更

See also: 史 and 吏

更 U+66F4, 更 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66F4 ← 曳 [U+66F3] CJK Unified Ideographs 曵 → [U+66F5]

更 U+F901, 更 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F901 ← 豈 [U+F900] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 車 → [U+F902]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

更 (Kangxi radical 73, 曰+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一中田大 (MLWK), four-corner 1050₆, composition ⿱一⿻日乂)

Derived characters

• 便 哽 埂 㛐 峺 挭 浭 㹴 䢚 𣆳 梗 硬 稉 粳 綆(绠) 𧣲 鞕 骾 鯁(鲠)
• 郠 𫨨 甦 𦑃 㬲 莄 筻 㾘

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 502, character 6
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14283
• Dae Jaweon: page 874, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 20, character 2
• Unihan data for U+66F4

• Unihan data for U+F901

Chinese

simp. and trad.		更
alternative forms		㪅

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 更
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (丙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
更	*kraːŋ, *kraːŋs
粳	*kraːŋ
埂	*kraːŋ, *kraːŋʔ
浭	*kraːŋ
稉	*kraːŋ
梗	*kraːŋʔ
哽	*kraːŋʔ
綆	*kraːŋʔ
鯁	*kraːŋʔ
挭	*kraːŋʔ
骾	*kraːŋʔ
郠	*kraːŋʔ
硬	*ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs
鞕	*ŋɡraːŋs
丙	*pqraŋʔ
炳	*praŋʔ
邴	*praŋʔ, *praŋs
怲	*praŋʔ, *praŋs
苪	*praŋʔ
蛃	*praŋʔ
昺	*praŋʔ
昞	*praŋʔ
窉	*praŋʔ
柄	*praŋʔ, *praŋs
鈵	*praŋs
寎	*praŋs
病	*braŋs

Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意), showing two chariots (丙). Later 攴 was added and a 丙 omitted to create the form seen in the Shuowen Jiezi (㪅), a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs): abbreviated phonetic 𰀒 (“two chariots”) + semantic 攴 (“hand holding a whip; action”). The remaining 丙 eventually corrupted into a shape similar to 雨.

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gēng, jīng (geng¹, jing¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄥ, ㄐㄧㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gang¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kiên

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gang¹

• Eastern Min (BUC): găng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): keng / kng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gêng¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹kan; ¹ken

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gēng
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: geng
    • Wade–Giles: kêng¹
    • Yale: gēng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geng
    • Palladius: гэн (gɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɤŋ⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, see the note below)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jīng
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jing
    • Wade–Giles: ching¹
    • Yale: jīng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
    • Palladius: цзин (czin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

Note: “jīng” - literary variant for sense “to experience”.

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
    • Jyutping: gang¹
    • Yale: gāng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gang¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: geng¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐŋ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên
    • Hakka Romanization System: gien^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gang¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kaŋ⁴⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng
    • Tâi-lô: king
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kefng
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kng
    • Tâi-lô: kng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kngf
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kŋ̍³³/

Note: literary reading.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gêng¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: keng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /keŋ³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹kan; ¹ken
    • MiniDict: kan^平; ken^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹kan; ¹ken
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kã⁵³/, /kən⁵³/

Note:

• 1ken - literary;
• 1kan - vernacular.

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 更 (更換)
Mandarin	Beijing	/kəŋ⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/kəŋ⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/kəŋ²¹/
	Jinan	/kəŋ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/kəŋ²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/kəŋ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/kəŋ²¹/
	Xining	/kə̃⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/kəŋ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/kə̃n³¹/
	Ürümqi	/kɤŋ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/kən⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/kən⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/ken²¹³/
	Kunming	/kə̃⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/kən³¹/
	Hefei	/kən²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kəŋ¹¹/ ～換 /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/ 五～
	Pingyao	/kəŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/kə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/kã⁵³/ /kəŋ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/kã⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ken³³/
	Wenzhou	/kiɛ³³/
Hui	Shexian	/kʌ̃³¹/ /kɛ³¹/ 打～
	Tunxi	/t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/kən³³/
	Xiangtan	/kən³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/kɑŋ⁴²/ 打～
Hakka	Meixian	/kaŋ⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/kɑŋ²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kɐŋ⁵³/
	Nanning	/kɐŋ⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/kɐŋ⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kiŋ⁵⁵/ /kĩ⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kaŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kaiŋ³³/ /kaŋ⁵⁴/ 三～
	Shantou (Teochew)	/keŋ³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/keŋ²³/ /kɔŋ²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: kaeng

