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牡
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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See also: 牝
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Translingual
Han character
牡 (Kangxi radical 93, 牛+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 竹手土 (HQG), four-corner 24510, composition ⿰牛土)
Derived characters
- 𪋂, 𧚒
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 697, character 11
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19933
- Dae Jaweon: page 1110, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1801, character 2
- Unihan data for U+7261
Chinese
Glyph origin
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 牛 (“cattle”) + 丄. Various explanations exist, some propose 丄 (here unrelated to 上) depicts a penis to represent “male”. Later 丄 came to be written 土. See also the etymology of this character.
Etymology
Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɟm(oo)l (“male”) (whence Khmer ឈ្មោល (chmool, “to be male”)), Old Mon jmūr ~ jmur (“male (elephant)”), Proto-Waic *(k)mɔj (“(wild) ox; buffalo”), Proto-Vietic *mɔːlʔ (“person; human being”) (whence Vietnamese mọi (“savage; barbarian”), Muong mõl (“human being”)).
An oracle bone graph for this word shows a vertical stick on a horizontal ground, possibly because it had been intended for an obsolete homophone cognate with Proto-Vietic *c-mɔːlʔ (“digging stick”), which alongside "male" may derive from a stem represented in Old Khmer cval (“to enter; to penetrate; (of animals) to copulate”), Khmu [script needed] (cmɔɔl, “to plant (rice) with a digging stick”), [script needed] (crmɔɔl, “digging stick”) (ibid.; Ferlus, 1987). Schuessler (2007) further proposes a relationship with 畝 (OC *mɯʔ, “cropland; mu (a Chinese measuring unit for area)”) (ibid.); see there for more.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): maau5 / mau5
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): mū / mēu
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): bou3
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: mǔ
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: mǔ
- Wade–Giles: mu3
- Yale: mǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: muu
- Palladius: му (mu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /mu²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: maau5 / mau5
- Yale: máauh / máuh
- Cantonese Pinyin: maau5 / mau5
- Guangdong Romanization: mao5 / meo5
- Sinological IPA (key): /maːu̯¹³/, /mɐu̯¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note: mau5 - dated variant.
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: méu
- Hakka Romanization System: meuˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: meu3
- Sinological IPA: /meu̯³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: meuˊ
- Sinological IPA: /meu²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: mū / mēu
- Sinological IPA (key): /mu³³/, /mɛu³³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- mū - vernacular;
- mēu - literary.
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: bou3
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: bô
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɔu⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: bou3
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɔu³³²/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- Middle Chinese: muwX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*m(r)uʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*mɯwʔ/
Definitions
牡
- (obsolete) male of animals
- 駉駉牡馬,在坰之野。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Jiōngjiōng mǔ mǎ, zài jiōng zhī yě. [Pinyin]
- Fat and large are the stallions [/ male horses],
On the plains of the far-distant borders.
𬳶𬳶牡马,在坰之野。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (obsolete) male genitals
- (obsolete) bolt of door
- (obsolete) hill; hump
- used in 牡蠣/牡蛎 (mǔlì, “oyster”)
Compounds
References
- “牡”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
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Japanese
Kanji
牡
Readings
Etymology
For pronunciation and definitions of 牡 – see the following entry. | ||||||
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(This term, 牡, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Korean
Hanja
牡 • (mo) (hangeul 모, revised mo, McCune–Reischauer mo, Yale mo)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Vietnamese
Han character
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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