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bark

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

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See also: Bark

English

 bark on Wikipedia

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Middle English barken, berken, borken, from Old English beorcan (“to bark”), from the Proto-West Germanic *berkan (“to bark”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerg- (“to make a noise, growl, bark”), from *bʰer- (“to drone, hum, buzz”). Cognate with Icelandic berkja (“to bark, bluster”), Icelandic barki (“throat, windpipe”), dialectal Lithuanian burgė́ti (“to growl, grumble, grouch, quarrel”), Serbo-Croatian brbljati (“to murmur”). For the noun, compare Old English beorc, bearce (“barking”).

recorded barks (noun sense 1) of a dog

.

Verb

bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked)

  1. (intransitive) To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs (said of animals, especially dogs).
    Synonyms: give tongue, (rare) latrate
    The neighbour's dog is always barking.
    The seal barked as the zookeeper threw fish into its enclosure.
  2. (intransitive) To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries.
    • 1530, Tyndale, A Pathway into the Holy Scripture:
      And therefore they bark, and say the scripture maketh heretics.
    • 1655, Thomas Fuller, The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI):
      Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed.
  3. (transitive) To speak sharply.
    The sergeant barked an order.
    • 1932, Delos W. Lovelace, King Kong, published 1965, page 3:
      Plainly he was prepared to bark out an interminable succession of charges against the Wanderer.
    • 2001, Salman Rushdie, Fury: A Novel, London: Jonathan Cape, →ISBN, page 5:
      Sudden anger rose in him. “What I’m looking for,” he barked, “is to be left in peace.” His voice trembled with a rage far bigger than her intrusion merited, the rage which shocked him whenever it coursed through his nervous system, like a flood.
    • 2011 January 5, Mark Ashenden, “Wolverhampton 1 - 0 Chelsea”, in BBC‎:
      While McCarthy prowled the touchline barking orders, his opposite number watched on motionless and expressionless and, with 25 minutes to go, decided to throw on Nicolas Anelka for Kalou.
Derived terms
Terms derived from bark verb
Translations
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Noun

bark (plural barks)

  1. The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog, a fox, and some other animals.
  2. (figuratively) An abrupt loud vocal utterance.
    • c. 1921, The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, volume 11:
      Fox’s clumsy figure, negligently dressed in blue and buff, seemed unprepossessing; only his shaggy eyebrows added to the expression of his face; his voice would rise to a bark in excitement.
    • 1949 January and February, F. G. Roe, “I Saw Three Englands–1”, in Railway Magazine, page 12:
      Long before Shap platform showed up around a corner and the two arms on the gradient post drooped in both directions at once, Duchess of Buccleuch's amiable throbbing purr at the stack [funnel, chimney] had become a fierce freight-engine bark, as she resolutely dragged at her enormous load.
  3. (music) The quick opening of the hi-hat cymbal as it is hit, followed by its timely closing.
Derived terms
Translations

Etymology 2

From Middle English bark, from Old English barc (“bark”), from Old Norse bǫrkr (“tree bark”), from Proto-Germanic *barkuz, probably related to *birkijǭ (“birch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵós (compare Latin frāxinus (“ash”), Lithuanian béržas (“birch”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ- (“to gleam; white”) (compare English bright); akin to Danish bark, Icelandic börkur, Low German borke and Albanian berk (“bast”).

Noun

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

bark (countable and uncountable, plural barks)

  2. (countable, uncountable) The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree.
    • 1879, Friedrich August Flückiger et al., Pharmacographia...‎, page 346:
      The hardships of bark-collecting in the primeval forests of South America are of the severest kind, and undergone only by the half-civilized Indians and people of mixed race, in the pay of speculators or companies located in the towns. Those who are engaged in the business, especially the collectors themselves, are called Cascarilleros or Cascadores, from the Spanish word Cascara, bark.
    • 2012, John Branch, “Snow Fall : The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek”, in New York Time‎:
      Moving about 70 miles per hour, it crashed through the sturdy old-growth trees, snapping their limbs and shredding bark from their trunks.
  3. (medicine) Peruvian bark or Jesuit's bark, the bark of the cinchona from which quinine is produced.
  5. Hard candy made in flat sheets, for instance out of chocolate, peanut butter, toffee or peppermint.
  7. The crust formed on barbecued meat that has had a rub applied to it.
    • 2009, Julie Reinhardt, She-Smoke: A Backyard Barbecue Book, page 151:
      This softens the meat further, but at some loss of crunch to the bark.
  8. The envelopment or outer covering of anything.
Usage notes

Usually uncountable; bark may be countable when referring to the barks of different types of tree.