Rime
Character	更
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	庚 (109)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古行切
Baxter	kaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠæŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚaŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kaŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨjŋ/
Li Rong	/kɐŋ/
Wang Li	/kɐŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɐŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gēng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gang1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤraŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kraːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	更
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gēng
Middle Chinese	‹ kæng ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁraŋ/
English	change (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	更
Reading #	1/2
No.	866
Phonetic component	丙
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	庚
Old Chinese	/*kraːŋ/

Definitions

更

1. to change; to replace

   • 子貢曰：「君子之過也，如日月之食焉。過也，人皆見之；更也，人皆仰之。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     子贡曰：「君子之过也，如日月之食焉。过也，人皆见之；更也，人皆仰之。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE

     Zǐgòng yuē: “Jūnzǐ zhī guò yě, rú rìyuè zhī shí yān. Guò yě, rén jiē jiàn zhī; gēng yě, rén jiē yǎng zhī.” [Pinyin]

     Zigong said, "A junzi’s mistakes are like solar and lunar eclipses. When he makes a mistake, all people see it; when he changes, all people look up to him.

2. to take turns; to rotate
3. to experience
4. 28th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "change" (𝌡)
5. (Internet slang) short for 更新 (gēngxīn, “to update”)

   催更  ―  cuīgèng  ―  to pester for updates

   停更  ―  tínggèng  ―  to cease updates

   斷更／断更  ―  duàngèng  ―  to cease updates temporarily

Compounds

• 厲精更始 / 厉精更始
• 堂構更新 / 堂构更新
• 改姓更名 (gǎixìng gēngmíng)
• 改弦更張 / 改弦更张 (gǎixiángēngzhāng)
• 更代 (gēngdài)
• 更休
• 更僕難數 / 更仆难数
• 更動 / 更动 (gēngdòng)
• 更化
• 更名 (gēngmíng)
• 更名改姓 (gēngmíng gǎixìng)
• 更唱
• 更始 (gēngshǐ)
• 更姓
• 更定 (gēngdìng)
• 更審 / 更审
• 更年
• 更年期 (gēngniánqī)
• 更弦易轍 / 更弦易辙
• 更張 / 更张
• 更換 / 更换 (gēnghuàn)
• 更改 (gēnggǎi)
• 更故
• 更新 (gēngxīn)
• 更新換代 / 更新换代
• 更易
• 更替 (gēngtì)
• 更次
• 更正 (gēngzhèng)
• 更正啟事 / 更正启事
• 更番 (gēngfān)
• 更相
• 更立
• 更端
• 更行
• 更衣 (gēngyī)
• 更衣室 (gēngyīshì)
• 更訂 / 更订
• 更調 / 更调
• 更變 / 更变
• 更賦 / 更赋
• 更迭 (gēngdié)
• 朝更夕改 (zhāogēngxīgǎi)
• 朝更暮改 (zhāogēngmùgǎi)
• 洗削更革
• 洗盞更酌 / 洗盏更酌
• 滌故更新 / 涤故更新
• 萬象更新 / 万象更新 (wànxiànggēngxīn)
• 紛更 / 纷更
• 與民更始 / 与民更始
• 解弦更張 / 解弦更张
• 變更 / 变更 (biàngēng)
• 除舊更新 / 除旧更新

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gēng, jīng (geng¹, jing¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄥ, ㄐㄧㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gaang¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kâng

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gang¹

• Jin (Wiktionary): jing¹
• Eastern Min (BUC): gĕng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kiⁿ / keⁿ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gên¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹kan

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gēng
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: geng
    • Wade–Giles: kêng¹
    • Yale: gēng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geng
    • Palladius: гэн (gɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɤŋ⁵⁵/
      
  • (hypercorrection)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jīng
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jing
    • Wade–Giles: ching¹
    • Yale: jīng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jing
    • Palladius: цзин (czin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
    • Jyutping: gaang¹
    • Yale: gāang
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gaang¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gang¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːŋ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâng
    • Hakka Romanization System: gang^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gang¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kaŋ²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gang¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kaŋ⁴⁴/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: jing¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gĕng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɛiŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: kinn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kvy
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Lukang, Philippines): /kĩ³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kinmen): /kĩ⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: kenn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kvef
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ̃⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /kẽ⁴⁴/

Note: vernacular reading.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gên¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: keⁿ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kẽ³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹kan
    • MiniDict: kan^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹kan
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kã⁵³/

