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土
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
Han character
土 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 土 (G), four-corner 40100, composition ⿱十一)
- Kangxi radical #32, ⼟.
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 223, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4867
- Dae Jaweon: page 453, character 23
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 415, character 1
- Unihan data for U+571F
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Chinese
Glyph origin
Pictogram (象形): a lump of clay either on the ground or on a potter’s wheel. See the bottom part of the original version of 生 and 丰. Then, the lump of clay was stylized as a vertical stroke with a black dot in the middle perhaps to avoid confusion with other characters. Eventually, the black dot turned into a short horizontal stroke. Compare the top part of 土 with the ancient version of 十, which is a vertical stroke with a black dot in the middle.
Unrelated to the top component of 夌, 走, and 周; also unrelated to the central component of 金 and the overall character 圭.
Etymology 1
There is no obvious cognate and etymology, unless it may be related to Proto-Austroasiatic *tiʔ (Proto-Monic *tiiʔ (“soil; ground consisting of earth”), Semnam tɛʔ (“soil; earth”)). However, this would require the assumption of a shift from front vowel to Old Chinese *a (Schuessler, 2007).
Probably related to 社 (OC *ɦljaːʔ, “god of soil; altar to god of soil”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tu3
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): tù
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): tǔ
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): тў (tw, II)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tou2
- (Dongguan, Jyutping++): tou2
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): hu2
- Gan (Wiktionary): tu3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): tu2
- Northern Min (KCR): tǔ
- Eastern Min (BUC): tū
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): tou3
- Southern Min
- Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): tu2
- Wu (Wugniu)
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): tou3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: tǔ
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tǔ
- Wade–Giles: tʻu3
- Yale: tǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuu
- Palladius: ту (tu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: tu3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tu
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu⁵³/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: tù
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu⁵³/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: tǔ
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): tu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu¹¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: тў (tw, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
- Jyutping: tou2
- Yale: tóu
- Cantonese Pinyin: tou2
- Guangdong Romanization: tou2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰou̯³⁵/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
- Jyutping++: tou2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰɔu³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: hu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hu⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: tu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thú
- Hakka Romanization System: tuˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: tu3
- Sinological IPA: /tʰu³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: tuˊ
- Sinological IPA: /tʰu²⁴/
- (Changting)
- Changting Pinyin: tu3
- Sinological IPA: /tʰu⁴²/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: tu2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰu⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tǔ
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: tū
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: tou3
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: tô
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰɔu⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: tou3
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰɔu³³²/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
Note: dou6 - “ground, dust”.
- Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Jyutping++: tu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu³³/
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
- Wugniu: 5thu
- MiniDict: thu去
- Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 2thu
- Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰu³⁴/
- (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
- Wugniu: 3thu
- MiniDict: thu上
- Sinological IPA (Jiading): /tʰu³⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /tʰu⁴⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Chongming): /tʰu⁴²⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /tʰu⁴⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /tʰu⁴³⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /tʰu⁵³/
- Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /tʰu³³⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /tʰu³²⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /tʰu³⁵/
