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Timeline of national independence
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This list includes currently extant sovereign states (list) and states with limited recognition that have declared independence from a predecessor state or an occupying power. Various states have never declared independence throughout their formations and hence are not included in the main list on this page, including states that were formed by the unification of multiple independent states, such as the United Kingdom, United States, and Tanzania, including states that did declare independence, but whose most recent establishment was through other means, such as Haiti, which declared independence from France in 1804, but split into two states in 1806 and was reunified in 1820. These countries are given on a separate list below. The list does not include duplicated entries for states that have declared independence multiple times, only using the most recent one. Subnational entities are usually not included in the list. Some of these dates of independence might be disputed. Entries in the "events" table are written in the present tense.
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2025) |
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
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Before 19th century
More information date, Previous entity ...
date | Previous entity | Newly independent entity | Event |
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September 3, 301 | ![]() |
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Traditionally given date. |
749 | ![]() |
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Subject to vassalage to other powers for short periods throughout its history. |
August 10, 843 | ![]() |
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Treaty of Verdun, splitting the Frankish Empire into three states, one of which became France.[1] |
July 27, 1139 | ![]() |
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In personal union with, and effective satellite state of, Spain between 1580 and 1640. |
1616 | ![]() |
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Subject to British sphere of influence from 1910 to 1947, and the Indian sphere of influence from 1947 to 1971. |
February 8, 1649 | ![]() |
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Separated from Imperial sovereignty by the Peace of Westphalia. |
July 1747 | ![]() |
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Independent as the Durrani Empire, subject to British protectorate from 1880 to 1919. |
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19th century to World War I
More information Year, Previous entity ...
Year | Previous entity | Newly independent entity | Event |
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May 23, 1810 | ![]() |
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Initially named United Provinces of the Río de la Plata until the signing of the Federal Pact in 1831. |
May 14, 1811 | ![]() |
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Independence not formally declared until 1842. |
November 4, 1813 | ![]() |
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Confederation of the Rhine dissolved. Initial establishment in 1719 within the Holy Roman Empire. |
November 20, 1813 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after French rule. Initial independence from Spain in 1579 as the ![]() |
May 30, 1814 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after French rule. Initial independence from Urgell in 1278. |
May 30, 1814 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after French rule. Initial independence from Genoa in 1297, interrupted by multiple Genoese occupations. |
February 12, 1818 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Spanish reconquest, initial independence in 1810. |
September 28, 1821 | ![]() |
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Unrecognized by Spain until 1836 with the signing of the Santa María–Calatrava Treaty. |
January 4, 1822 | ![]() |
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International recognition achieved in 1830. |
September 7, 1822 | ![]() |
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Unrecognized by Portugal until 1825. |
October 4, 1828 | ![]() |
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Independence established by treaty as a buffer between ![]() ![]() |
October 4, 1830 | ![]() |
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Unrecognized by Netherlands until 1839. |
November 19, 1832 | ![]() |
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Dissolution of Gran Colombia. Initially named Republic of New Granada until the signing of the Constitution of Rionegro in 1863. |
November 19, 1832 | ![]() |
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Dissolution of Gran Colombia. |
November 19, 1832 | ![]() |
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Dissolution of Gran Colombia. Restoration of Independence, first established in 1811. |
November 15, 1838 | ![]() |
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Initially the Free State of Costa Rica, it would become the ![]() |
June 19, 1839 | ![]() |
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Grand Duchy re-established by the Treaty of London in personal union with the ![]() |
August 25, 1839 | ![]() |
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Restoration of Independence, first proclaimed in 1825. |
August 25, 1839 | ![]() |
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Restoration of Independence, first proclaimed in 1821. |
July 26, 1847 | ![]() |
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Unrecognized by United States until 1862. |
May 1, 1865 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after period of Spanish rule. Independence initially declared from Spain in 1821 as the Republic of Spanish Haiti, and from Haiti in 1844 with the current name. |
July 1, 1867 | ![]() |
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Britain continued to exercise some level of control until the Statute of Westminster. In personal union with the UK and many other countries. |
March 17, 1878 | ![]() |
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Under Ottoman vassalage until 1908. Restoration of independence after Ottoman rule, initial establishment in 681. |
November 29, 1898 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after the dissolution of the Greater Republic of Central America, initial independence in 1838. |
January 1, 1901 | ![]() |
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Britain continued to exercise some level of control until the Statute of Westminster. In personal union with the UK and many other countries. |
May 20, 1902 | ![]() |
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United States retained Isla de Pinos until 1925. Guantanamo Bay was leased to the United States in 1903 and has remained under American control into the present. |
November 4, 1903 | ![]() |
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Unrecognized by Colombia until 1922. |
June 7, 1905 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Danish and Swedish rule. Initial establishment around 872. |
September 26, 1907 | ![]() |
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Britain continued to exercise some level of control until the Statute of Westminster. In personal union with the UK and many other countries. |
May 31 1910 | ![]() |
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Britain continued to exercise some level of control until the Statute of Westminster. In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1961. |
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Interwar period
More information Year, Previous entity ...