---

• Middle Chinese: kaeng

Rime
Character	更
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	庚 (109)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古行切
Baxter	kaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠæŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚaŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kaŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨjŋ/
Li Rong	/kɐŋ/
Wang Li	/kɐŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɐŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gēng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gang1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤraŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kraːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	更
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gēng
Middle Chinese	‹ kæng ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁraŋ/
English	change (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	更
Reading #	1/2
No.	866
Phonetic component	丙
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	庚
Old Chinese	/*kraːŋ/

Definitions

更

1. (historical) watch (of a sentry)

   三更  ―  sāngēng  ―  third watch

2. (historical) one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was formerly divided
3. (Hong Kong Cantonese, by extension) shift; work shift; work period

   一日三更，每更八個鐘。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   一日三更，每更八个钟。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   jat¹ jat⁶ saam¹ gaang¹, mui⁵ gaang¹ baat³ go³ zung¹. [Jyutping]

   [There are] three shifts each day, eight hours each shift.

Compounds

• 三更
• 三更半夜
• 三更四鼓
• 九更天
• 二五更
• 五更 (wǔgēng)
• 五更三點 / 五更三点
• 五更天
• 五更雞 / 五更鸡
• 五更頭 / 五更头
• 交更 (gaau¹ gaang¹) (Cantonese)
• 值更
• 八更
• 初更 (chūgēng)
• 午更 (ng⁵ gaang¹) (Cantonese)
• 半夜三更
• 司更
• 嚴更 / 严更
• 坐更
• 夜半三更 (yèbànsāngēng)
• 夜更 (je⁶ gaang¹) (Cantonese)
• 夜靜更深 / 夜静更深
• 夜靜更長 / 夜静更长
• 夜靜更闌 / 夜静更阑
• 守更
• 定更
• 打更 (dǎgēng)
• 拎更 (Cantonese)
• 持更
• 換更 / 换更 (Cantonese)
• 攞更 / 𫽋更 (Cantonese)
• 日更 (Cantonese)
• 早更 (Cantonese)
• 更亭 (Cantonese)
• 更份 (gaang¹ fan⁶) (Cantonese)
• 更夜
• 更夫 (gēngfū)
• 更房
• 更樓 / 更楼
• 更次
• 更深
• 更深人靜 / 更深人静
• 更深半夜
• 更深夜靜 / 更深夜静
• 更漏
• 更籌 / 更筹
• 更籤 / 更签
• 更表 (gaang¹ biu²) (Cantonese)
• 更長夢短 / 更长梦短
• 更長漏永 / 更长漏永
• 更闌 / 更阑
• 更闌人靜 / 更阑人静
• 更頭 / 更头
• 更點 / 更点
• 更鼓
• 更鼓敲盡 / 更鼓敲尽
• 替更 (tai³ gaang¹) (Cantonese)
• 深更 (shēngēng)
• 深更半夜 (shēngēngbànyè)
• 漏盡更闌 / 漏尽更阑
• 率更
• 當更 / 当更 (dong¹ gaang¹) (Cantonese)
• 直落更 (Cantonese)
• 看更
• 知更鳥 / 知更鸟 (zhīgēngniǎo)
• 編更 / 编更 (pin¹ gaang¹) (Cantonese)
• 落更 (lok⁶ gaang¹) (Cantonese)
• 調更 / 调更 (diu⁶ gaang¹) (Cantonese)
• 買更 / 买更 (Cantonese)
• 賣更 / 卖更 (Cantonese)
• 起更
• 輪更 / 轮更 (leon⁴ gaang¹) (Cantonese)
• 巡更 (xúngēng)
• 追更 (zeoi¹ gaang¹) (Cantonese)
• 連更徹夜 / 连更彻夜
• 頂更 / 顶更 (ding² gaang¹) (Cantonese)
• 鬼打更
• 黑更半夜
• 鼉更 / 鼍更

Pronunciation 3

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gèng (geng⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄥˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gang³ / ang³
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kien

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gên⁴

• Eastern Min (BUC): gáing
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kèng / kǹg

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gêng³

• Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gang³
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ken

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gèng
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gèng
    • Wade–Giles: kêng⁴
    • Yale: gèng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: genq
    • Palladius: гэн (gɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɤŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
    • Jyutping: gang³ / ang³
    • Yale: gang / ang
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gang³ / ang³
    • Guangdong Romanization: geng³ / eng³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐŋ³³/, /ɐŋ³³/

Note: ang3 - non-standard.

• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kien
    • Hakka Romanization System: gien
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gian⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯en⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gên⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kɛn⁵³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gáing
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaiŋ²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kèng
    • Tâi-lô: kìng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kexng
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ¹¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kǹg
    • Tâi-lô: kǹg
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kngx
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kŋ̍⁴¹/

Note: literary reading.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gêng³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kèng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /keŋ²¹³/
• Southern Pinghua
  • (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
    • Jyutping++: gang³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kəŋ⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵ken
    • MiniDict: ken^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ken
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kən³⁴/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 更 (更加)
Mandarin	Beijing	/kəŋ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/kəŋ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/kəŋ⁵³/
	Jinan	/kəŋ²¹/
	Qingdao	/kəŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/kəŋ³¹²/
	Xi'an	/kəŋ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/kə̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/kəŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/kə̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/kɤŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/kən³⁵/
	Chengdu	/kən¹³/
	Guiyang	/ken²¹³/
	Kunming	/kə̃¹/
	Nanjing	/kən⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/kən⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kəŋ⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/kəŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/kə̃ŋ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/kəŋ³⁵/
	Suzhou	/kən⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/ken⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/kiɛ⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/kʌ̃³²⁴/
	Tunxi	/kiɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/kən⁵⁵/
	Xiangtan	/kən⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/kiɛn⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/ken⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/ken⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kɐŋ³³/
	Nanning	/kɐŋ³³/
	Hong Kong	/kɐŋ³³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kiŋ²¹/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kaiŋ²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kaiŋ³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/keŋ²¹³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/keŋ³⁵/ /kɔŋ³⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: kaengH

Rime
Character	更
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	庚 (109)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古孟切
Baxter	kaengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠæŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚaŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/kaŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨjŋH/
Li Rong	/kɐŋH/
Wang Li	/kɐŋH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɐŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gèng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gang3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤraŋ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kraːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	更
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gèng
Middle Chinese	‹ kængH ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁraŋ-s/
English	still more
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	更
Reading #	2/2
No.	879
Phonetic component	丙
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	更
Old Chinese	/*kraːŋs/

Definitions

更

1. more; even more

   我的裙子更漂亮！ [MSC, trad. and simp.]

   Wǒ de qúnzi gèng piàoliang! [Pinyin]

   My skirt is even more beautiful!

   加拿大的房子比美國的更貴。 [MSC, trad.]
   加拿大的房子比美国的更贵。 [MSC, simp.]

   Jiānádà de fángzi bǐ Měiguó de gèng guì. [Pinyin]

   Canadian homes are even more expensive than American homes.

   • 1995, 《回魂夜》 [Out of the Dark]‎, spoken by Leon (周星馳 [Stephen Chow]):

     如果想練習點克服恐懼就要靠呢枝「電光棒」。大家望一望，條引咁長明知點著咗佢有排先爆㗎，但係要你揸住佢呢就更大膽都淆底嘅，但係我唔瀉佢喎！ [Hong Kong Cantonese, trad.]
     如果想练习点克服恐惧就要靠呢枝「电光棒」。大家望一望，条引咁长明知点著咗佢有排先爆㗎，但系要你揸住佢呢就更大胆都淆底嘅，但系我唔泻佢㖞！ [Hong Kong Cantonese, simp.]

     jyu⁴ gwo² soeng² lin⁶ zaap⁶ dim² haak¹ fuk⁶ hung² geoi⁶ zau⁶ jiu³ kaau³ ni¹ zi¹ “din⁶ gwong¹ paang⁵”. daai⁶ gaa¹ mong⁶ jat¹ mong⁶, tiu⁴ jan⁵ gam³ coeng⁴ ming⁴ zi¹ dim² zoek⁶ zo² keoi⁵ jau⁵ paai⁴ sin¹ baau³ gaa³, daan⁶ hai⁶ jiu³ nei⁵ zaa¹ zyu⁶ keoi⁵ ne¹ zau⁶ ang³ daai⁶ daam² dou¹ ngaau⁴ dai² ge³, daan⁶ hai⁶ ngo⁵ m⁴ se³ keoi⁵ wo³! [Jyutping]

     If you want to practise overcoming fear, you have to rely on this "glow stick". Look at it, with such a long fuse, obviously it takes a long time to explode, but if you are asked to hold this, you will still chicken out no matter how brave you are. Even then, I'm not scared of it!

