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夏
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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See also: 复
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Translingual
Han character
夏 (Kangxi radical 35, 夊+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一山竹水 (MUHE), four-corner 10247, composition ⿱𦣻夂(GJK) or ⿱𦣻夊(HT))
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 245, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5720
- Dae Jaweon: page 485, character 29
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 869, character 10
- Unihan data for U+590F
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Chinese
Glyph origin
In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 日 (“sun”) + 頁 (“head; man”) – man under the scorching sun; summer.
Various variants were seen in the bronze inscriptions from the Spring and Autumn period. 止 (“foot”) was often added to the bottom of the man. Additionally, in the form shown above, the 日 was removed and 𦥑 (“two hands”) was added. The seal script inherits its form from this form, with 止 replaced with the related 夊.
Various forms were also seen from the Warring States period. The bamboo and silk script above shows a common form: 日 + 止 + 頁. The “ancient script” (古文) from Shuowen (labelled as the large seal script) has deviated significantly, with 止 becoming the related 足. The top part may be a corruption of 頁.
The current form is simplified from the seal script, with the removal of 𦥑 and the legs from 頁. Unrelated to 复.
Etymology 1
- “great; Xia Dynasty; China; Chinese”
- Possibly related to 假 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, “great”), 嘏 (OC *kraːʔ, “great”) and 廈 (OC *sraːs, *ɡraːʔ, “big house”) (Wang, 1980). Shi (2000) and Mair (2013) relate this word to Tibetan རྒྱ (rgya, “great; wide; width; size; expanse; China”).
- “magnificent colours; variegated”
- The sense “variegated” may be of a different origin. Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *Krā(H) (“variegated”) (Starostin), whence Tibetan བཀྲ (bkra, “variegated; bright; radiant; splendid”), Tibetan ཁྲ (khra, “many-coloured; variegated; mottled; striped”) and Burmese ကျား (kya:, “variegated; striped; chequered”). Possibly related to 騢 (OC *ɡraː, “horse with mixed red and white colour”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): hâ
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ha5 / or5
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6gho; 6ya
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xia4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: xià
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sià
- Wade–Giles: hsia4
- Yale: syà
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
- Palladius: ся (sja)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: haa6
- Yale: hah
- Cantonese Pinyin: haa6
- Guangdong Romanization: ha6
- Sinological IPA (key): /haː²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ha5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ha³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha
- Hakka Romanization System: ha
- Hagfa Pinyim: ha4
- Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: ha˖
- Sinological IPA: /ha³³/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hâ
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɑ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: ha5
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hā
- Sinological IPA (key): /ha¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: ha5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ha²¹/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: or5
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ō̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɒ¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: or5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɒ²¹/
- (Putian)
Note:
- or5 - vernacular;
- ha5 - literary.
- Southern Min
- Wu
- 3hho - vernacular;
- 3hhia - literary.
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: xia4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯a̠⁴⁵/
- (Changsha)
Note:
- Middle Chinese: haeX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ˤraʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːʔ/
Definitions
夏
- (~朝) (historical) the Xia dynasty (2070 BCE – 1600 BCE)
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, by extension) China; Chinese
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) great; grand; magnificent
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) magnificent colours; resplendent colours; variegated
- 羽畎夏翟 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Book of Documents, circa 7th – 4th centuries BCE
- yǔquǎn xiàdí [Pinyin]
- variegated long-tailed pheasants from the ravines of Feather Mountain
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 廈 / 厦 (“big house”)
- a surname
- 夏志清 ― Xià Zhìqīng ― Hsia Chih-tsing (Chinese literary critic)
Synonyms
- (the Xia dynasty):
Descendants
See also
Compounds
- 中夏 (Zhōngxià)
- 佛卡夏 (fókǎxià)
- 函夏
- 區夏 / 区夏
- 夏侯 (Xiàhóu)
- 夏后氏 (Xiàhòushì)
- 夏威夷
- 夏官
- 夏屋
- 夏庭
- 夏新莊 / 夏新庄 (Xiàxīnzhuāng)
- 夏時 / 夏时
- 夏普吐勒 (Xiàpǔtǔlè)
- 夏曆 / 夏历 (xiàlì)
- 夏書 / 夏书 (Xià Shū)
- 夏朝 (Xiàcháo)
- 夏桀 (Xiàjié)
- 夏正 (xiàzhēng)
- 夏津 (Xiàjīn)
- 夏禮 / 夏礼
- 夏禹
- 夏馬勒巴格 / 夏马勒巴格 (Xiàmǎlèbāgé)
- 夏鼎
- 大夏 (dàxià)
- 子夏懸鶉 / 子夏悬鹑
- 子夏肥
- 寧夏 / 宁夏 (Níngxià)
- 廣夏細旃 / 广夏细旃
- 方夏
- 旌夏
- 有夏
- 李劉馬夏 / 李刘马夏
- 江夏 (Jiāngxià)
- 烏夏巴什 / 乌夏巴什 (Wūxiàbāshí)
- 猾夏
- 用夏變夷 / 用夏变夷
- 華夏 / 华夏 (Huáxià)
- 西夏 (Xīxià)
- 諴夏 / 𫍯夏
- 諸夏 / 诸夏 (Zhūxià)
- 那瑪夏 / 那玛夏 (Nàmǎxià)
Etymology 2
Sagart (2023b) relates it to 暇 (OC *[g]ˤra-s, “leisure”) and Burmese အား (a:, “to be free (not in use; without obligations)”), the latter of which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (“strength; to win; classifier for people”) but does not compare to 夏. See 暇 for more.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): ha5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): xia3
- Northern Min (KCR): hā
- Eastern Min (BUC): hâ
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6gho; 6ya
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xia5
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: xià
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sià
- Wade–Giles: hsia4
- Yale: syà
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
- Palladius: ся (sja)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: xia4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xia
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕia²¹³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щя (xi͡a, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕia⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: haa6
- Yale: hah
- Cantonese Pinyin: haa6
- Guangdong Romanization: ha6
- Sinological IPA (key): /haː²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ha5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ha³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: ha5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ha¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha
- Hakka Romanization System: ha
- Hagfa Pinyim: ha4
- Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: ha˖
- Sinological IPA: /ha³³/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: xia3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕia⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hā
- Sinological IPA (key): /xa⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hâ
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɑ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note:
- hē/hēe - vernacular;
- hā/hēe - literary.