- (Northern: Suzhou)
- (Jinhua)
- (Northern: Shanghai)
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: tou3
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰəu̯⁴¹/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: thuX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤaʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰaːʔ/
Definitions
土
- earth; soil
- (dialectal) dust
- land
- 溥天之下，莫非王土。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Pǔtiān zhī xià, mòfēi wángtǔ. [Pinyin]
- Under the wide heaven,
All is the king's land.
- crude opium
- hometown; native place
- 故土 ― gùtǔ ― native land; native place
- local; native; indigenous
- rustic; unsophisticated; uncouth; vulgar; tasteless; uncultured
- indigenous; traditional and used by the common people
- (～族) the Tu ethnic group; Monguor people; White Mongol
- short for 土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí, “Turkey”)
- a surname
Synonyms
- (earth):
- (dust):
- (land): 土地 (tǔdì)
- (hometown):
Antonyms
- (antonym(s) of “indigenous”): 洋 (yáng)
Compounds
- 三合土 (sānhétǔ)
- 三和土 (sānhétǔ)
- 五峰土家族自治縣 / 五峰土家族自治县 (Wǔfēng Tǔjiāzú Zìzhìxiàn)
- 冥土
- 北美土撥鼠 / 北美土拨鼠 (Běiměi tǔbōshǔ)
- 后土 (hòutǔ)
- 土人 (tǔrén)
- 土俗
- 土偶 (tǔ'ǒu)
- 土包子 (tǔbāozi)
- 土匪 (tǔfěi)
- 土名
- 土嗨 (tǔhāi)
- 土器 (tǔqì)
- 土國 / 土国
- 土地
- 土地廟 / 土地庙 (tǔdìmiào)
- 土地改革 (tǔdì gǎigé)
- 土坎 (tǔkǎn)
- 土坎兒 / 土坎儿
- 土坯 (tǔpī)
- 土坡
- 土坡兒 / 土坡儿
- 土城 (tǔchéng)
- 土城垸 (Tǔchéngyuàn)
- 土埂 (tǔgěng)
- 土塊 / 土块
- 土壘 / 土垒
- 土壤 (tǔrǎng)
- 土壩 / 土坝
- 土家族 (Tǔjiāzú)
- 土專家 / 土专家 (tǔzhuānjiā)
- 土屄 (tǔbī)
- 土崗 / 土岗 (tǔgǎng)
- 土崩瓦解 (tǔbēngwǎjiě)
- 土巴佬
- 土布 (tǔbù)
- 土庫曼 / 土库曼 (Tǔkùmàn)
- 土庫曼斯坦 / 土库曼斯坦 (Tǔkùmànsītǎn)
- 土建
- 土得掉渣
- 土性 (tǔxìng)
- 土房 (tǔfáng)
- 土撥鼠 / 土拨鼠 (tǔbōshǔ)
- 土撥鼠日 / 土拨鼠日 (Tǔbōshǔ Rì)
- 土改 (tǔgǎi)
- 土政策
- 土方 (tǔfāng)
- 土方兒 / 土方儿 (tǔfāngr)
- 土族 (Tǔzú)
- 土星 (Tǔxīng)
- 土木 (tǔmù)
- 土木之變 / 土木之变
- 土木堡
- 土木工程 (tǔmù gōngchéng)
- 土木形骸
- 土模
- 土氣 / 土气 (tǔqì)
- 土法 (tǔfǎ)
- 土洋結合 / 土洋结合
- 土溫 / 土温 (tǔwēn)
- 土澳 (Tǔ'ào)
- 土炮 (tǔpào)
- 土牆 / 土墙 (tǔqiáng)
- 土牛木馬 / 土牛木马
- 土牢
- 土物 (tǔwù)
- 土特產 / 土特产 (tǔtèchǎn)
- 土生土長 / 土生土长 (tǔshēngtǔzhǎng)
- 土產 / 土产 (tǔchǎn)
- 土疙瘩
- 土皇帝 (tǔhuángdì)
- 土石方
- 土笛
- 土糞 / 土粪
- 土紙 / 土纸
- 土老帽
- 土老帽兒 / 土老帽儿
- 土老財 / 土老财
- 土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí)
- 土耳其人 (Tǔ'ěrqírén)
- 土耳其文 (tǔ'ěrqíwén)
- 土耳其語 / 土耳其语 (tǔ'ěrqíyǔ)
- 土肥 (tǔféi)
- 土腥氣 / 土腥气 (tǔxīngqì)
- 土色
- 土著
- 土葬 (tǔzàng)
- 土裡土氣 / 土里土气 (tǔlitǔqì)
- 土話 / 土话 (tǔhuà)
- 土語 / 土语 (tǔyǔ)
- 土豆 (tǔdòu)
- 土豆兒 / 土豆儿 (tǔdòur)
- 土豆泥 (tǔdòuní)
- 土豪 (tǔháo)
- 土財主 / 土财主
- 土貨 / 土货 (tǔhuò)
- 土質 / 土质 (tǔzhì)
- 土造 (tǔzào)
- 土道
- 土門 / 土门
- 土關埡 / 土关垭 (Tǔguānyà)
- 土階茅茨 / 土阶茅茨
- 土雞 / 土鸡 (tǔjī)
- 土雞國 / 土鸡国
- 土雞蛋 / 土鸡蛋
- 土霸王
- 土音 (tǔyīn)
- 土頭土腦 / 土头土脑 (tǔtóutǔnǎo)
- 土鱉 / 土鳖 (tǔbiē)
- 土黃 / 土黄 (tǔhuáng)
- 塵土 / 尘土 (chéntǔ)
- 塵歸塵，土歸土 / 尘归尘，土归土 (chénguīchén, tǔguītǔ)
- 恩施土家族苗族自治州 (Ēnshī Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu)
- 挖土機 / 挖土机 (wātǔjī)
- 掘土機 / 掘土机 (juétǔjī)
- 推土機 / 推土机 (tuītǔjī)
- 故土 (gùtǔ)
- 故土難離 / 故土难离 (gùtǔnánlí)
- 日土 (Rìtǔ)
- 有土栽培
- 本土 (běntǔ)
- 樂土 / 乐土 (lètǔ)
- 水土 (shuǐtǔ)
- 水土不伏
- 水土不服 (shuǐtǔbùfú)
- 水土保持 (shuǐtǔ bǎochí)
- 水土流失 (shuǐtǔ liúshī)
- 沃土 (wòtǔ)
- 泥土 (nítǔ)
- 混凝土
- 淨土 / 净土 (jìngtǔ)
- 無土栽培 / 无土栽培
- 紅土 / 红土 (hóngtǔ)
- 老土 (lǎotǔ)
- 脾土 (pî-thó͘) (Min Nan)
- 赤土 (Chìtǔ)
- 鏟土機 / 铲土机 (chǎntǔjī)
- 陶土 (táotǔ)
- 黃土崗 / 黄土岗 (Huángtǔgǎng)
- 黏土 (niántǔ)
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: dù
- Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: dù
- Wade–Giles: tu4
- Yale: dù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duh
- Palladius: ду (du)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tu⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Middle Chinese: duX
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*l'aːʔ/
Definitions
土
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 杜 (dù, “root”)
- 迨天之未陰雨、徹彼桑土、綢繆牖戶。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Dài tiān zhī wèi yīnyǔ, chè bǐ sāngdù, chóumóu yǒuhù. [Pinyin]
- Before the sky was dark with rain,
I gathered the roots of the mulberry tree,
And bound round and round my window and door.
迨天之未阴雨、彻彼桑土、绸缪牖户。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) an ancient river
Etymology 3
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: chǎ
- Zhuyin: ㄔㄚˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: chǎ
- Wade–Giles: chʻa3
- Yale: chǎ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chaa
- Palladius: ча (ča)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰä²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
土
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) only used in 土苴 (chǎzhǎ)
Etymology 4
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: tú
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tú
- Wade–Giles: tʻu2
- Yale: tú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twu
- Palladius: ту (tu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
土
Etymology 5
| For pronunciation and definitions of 土 – see 士 (“unmarried male; bachelor; man; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 士). |
References
- “土”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00740
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00831-001
- “土”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
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