濫

See also: 滥

濫 U+6FEB, 濫 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6FEB ← 濪 [U+6FEA] CJK Unified Ideographs 濬 → [U+6FEC]

濫 U+F922, 濫 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F922 ← 嵐 [U+F921] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 藍 → [U+F923]

Translingual

Han character

濫 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+14 in Chinese, 水+15 in Japanese, 17 strokes in Chinese, 18 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 水尸戈廿 (ESIT) or 水尸一廿 (ESMT), four-corner 3811₇, composition ⿰氵監)

Derived characters

• 蘫(𬞫) 𠑈 𪸄

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 657, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18521
• Dae Jaweon: page 1067, character 8
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1766, character 9
• Unihan data for U+6FEB

• Unihan data for U+F922

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (監) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
藍	*ɡ·raːm
襤	*ɡ·raːm
籃	*ɡ·raːm
懢	*ɡ·raːm, *ɡ·raːms
儖	*ɡ·raːm
蘫	*ɡ·raːm, *qʰlaːms
攬	*ɡ·raːmʔ
欖	*ɡ·raːmʔ
覽	*ɡ·raːmʔ
爁	*ɡ·raːmʔ, *ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams
擥	*ɡ·raːmʔ
灠	*ɡ·raːmʔ
濫	*ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ
嚂	*ɡ·raːms, *kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ
纜	*ɡ·raːms
監	*kraːm, *kraːms
礛	*kraːm
鑑	*kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms
艦	*ɡraːmʔ
檻	*ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms
壏	*ɡraːmʔ
轞	*ɡraːmʔ
鹽	*ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).

Pronunciation 1

trad.		濫
simp.		滥
2nd round simp.		㳕

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): làn (lan⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): laam⁶ / laam⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): lam

  (Meixian, Guangdong): lam⁴

• Eastern Min (BUC): lâng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lang⁵
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lām

  (Teochew, Peng'im): lam⁷

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶le

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: làn
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: làn
    • Wade–Giles: lan⁴
    • Yale: làn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lann
    • Palladius: лань (lanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /län⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: laam⁶ / laam⁵
    • Yale: laahm / láahm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: laam⁶ / laam⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: lam⁶ / lam⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /laːm²²/, /laːm¹³/

Note: laam5 - colloquial variant (“excessive”).

• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lam
    • Hakka Romanization System: lam
    • Hagfa Pinyim: lam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /lam⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: lam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /lam⁵³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: lâng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ɑŋ²⁴²/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: lang⁵
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: lāng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /laŋ¹¹/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: lang⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /laŋ²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lām
    • Tâi-lô: lām
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lam
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /lam⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lam²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lam³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: lam⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lām
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lam¹¹/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶le
    • MiniDict: le^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³le
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /le²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: lamH

Rime
Character	濫
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	談 (143)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	盧𣊟切
Baxter	lamH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɑmH/
Pan Wuyun	/lɑmH/
Shao Rongfen	/lɑmH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lamH/
Li Rong	/lɑmH/
Wang Li	/lɑmH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/lɑmH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	làn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	laam6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raːms/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	濫
Reading #	1/2
No.	6094
Phonetic component	監
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·raːms/