   • 1886, Lim Hiong Seng, Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular, Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press, page 48:

     此個敬長過彼個 Chí--kâi kèng-tn̂g kùe hṳ́-kâi

     只個更長過許個 [Teochew, trad.]
     只个更长过许个 [Teochew, simp.]

     zi² gai⁵ gêng³ deng⁵ guê³ he² gai⁵ [Peng'im]

     This is longer than that

2. (literary or Hong Kong) further; also

Synonyms

• (more): (Hokkien) 閣較／阁较, 較／较

Compounds

• 愈更
• 更上一層樓 / 更上一层楼 (gèngshàngyīcénglóu)
• 更上層樓 / 更上层楼
• 更不消說 / 更不消说
• 更且
• 更做
• 更做到
• 更做道
• 更則道 / 更则道
• 更加 (gèngjiā)
• 更勝一籌 / 更胜一筹
• 更待何時 / 更待何时 (gèng dài héshí)
• 更待干罷
• 更復 / 更复
• 更甚
• 更生
• 更生人
• 更生保護 / 更生保护
• 更轉一竿 / 更转一竿
• 自力更生
• 那更

Descendants

• → Vietnamese: càng

Pronunciation 4

• Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): giang³

---

• Southern Pinghua
  • (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
    • Jyutping++: giang³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiɐŋ⁵⁵/

Definitions

更

1. (Nanning Pinghua) so, to such an extent

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 這麼 (“this; so; such (modifies adj.)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		如此
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		如此
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	這麼
	Taiwan	這麼
	Harbin	這麼
	Malaysia	這樣
	Singapore	這樣, 這麼
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	這麼
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	這麼
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	陣
	Wanrong	這麼
	Xi'an	這們, 陣
	Xining	這們
	Xuzhou	恁麼
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	這麼
	Lanzhou	這們
	Ürümqi	這麼
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	這們, 這麼, 嘞們
	Wuhan	這麼, 這樣, 這個樣子
	Guiyang	仲個
	Guilin	這樣
	Liuzhou	陣, 哏
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	這麼, 這樣子
	Yangzhou	這們
	Nantong	格麼
Cantonese	Guangzhou	咁
	Hong Kong	咁
	Foshan	咁
	Taishan	該
	Dongguan	呢咁, 咁
	Yunfu	咁
	Yangjiang	果樣, 拱
	Xinyi	咁
	Nanning	咁
	Wuzhou	咁
	Yulin	咁
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	果
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	咁
	Penang (Guangfu)	咁
	Singapore (Guangfu)	咁
Gan	Nanchang	箇
	Lichuan	該樣
	Pingxiang	箇, 箇史
Hakka	Meixian	恁
	Xingning	恁, 咁
	Huidong (Daling)	恁, 咁
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	咁
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	咁
	Changting	仰
	Wuping	恁
	Wuping (Pingyu)	恁
	Liancheng	樣
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	恁
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	恁
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	恁
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	恁
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	恁
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	恁
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	咁
	Senai (Huiyang)	恁
	Kuching (Hepo)	恁
Huizhou	Jixi	爾的
Jin	Taiyuan	這來
	Xinzhou	這啦, 這麼, 這來
Northern Min	Jian'ou	𱕇
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	只滿, 只
	Fuqing	者滿
	Singapore (Fuqing)	者滿
Southern Min	Xiamen	遮, 遮爾, 遮爾仔
	Quanzhou	拙, 拙幹
	Jinjiang	拙, 拙爾, 障, 障爾
	Zhangzhou	遮爾, 遮爾仔
	Tainan	遮, 遮爾, 遮爾仔
	Singapore (Hokkien)	按呢
	Manila (Hokkien)	奐, 現, 喝, 遐, 遮, 拙
	Chaozhou	照, 照生
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	照
	Singapore (Teochew)	只生
	Leizhou	偌
	Haikou	只, 者
Puxian Min	Putian	只何
	Xianyou	只何
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	更
Wu	Shanghai	搿能, 搿能介, 搿個能, 介, 實能 dated, 實個能 dated
	Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang)	迭能
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	若介, 實介, 能, 能介
	Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong)	迭個能
	Shanghai (Fengxian)	迭能
	Shanghai (Jinshan)	格末, 格能介, 着介
	Shanghai (Qingpu)	介
	Shanghai (Jiading)	實恁
	Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan)	實倫
	Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan)	特能, 迭能, 實能
	Shanghai (Chongming)	能
	Suzhou	該實梗, 該尚, 哀實梗, 哀尚, 實梗, 尚
	Danyang	根
	Hangzhou	價套, 價, 實價套, 實價
	Ningbo	介
	Wenzhou	該恁, 恁
	Jinhua	帳, 格生, 格亨, 喪
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	絞麼
Xiang	Changsha	咯樣
	Quanzhou	這麼

References

• (Min Nan) “更”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.