Synonyms
  • (exterior covering of a tree): rind
Derived terms
Translations

Verb

bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked)

  1. To strip the bark from; to peel.
    • 1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate:
      Along the river freshly felled and barked trees told of the activity of beaver, and in slow current and in eddies the tops of their winter's food supply lay like submerged brush fences projecting above the surface.
  2. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from.
    to bark one’s heel
    • 2019 May 8, Barney Ronay, “Liverpool’s waves of red fury and recklessness end in joyous bedlam”, in The Guardian‎:
      Barcelona had been harried and hurried and stretched thin by the midway point in the second half. Tackles flew in. Toes were crushed, shins barked, ankles hacked.
  3. To girdle.
  4. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark.
    to bark the roof of a hut
Derived terms
Translations

Etymology 3

From Middle English barke (“boat”), from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, a regular syncope of Vulgar Latin *barica, from Classical Latin bāris, from Ancient Greek βᾶρις (bâris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Demotic br, from Egyptian bꜣjr

bbAAy
r Z1		 P1
(“transport ship”). Doublet of barge, barque and baris.

Alternative forms

Noun

bark (plural barks)

  1. (obsolete) A small sailing vessel, e.g. a pinnace or a fishing smack; a rowing boat or barge.
  2. (poetic) A sailing vessel or boat of any kind.
  3. (nautical) A vessel, typically with three (or more) masts, with the foremasts (or fore- and mainmasts) square-rigged, and mizzenmast schooner-rigged.
    • 1997, Mark Kurlansky, Cod, page 114:
      Europeans would cross the ocean in large barks built for deck space and large holds.
Descendants
  • → Welsh: barc
Translations

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

bark (plural barks)

  1. (slang, obsolete) An Irish person.

References

  • John Camden Hotten (1873), The Slang Dictionary
  • 1890, John Stephen Farmer, William Ernest Henley, Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A to Byz (page 124)

Anagrams

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Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *báruka, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰor-uko-, from *bʰer- (“to carry”). Compare Messapic βάρυκα (báruka). A doublet of bie, barrë, and barrë.

Another reconstruction is Proto-Albanian *bárkʷa-, from earlier *bʰórkʷu- "belly", from a PIE *bʰorkʷó-, from *bʰer- (“to carry”).

Pronunciation

Noun

bark m (plural barqe, definite barku, definite plural barqet)

  1. (anatomy) belly
    Synonym: abdomen (technical)
  2. stomach or intestines as parts of the digestive system
    Synonyms: stomak, zorrë
  3. pelvic cavity, uterus
    Synonyms: kavitet pelvik, mitër
  4. all offspring a mother births to with the same male (human or animal)
    Synonym: pjellë
    Motër e vëlla nga dy barqe ― Brother and sister from two mothers
  5. (ethnography) lineage, all offspring of the same mother
    Synonym: gji
    Janë të një barku ― They're of the same mother
  6. (figurative) generation
    Synonym: brez
    Bark pas barku ― Generation after generation
  7. convex side of an object, bulge, curve
    Synonym: e mysët
    Mur me bark ― Curved wall
  8. (figurative, colloquial) interior part of an object, the hollow part
    Synonyms: gji, brendësi
  9. (in the singular) the middle part of timeline
    Synonym: mes
    Barku i javës ― The middle of the week
  10. (medicine) diarrhea, dysentery
    Synonyms: diarre, purth, spirë, nevojë e hollë, dizenteri
  11. (figurative, colloquial) heart (in the sense of bravery)
    Synonyms: zemër, shpirt
    Me gjithë bark ― With all my heart

Declension

More information singular, plural ...

Derived terms

  • barkaç
  • barkaçe
  • barkalaq
  • barkalec
  • barkaliq
  • barkanjoz
  • barkar
  • barkaris
  • barkarisem
  • barkartë
  • barkas
  • barkashor
  • barkashore
  • barkazi
  • barkbardhë
  • barkbosh
  • barkbuall
  • barkcalik
  • barkcullak
  • barkdalë
  • barkderr
  • barkdërrasë
  • barkdozë
  • barkdreq
  • barkës
  • barkësim
  • barkëson
  • barkësore
  • barkëz
  • barkfryrë
  • barkfutur
  • barkgjerë
  • barkjashtë
  • barkje
  • barkkacek
  • barkkalbur
  • barkkeq
  • barkkuq
  • barkkuqe
  • barkledh
  • barklepur
  • barklesh
  • barklëshuar
  • barklubi
  • barkmace
  • barkmadh
  • barkmbushur
  • barkngopur
  • barkngushtë
  • barkonjë
  • barkor
  • barkore
  • barkos
  • barkosem
  • barkosh
  • barkpangopur
  • barkpërpjetë
  • barkplot
  • barkrënë
  • barkstihi
  • barkshpuar
  • barkshtypur
  • barkshuar
  • barkth
  • barktharë
  • barkthatë
  • barkthes
  • barkuc
  • barkulec
  • barkushe
  • barkvozë
  • barkzbrazur
  • barkzbuluar
  • barkzgropur
  • barkzhabë
  • lëbarke
  • zbërkoj