Definitions

濫

1. to overflow; to flood
2. excessive; indiscriminate
3. (Eastern Min) wet

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 濕 (“wet”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		濕
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		濕
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	濕
	Taiwan	濕
	Malaysia	濕
	Singapore	濕
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	濕
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	濕
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	濕
	Xi'an	濕
	Xining	濕
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	濕
	Wuhan	濕
	Guiyang	濕
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	潮, 濕
	Hefei	潮
Cantonese	Guangzhou	濕
	Hong Kong	濕
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	濕
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	濕
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	濕
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	濕
	Macau	濕
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	濕
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	濕
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	濕
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	濕
	Foshan	濕
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	濕
	Foshan (Shunde)	濕
	Foshan (Sanshui)	濕
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	濕
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	濕
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	濕
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	削
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	削
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	濕, 削
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	濕, 削
	Taishan	削
	Kaiping (Chikan)	濕, 削
	Enping (Niujiang)	削, 濕
	Heshan (Yayao)	濕
	Dongguan	濕
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	濕
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	濕
	Qingyuan	濕
	Fogang	濕
	Yingde (Hanguang)	濕
	Yangshan	濕
	Lianshan (Butian)	濕
	Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui)	濕
	Shaoguan	濕
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	濕
	Renhua	濕
	Lechang	濕
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	濕
	Sihui	濕
	Guangning	濕
	Deqing	濕
	Huaiji	濕
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	濕
	Yunfu	濕
	Xinxing	濕
	Luoding	濕
	Yunan (Pingtai)	濕
	Yangjiang	濕
	Xinyi	濕
	Lianjiang	濕
	Nanning	濕
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	濕
	Danzhou	濕
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	濕
	Singapore (Guangfu)	濕
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	濕
Gan	Nanchang	濕
Hakka	Meixian	濕
	Changting	濕
	Wuping	濕
	Liancheng	濕
	Ninghua	濕
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	濕
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	濕
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	濕
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	濕
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	濕
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	濕
	Hong Kong	濕
	Senai (Huiyang)	濕
Jin	Taiyuan	濕
Northern Min	Jian'ou	濕
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	濕
	Songxi	濕
	Zhenghe	濕
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	濕
	Jianyang	濕
	Wuyishan	濕
	Pucheng (Shibei)	濕
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	濫
	Fuzhou (Changle)	濫
	Lianjiang	濫
	Fuqing	濫
	Pingtan	濫
	Yongtai	濫
	Minqing	濫
	Gutian	濫
	Pingnan	濫
	Luoyuan	濫
	Fu'an	澹, 濫
	Ningde	澹, 濫
	Xiapu	澹
	Zherong	濫, 澹
	Shouning	澹
	Zhouning	澹
	Fuding	澹
	Matsu	濫
Southern Min	Xiamen	澹
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	澹
	Quanzhou	澹, 濕
	Jinjiang	澹
	Nan'an	澹
	Shishi	澹
	Hui'an	澹
	Anxi	澹
	Yongchun	澹, 濕
	Dehua	澹
	Zhangzhou	澹
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	澹
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	澹
	Hua'an	澹
	Nanjing	澹
	Pinghe	澹
	Zhangpu	澹
	Yunxiao	澹
	Zhao'an	澹, 濕
	Dongshan	澹
	Taipei	澹
	Taipei (Wanhua)	澹
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	澹
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	澹
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	澹
	Kaohsiung	澹, 濕
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	澹, 濕
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	澹, 濕
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	澹, 濕
	Kaohsiung (Tianliao)	澹, 濕
	Yilan	澹
	Yilan (Toucheng)	澹, 濕
	Changhua (Lukang)	濕
	Tainan	澹
	Tainan (Anping)	澹
	Taitung	濕
	Hsinchu	澹
	Kinmen	澹
	Penghu (Magong)	澹
	Penghu (Xiyu)	澹
	Penang (Hokkien)	澹
	Singapore (Hokkien)	澹
	Manila (Hokkien)	澹
	Longyan	澹
	Zhangping	澹
	Datian	澹
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	濕
	Chaozhou	澹
	Shantou	澹
	Shantou (Chenghai)	澹
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	澹
	Jieyang	澹
	Haifeng	澹
	Bangkok (Teochew)	澹
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	澹
	Singapore (Teochew)	澹
	Leizhou	澹
	Wenchang	澹
	Haikou	澹
	Qionghai	澹
	Singapore (Hainanese)	澹
Puxian Min	Putian	澹, 澬
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	泱
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	澹
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	澹
	Xianyou	泱, 澹 rare, 澬
	Xianyou (Fengting)	泱, 澹 rare, 澬
	Xianyou (Youyang)	泱, 澹
Central Min	Yong'an	濕
	Sanming (Sanyuan)	濕
	Sanming (Shaxian)	濕
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	澹
Shehua	Fu'an	濕
	Fuding	濕
	Luoyuan	濕
	Sanming	濕
	Shunchang	濕
	Hua'an	濕
	Guixi (Zhangping)	濕
	Cangnan	濕
	Jingning (Hexi)	濕
	Lishui	濕
	Longyou	濕
	Chaozhou	濕
	Fengshun	濕
Wu	Shanghai	濕
	Suzhou	濕, 潮
	Hangzhou	潮
	Wenzhou	濫, 濕
Xiang	Changsha	濕
	Shuangfeng	濕