- Middle Chinese: haeH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤraʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːs/
Definitions
夏
- summer (season)
Synonyms
See also
Seasons in Mandarin · 四季 (sìjì, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category | |||
---|---|---|---|
春 (chūn, “spring”) | 夏 (xià, “summer”) | 秋 (qiū, “fall; autumn”) | 冬 (dōng, “winter”) |
Compounds
- 三冬兩夏 / 三冬两夏
- 三夏
- 中夏 (Zhōngxià)
- 九夏
- 仲夏 (zhòngxià)
- 冬夏 (dōngxià)
- 冬扇夏爐 / 冬扇夏炉
- 冬暖夏涼 / 冬暖夏凉 (dōngnuǎnxiàliáng)
- 冬溫夏凊 / 冬温夏凊
- 冬蟲夏草 / 冬虫夏草 (dōngchóngxiàcǎo)
- 初夏 (chūxià)
- 剪夏羅 / 剪夏罗
- 半夏 (bànxià)
- 夏五
- 夏五郭公
- 夏令 (xiàlìng)
- 夏令時 / 夏令时 (xiàlìngshí)
- 夏令時間 / 夏令时间
- 夏令營 / 夏令营 (xiàlìngyíng)
- 夏候鳥 / 夏候鸟
- 夏天 (xiàtiān)
- 夏娃 (Xiàwá)
- 夏威夷州
- 夏季 (xiàjì)
- 夏季作物
- 夏季季風 / 夏季季风
- 夏布
- 夏播
- 夏日 (xiàrì)
- 夏日可畏
- 夏時 / 夏时
- 夏時制 / 夏时制 (xiàshízhì)
- 夏曆 / 夏历 (xiàlì)
- 夏服
- 夏枯草 (xiàkūcǎo)
- 夏正 (xiàzhēng)
- 夏熟
- 夏畦
- 夏眠 (xiàmián)
- 夏糧 / 夏粮
- 夏臘 / 夏腊
- 夏至 (xiàzhì)
- 夏至線 / 夏至线 (Xiàzhìxiàn)
- 夏至草
- 夏至點 / 夏至点
- 夏花
- 夏苗
- 夏蟲 / 夏虫 (xiàchóng)
- 夏蟲朝菌 / 夏虫朝菌
- 夏衣 (xiàyī)
- 夏裝 / 夏装 (xiàzhuāng)
- 夏鑪冬扇 / 夏𬬻冬扇
- 夏雨雨人 (xiàyǔyùrén)
- 季夏 (jìxià)
- 孟夏 (Mèngxià)
- 害夏
- 拉夏
- 春誦夏絃 / 春诵夏弦
- 春風夏雨 / 春风夏雨
- 晾夏
- 歇夏
- 歷夏經秋 / 历夏经秋
- 殘夏 / 残夏
- 消夏 (xiāoxià)
- 涼夏 / 凉夏
- 炎夏 (yánxià)
- 炎炎夏日 (yányánxiàrì)
- 無冬無夏 / 无冬无夏
- 盛夏 (shèngxià)
- 破夏
- 立夏 (Lìxià)
- 約克夏 / 约克夏
- 約克夏豬 / 约克夏猪 (yuēkèxià zhū)
- 結夏 / 结夏
- 結夏安居 / 结夏安居
- 苦夏
- 蘭開夏 / 兰开夏
- 賽夏族 / 赛夏族 (Sàixiàzú)
- 過夏 / 过夏
- 郭公夏五
- 金夏沙 (Jīnxiàshā)
- 長夏 / 长夏
Etymology 3
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎ
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎ
- Wade–Giles: chia3
- Yale: jyǎ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jea
- Palladius: цзя (czja)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gaa2
- Yale: gá
- Cantonese Pinyin: gaa2
- Guangdong Romanization: ga2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaː³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
夏
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 檟 / 槚 (jiǎ)
- used in 陽夏/阳夏
Compounds
- 夏楚
- 陽夏 / 阳夏
References
- “夏”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00837
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