Further reading

  • FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎, 1980
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Danish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse bǫrkr.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bark/, [b̥ɑːɡ̊]

Noun

bark c (singular definite barken, not used in plural form)

  1. bark (covering of the trunk of a tree)
Derived terms
  • afbarke
  • afbarkning
  • barkborer
  • barkbrun
  • barkbrød
  • barkfarve
  • barkslag
  • barkstykke

Etymology 2

From Old Norse barki

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bark/, [b̥ɑːɡ̊]

Noun

bark c (singular definite barken, plural indefinite barker)

  1. bark (large sailing boat)
Inflection
More information common gender, singular ...

References

Dutch

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

bark m (plural barken, diminutive barkje n)

  1. the bark of certain trees, used for its tannin

Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch barke, from Old French barque.

Noun

bark f (plural barken, diminutive barkje n)

  1. barge, a large type of rowing or sailing boat
Descendants

Anagrams

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Faroese

Etymology

From Danish bark, from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, from Vulgar Latin barica, from Ancient Greek βάρις (báris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Egyptian bꜣjr (“transport ship, type of fish”),

bbAAy
r Z1		 P1

Noun

bark f (genitive singular barkar, plural barkir)

  1. (nautical) bark: A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged.

Declension

More information f2, singular ...

Synonyms

  • barkskip

Further reading

  • "bark" at Sprotin.fo
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Middle English

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old English bark, from Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

Pronunciation

Noun

bark (plural barkes)

  1. bark (a tree's covering, often used in leatherworking or as a pharmaceutical).
  2. The exterior layer of a nut or other fruit.
  3. (rare, Late Middle English, figurative) A shallow look at something.

Derived terms

Descendants

References

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Norwegian Bokmål

Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia no

Etymology 1

From Old Norse bǫrkr.

Noun

bark m (definite singular barken, uncountable)

  1. bark (outer layer of trunks and branches of trees and bushes)
Derived terms

See also

Etymology 2

Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia no

From Late Latin barca, via French barque.

Noun

bark m (definite singular barken, indefinite plural barker, definite plural barkene)

  1. (nautical) a barque or bark (type of sailing ship)

References

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Norwegian Nynorsk

Norwegian Nynorsk Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia nn

Etymology

From Late Latin barca, via French barque.

Noun

bark m (definite singular barken, indefinite plural barkar, definite plural barkane)

  1. (nautical) a barque or bark (type of sailing ship)

References

Old Polish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /ba(ː)rk/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE) /bark/, /bɒrk/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bъrkъ

Noun

bark m inan

  1. (attested in Greater Poland) shoulder (part of the body between the base of the neck and forearm socket)
    • Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa‎, page 817:
      Są związali tako trudno i twardo jego święte ręce i za barki ji ciągnęli
      [Są związali tako trudno i twardo jego święte ręce i za barki ji ciągnęli]
    • c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 72r:
      Lacertus est superior pars brachii vel musculus bark
      [Lacertus est superior pars brachii vel musculus bark]
  2. (agriculture) swingletree, whiffletree, whippletree
    • 1868 [1455], Akta grodzkie i ziemskie z czasów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej : z archiwum tak zwanego bernardyńskiego we Lwowie w skutek fundacyi śp. Alexandra hr. Stadnickiego‎, volume XIV (quotation in Old Polish; overall work in Polish, Latin, and Old Polish), page 439:
      Currus non habuit hakow any barkow
      [Currus non habuit hakow ani barkow]
Descendants

Etymology 2

Noun

bark m animacy unattested

  1. alternative form of barg

References

  • Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “bark”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
  • Mańczak, Witold (2017), “bark”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
  • Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “bark”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
  • Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965), “bark”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
  • Brückner, Aleksander (1927), “bark”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna
  • B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “bark”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
  • Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “bark”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk
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