Compounds

• 下三濫 / 下三滥 (xiàsānlàn)
• 乞留惡濫 / 乞留恶滥
• 偏濫 / 偏滥
• 冒濫 / 冒滥
• 叨濫 / 叨滥
• 寧缺勿濫 / 宁缺勿滥 (nìngquēwùlàn)
• 寧缺毋濫 / 宁缺毋滥 (nìngquēwúlàn)
• 愚濫 / 愚滥
• 放刁把濫 / 放刁把滥
• 泛濫 / 泛滥 (fànlàn)
• 泛濫成災 / 泛滥成灾 (fànlànchéngzāi)
• 浮濫 / 浮滥
• 淫濫 / 淫滥
• 濫交 / 滥交 (lànjiāo)
• 濫伐 / 滥伐
• 濫刑 / 滥刑 (lànxíng)
• 濫取 / 滥取
• 濫吃濫用 / 滥吃滥用
• 濫吏贓官 / 滥吏赃官
• 濫墾 / 滥垦
• 濫套 / 滥套
• 濫好人 / 滥好人 (lànhǎorén)
• 濫官污吏 / 滥官污吏 (lànguān-wūlì)
• 濫情 / 滥情 (lànqíng)
• 濫支 / 滥支
• 濫殺無辜 / 滥杀无辜 (lànshā wúgū)
• 濫汙 / 滥污
• 濫漫 / 滥漫
• 濫用 / 滥用 (lànyòng)
• 濫發 / 滥发 (lànfā)
• 濫竽 / 滥竽 (lànyú)
• 濫竽充數 / 滥竽充数 (lànyúchōngshù)
• 濫葬 / 滥葬
• 濫行 / 滥行
• 濫觴 / 滥觞 (lànshāng)
• 濫調 / 滥调 (làndiào)
• 濫貨 / 滥货
• 濫造 / 滥造
• 狂嫖濫賭 / 狂嫖滥赌
• 粗製濫造 / 粗制滥造 (cūzhìlànzào)
• 苛濫 / 苛滥
• 陳腔濫調 / 陈腔滥调 (chénqiānglàndiào)

Pronunciation 2

trad.		濫
simp.		滥

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiàn (jian⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haam⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
    • Wade–Giles: chien⁴
    • Yale: jyàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
    • Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: haam⁵
    • Yale: háahm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haam⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: ham⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːm¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: haemX

Rime
Character	濫
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	銜 (149)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡黤切
Baxter	haemX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠamX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚamX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣamX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨmX/
Li Rong	/ɣamX/
Wang Li	/ɣamX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣamX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haam6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːmʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	濫
Reading #	2/2
No.	6112
Phonetic component	監
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	檻
Old Chinese	/*ɡraːmʔ/

Definitions

濫

1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 監 / 监 (“eunuch, supervisor”)

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 濫

濫

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: らん (ran, Jōyō)^{←らむ (ramu, historical)}
• Kan-on: らん (ran, Jōyō)^{←らむ (ramu, historical)}
• Kun: あふれる (afureru, 濫れる)、ひたす (hitasu, 濫す)、みだりに (midarini, 濫りに)、みだれる (midareru, 濫れる)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
濫
らん Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 濫 (MC lamH).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɾã̠ɴ]

Affix

濫(らん) • (ran) 

1. to overflow
2. excessive; superfluous

Usage notes

In modern Japanese, 濫 is mostly replaced by 乱, due to the deprecation of non-tōyō kanji caused by the Japanese script reform.

Japanese terms with 濫 replaced by daiyōji 乱

乱伐

乱発

乱用

Derived terms

(Replaced by 乱 in modern orthography):

• 濫獲(らんかく) (rankaku)
• 濫作(らんさく) (ransaku)
• 濫(らん)訴(そ) (ranso)
• 濫造(らんぞう) (ranzō)
• 濫読(らんどく) (randoku)
• 濫入(らんにゅう) (rannyū)
• 濫伐(らんばつ) (ranbatsu)
• 濫発(らんぱつ) (ranpatsu)
• 濫(らん)費(ぴ) (ranpi)
• 濫用(らんよう) (ran'yō)
• 濫立(らんりつ) (ranritsu)

(Not replaced by 乱 in modern orthography):

• 濫(らん)觴(しょう) (ranshō)
• 氾濫(はんらん), 汎濫(はんらん), 泛濫(はんらん) (hanran)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 濫 (MC lamH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	Recorded as Middle Korean 람〮 (Yale: lám) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527	넘〯ᄯᅵᆯ 람〮	Recorded as Middle Korean 람〮 (lám) (Yale: lám) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

• (initial position)
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [na̠(ː)m]
  • Phonetic hangul: [남(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
• (non-initial position)
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɾa̠m]
  • Phonetic hangul: [람]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

濫

濫 (eumhun 넘칠 람 (neomchil ram), word-initial (South Korea) 넘칠 남 (neomchil nam))

1. hanja form^? of 람/남 (“to overflow”)
2. hanja form^? of 람/남 (“excessive; superfluous”)

Compounds

• 남발 (濫發, nambal)
• 남용 (濫用, namyong)
• 범람 (氾濫/汎濫, beomnam)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

濫: Hán Nôm readings: lạm, giậm, làm, lặm, lòm, lộm, lợm, lụm, luộm, trộm

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