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煤
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
Han character
煤 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 火廿一木 (FTMD), four-corner 94894, composition ⿰火某)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 677, character 29
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19220
- Dae Jaweon: page 1088, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2214, character 2
- Unihan data for U+7164
Chinese
Glyph origin
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *mɯː): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 某 (OC *mɯʔ).
Etymology
Sino-Tibetan. Schuessler (2007) proposes two possibilities:
- Cognate with Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔ-mu² (“soot; acrid (smoke)”). If related, a merger of Minimal Old Chinese *ə with *o must have occurred.
- Cognate with Mizo mang (maŋᴿ), man (manᴸ, “sooty”), Mizo mang (maŋᴴ, “partially burnt wood”).
文 (OC *mɯn) may be a derivation with -n nominal suffix. 黑 (OC *hmlɯːɡ, “black”) may be an allofam. Unrelated to 晦 (OC *hmɯːs, “dark”) according to Schuessler (2007).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): mui4
- Gan (Wiktionary): mi4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): mei1 / mei2
- Northern Min (KCR): mô
- Eastern Min (BUC): muòi
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): buei2
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6me
- Xiang
- (Changsha, Wiktionary): mei2
- (Hengyang, Wiktionary): mei2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: méi
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄟˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: méi
- Wade–Giles: mei2
- Yale: méi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mei
- Palladius: мэй (mɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /meɪ̯³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: mei2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: mei
- Sinological IPA (key): /mei²¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: мый (mɨy, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /mei²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: mui4
- Yale: mùih
- Cantonese Pinyin: mui4
- Guangdong Romanization: mui4
- Sinological IPA (key): /muːi̯²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: mi4
- Sinological IPA (key): /mi³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mòi
- Hakka Romanization System: moiˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: moi2
- Sinological IPA: /moi̯¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: moi
- Sinological IPA: /moi⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: mei1 / mei2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /mei¹¹/, /mei⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
Note: mei2 - found in 無煙煤.
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mô
- Sinological IPA (key): /mo³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: muòi
- Sinological IPA (key): /mui⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: buei2
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: bói
- Sinological IPA (key): /puei¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: buei2
- Sinological IPA (key): /puei²⁴/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: môe
- Tâi-lô: muê
- Phofsit Daibuun: moee
- IPA (Taipei): /muẽ²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /muẽ²³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bôe
- Tâi-lô: buê
- Phofsit Daibuun: boee
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /bue²³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /bue¹³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: bhuê5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: buê
- Sinological IPA (key): /bue⁵⁵/
- (Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: bhue5 / bhui5
- Sinological IPA: /buɛ²²/, /bui²²/
Note:
- bhue5 - vernacular;
- bhui5 - literary.
- Middle Chinese: mwoj
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤə/
- (Zhengzhang): /*mɯː/
Definitions
煤
- coal (Classifier: 塊／块 m c; 嚿 c)
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) dust of smoke; soot
- 向者煤室入甑中，棄食不祥，回攫而飯之。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
- From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
- Xiàngzhě méi shì rù zèng zhōng, qì shí bùxiáng, Huí jué ér fàn zhī. [Pinyin]
- Just now some dust and soot fell into the steamer. Ill fortune befalls those who throw away food; so I grabbed those grains and ate them.
向者煤室入甑中，弃食不祥，回攫而饭之。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) ink
Synonyms
Compounds
- 乏煤
- 二煤
- 倒煤
- 原煤 (yuánméi)
- 天然煤氣 / 天然煤气 (tiānrán méiqì)
- 搖煤 / 摇煤
- 木煤氣 / 木煤气
- 松煤
- 氣煤 / 气煤
- 水煤氣 / 水煤气 (shuǐméiqì)
- 泥煤 (níméi)
- 洗煤
- 淨化燃煤 / 净化燃煤
- 火煤子
- 火紙煤兒 / 火纸煤儿
- 焦煤 (jiāoméi)
- 無煙焦煤 / 无烟焦煤
- 無煙煤 / 无烟煤 (wúyānméi)
- 煤井
- 煤化
- 煤坑
- 煤塵 / 煤尘
- 煤層 / 煤层 (méicéng)
- 煤山
- 煤搭
- 煤末
- 煤核
- 煤毒
- 煤氣 / 煤气 (méiqì)
- 煤氣燈 / 煤气灯 (méiqìdēng)
- 煤氣爐 / 煤气炉 (méiqìlú)
- 煤氣表 / 煤气表
- 煤水車 / 煤水车
- 煤油 (méiyóu)
- 煤油燈 / 煤油灯 (méiyóudēng)
- 煤渣 (méizhā)
- 煤炭 (méitàn)
- 煤焦油 (méijiāoyóu)
- 煤煙 / 煤烟
- 煙煤 / 烟煤 (yānméi)
- 煤球 (méiqiú)
- 煤田 (méitián)
- 煤砟子
- 煤磚 / 煤砖 (méizhuān)
- 煤礦 / 煤矿 (méikuàng)
- 煤精 (méijīng)
- 煤都
- 煤黑子
- 煤黑油
- 燈煤 / 灯煤
- 燭煤 / 烛煤
- 生煤
- 瘦煤
- 白煤 (báiméi)
- 省煤器
- 硬煤
- 紅煤 / 红煤
- 紙煤子 / 纸煤子
- 紙煤管子 / 纸煤管子
- 肥煤
- 蛛煤
- 褐煤 (hèméi)
- 麝煤
- 黑煤
Descendants
- → Guiqiong: mɛi (“coal”)
References
- “煤”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
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