豈

See also: 岂

豈 U+8C48, 豈 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8C48 ← 豇 [U+8C47] CJK Unified Ideographs 豉 → [U+8C49]

豈 U+F900, 豈 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F900 [unassigned: U+D7FC–U+F8FF] ← ퟻ [U+D7FB] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 更 → [U+F901]

Translingual

Han character

豈 (Kangxi radical 151, 豆+3, 10 strokes, cangjie input 山一口廿 (UMRT), four-corner 2210₈, composition ⿱山豆)

Derived characters

• 凱, 剴, 敱, 敳, 獃, 覬, 顗, 颽, 䔇, 闓
• 凒, 塏, 㜐, 嵦, 愷, 㨟, 溰, 隑, 暟, 榿, 㱯, 䐩, 皚, 䁗, 磑, 䅱, 螘, 䠽, 鎧, 䭓, 䱺, 䶣

Additional Derived Characters

• 𫣅, 𠹛, 𫷋, 𤠲, 𤍈, 𤘑, 𤧸, 𥏸, 𥪪, 𥻶, 𦩴, 𧯺, 𧪚, 𨢉, 𧰄, 𩥉, 𩪂
• 𨕰, 𧽊, 𩘥, 𣪱, 𭺤, 𧯶, 𦒀, 𩀡, 𬤹, 𧰙, 𧔮, 𩄟, 𩮖, 𡳂, 𤸳, 𠏥, 𤅐

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1191, character 20
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36249
• Dae Jaweon: page 1654, character 15
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3565, character 4
• Unihan data for U+8C48
• Unihan data for U+F900

Chinese

trad.		豈
simp.		岂

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 豈
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (豈) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
獃	*tŋɯː, *ŋɯː
剴	*kŋɯːl, *ŋɯːl
凱	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
愷	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
塏	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
鎧	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls
颽	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
暟	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
闓	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls
豈	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ
隑	*ɡɯːls, *ŋɯːl
皚	*ŋɯːl
嵦	*ŋɡɯːl
敳	*ŋɯːl
磑	*ŋɯːl, *ŋuːl, *ŋuːls
螘	*ŋralʔ, *ŋɯlʔ
覬	*krɯls
溰	*ŋɯl
顗	*ŋɯlʔ

Possibly a variation of 壴 with the top part modified. May have been the original form of 凱 (“music of triumph”).

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qǐ (qi³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hei²
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khí
• Eastern Min (BUC): kī
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ki³
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): khí

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ka² / ki²

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ¹chi / ³chi
  • (Jinhua): ³chi

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qǐ
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cǐ
    • Wade–Giles: chʻi³
    • Yale: chǐ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chii
    • Palladius: ци (ci)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hei²
    • Yale: héi
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hei²
    • Guangdong Romanization: héi²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hei̯³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khí
    • Hakka Romanization System: ki^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ki³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kī
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰi³³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: ki³
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kî
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰi⁴⁵³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: ki³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰi³³²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khí
    • Tâi-lô: khí
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qie
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰi⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰi⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰi⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰi⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰi⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ka² / ki²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khá / khí
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰa⁵²/, /kʰi⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai, Ningbo)
    • Wugniu: ¹chi
    • MiniDict: chi^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹qi
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /t͡ɕʰi⁵²/
  • (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Kunshan, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Zhoushan)
    • Wugniu: ³chi
    • MiniDict: chi^上
    • Sinological IPA (Jiading): /t͡ɕʰi³⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /cʰi⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Chongming): /t͡ɕʰi⁴²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Kunshan): /t͡ɕʰi⁵²/
    • Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /t͡ɕʰi⁴³⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /t͡ɕʰi³³⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
  • (Jinhua)
    • Wugniu: ³chi
    • Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /t͡ɕʰi⁵³⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: khj+jX

Rime
Character	豈
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	微 (20)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	袪狶切
Baxter	khj+jX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨiX/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰɨiX/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiəiX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɨjX/
Li Rong	/kʰiəiX/
Wang Li	/kʰĭəiX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰe̯iX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hei2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰəjʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	豈
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ khj+jX ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰəjʔ/
English	how
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	豈
Reading #	2/2
No.	10123
Phonetic component	豈
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	豈
Old Chinese	/*ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ/

Definitions

豈

1. (literary, rhetorical question) how; how can it be that (used in rhetorical questions)

   Synonyms: 怎麼 / 怎么, 哪, 難道 / 难道 (nándào), 莫非 (mòfēi)

   豈有此理／岂有此理  ―  qǐyǒucǐlǐ  ―  how can such an idea stand?

   • 豈不懷歸，畏此簡書。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     岂不怀归，畏此简书。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Qǐ bù huái guī, wèi cǐ jiǎn shū. [Pinyin]

     Did we not long to return? Yet we were reverent to our command.

2. (dated) possibly; perhaps (modal particle indicating tentativeness)

   • 天王豈辱裁之？ [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     天王岂辱裁之？ [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: Guoyu, circa 4^th century BCE

     Tiānwáng qǐ rǔ cái zhī? [Pinyin]

     Might Your Majesty graciously decide so?

Compounds

• 豈不 / 岂不 (qǐbù)
• 豈不是 / 岂不是 (qǐbùshì)
• 豈但 / 岂但 (qǐdàn)
• 豈可 / 岂可 (qǐkě)
• 豈只 / 岂只 (qǐzhǐ)
• 豈敢 / 岂敢 (qǐgǎn)
• 豈料 / 岂料 (qǐliào)
• 豈是 / 岂是 (qǐshì)
• 豈有此理 / 岂有此理 (qǐyǒucǐlǐ)
• 豈期 / 岂期
• 豈止 / 岂止 (qǐzhǐ)
• 豈直 / 岂直
• 豈知 / 岂知
• 豈能 / 岂能 (qǐnéng)
• 豈非 / 岂非 (qǐfēi)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 豈 – see 愷 (“peaceful; harmonious”). (This character is an obsolete form of 愷).

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 豈 – see 凱 (“music of triumph; paean; triumph; victory; etc.”). (This character is an obsolete form of 凱).

References

• “Query for 豈”, in 臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
• “豈”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–