià
    • Wade–Giles: hsia⁴
    • Yale: syà
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
    • Palladius: ся (sja)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: haa⁶
    • Yale: hah
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haa⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: ha⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haː²²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâ
    • Tâi-lô: hâ
    • Phofsit Daibuun: haa
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /ha²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā
    • Tâi-lô: hā
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ha
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ha³³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ha⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe
    • Tâi-lô: hēe
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hě
    • Tâi-lô: hě
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /he²²/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē
    • Tâi-lô: hē
    • Phofsit Daibuun: he
    • IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /he³³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hê
    • Tâi-lô: hê
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hee
    • IPA (Xiamen): /he²⁴/

Note:

• hâ/hā/hēe - literary;
• hě/hē/hê - vernacular.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵shia
    • MiniDict: shia^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²xia
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕia³⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: haeH

Rime
Character	暇
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡駕切
Baxter	haeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠaH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚaH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣaH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨH/
Li Rong	/ɣaH/
Wang Li	/ɣaH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣaH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xià
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haa6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤra-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	暇
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xià
Middle Chinese	‹ hæH ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁra-s/
English	leisure
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	暇
Reading #	1/1
No.	5975
Phonetic component	叚
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	暇
Old Chinese	/*ɡraːs/

Definitions

暇

1. leisure; relaxation; free time; spare time
2. leisurely; relaxed; carefree; idle

Compounds

• 不暇 (bùxiá)
• 休暇 (xiūxiá)
• 寸暇
• 應接不暇 / 应接不暇 (yìngjiēbùxiá)
• 放暇
• 日無暇晷 / 日无暇晷
• 暇人
• 無暇 / 无暇 (wúxiá)
• 目不暇給 / 目不暇给 (mùbùxiájǐ)
• 空暇 (kòngxiá)
• 自顧不暇 / 自顾不暇 (zìgùbùxiá)
• 閒暇 / 闲暇 (xiánxiá)
• 餘暇 / 余暇 (yúxiá)

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiǎ (jia³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚˇ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎ
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎ
    • Wade–Giles: chia³
    • Yale: jyǎ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jea
    • Palladius: цзя (czja)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴/

Definitions

暇

1. alternative form of 假 (“to use; to borrow”)

References

• “暇”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–