Year | Previous entity | Newly independent entity | Event |
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December 6, 1917 | ![]() |
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Independence declared following initial establishment in 1809 as a largely autonomous monarchy within the Russian imperial framework with its own senate, stamps, currency, and army. Sovereignty secured in 1918 with the defeat of communist insurgents. |
October 17, 1918 | ![]() |
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Independence restored with the dissolution of Austria-Hungary following significantly increased autonomy granted by the Ausgleich in 1867, which effectively put the Hungarian state on equal terms with the Austrian state, albeit at the cost of heightened power for the Austrian emperor. Initial establishment in 895. Stayed in personal union with Austria until November 16. |
December 1, 1918 | ![]() |
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In personal union with Denmark until 1944. First human habitation of the island in 874, and initial establishment in 930. |
February 15, 1921 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Chinese occupation. Initial independence declared in 1911, first Mongolian state founded in 1203. |
January 14, 1922 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after brief attempt at reunifying Central America, initial independence in 1841. |
January 14, 1922 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after brief attempt at reunifying Central America, initial independence in 1839. |
January 14, 1922 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after brief attempt at reunifying Central America, initial independence in 1838. |
March 15, 1922 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after a period of British rule. Initial establishment around 3150 BC. Egypt would remain under strong British influence until 1952, when the monarchy was abolished and replaced by a republic. |
December 6, 1922 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after direct British rule. In personal union with Britain until 1937. Initial establishment of first state called Ireland in 1177. |
June 7, 1929 | ![]() |
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Established by the Lateran Treaty. |
October 3, 1932 | ![]() |
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Formerly a League of Nations mandate. |
May 5, 1941 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Italian occupation. Initial establishment in 1270. |
December 22, 1943 | ![]() |
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Formerly a League of Nations mandate. |
December 22, 1943 | ![]() |
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Formerly a League of Nations mandate. Unrecognized by France until 1946. |
July 22, 1944 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after German occupation. Initial establishment c. 960. |
October 22, 1944 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after German occupation. Initial establishment in 1190. |
April 27, 1945 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after German occupation. Initial establishment in 970 within the Holy Roman Empire. |
August 15, 1945 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Japanese occupation as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea/Chosŏn. Initial establishment in 2333 BC, but the country was partitioned along the 38th parallel by the Allied powers. Created in 1948 from the Soviet occupation zone in the north of the peninsula. |
August 15, 1945 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Japanese occupation as the Republic of Korea/Hanguk. Initial establishment in 2333 BC, but the country was partitioned along the 38th parallel by the Allied powers. Created in 1948 from the American occupation zone in the south of the peninsula. |
August 17, 1945 | ![]() |
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Unrecognized by Netherlands until 1949. In personal union with the Netherlands until 1956. |
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Cold War
More information Year, Previous entity ...
Year | Previous entity | Newly independent entity | Event |
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March 2, 1946 | ![]() ![]() |
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Withdrawal of British troops from Iran following invasion and occupation in 1941, although Soviet troops wouldn’t withdraw until May 1946. Initial establishment in 678 BC.[2][3][4][b] Previously invaded and occupied by the Macedonian Greeks, Arabs, and Mongols. The monarchy would be overthrown in 1979 and replaced by the ![]() |
June 17, 1946 | ![]() |
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Previously a League of Nations Mandate. |
July 4, 1946 | ![]() |
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Restoration of Independence after American rule. Initial declaration of independence in 1897. |
August 15, 1947 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1950. |
August 15, 1947 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1956. |
January 4, 1948 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after British rule. Initial establishment in 849. Name changed to ![]() |
February 4, 1948 | ![]() |
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Renamed ![]() |
May 14, 1948 | ![]() |
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Previously a League of Nations mandate. Partially unrecognized. Initial establishment in 930 BC. |
October 1, 1948 | ![]() |
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Previously a League of Nations mandate although it existed as a client state of Egypt from 1948 to 1959. Partially unrecognized. Modern Palestinian state was proclaimed in 1988 and claims limited control over the territory that is under Israeli occupation since 1967 under the Oslo Accords. Initial establishment in 3700 BC. |
October 1, 1949 | ![]() |
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Independence declared from the Republic of China, whose government was relocated and territory reduced to Taiwan and surrounding islands. Initial establishment in 2070 BC. |
December 24, 1951 | ![]() ![]() |
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Created by merging French and British-occupied areas in Libya with the independent Emirate of Cyrenaica. Initial establishment in 1551. |
October 22, 1953 | ![]() |
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On December 2, 1975, The Pathet Lao, (Left-wing Revolutionary Force in Kingdom of Laos), control the country and takeover the power and abolished the Kingdom of Laos. Then it has become a Communist State as the ![]() |
November 9, 1953 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after French protectorate status. Initial establishment in 802. |
January 1, 1956 | ![]() ![]() |
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Independence granted during the First Sudanese Civil War. Initial establishment in 1885. |
March 20, 1956 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after period as a French protectorate. Initial establishment in 1705. |
March 6, 1957 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1960. |
August 14, 1957 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after French protectorate. Initial establishment in 788. |
August 31, 1957 | ![]() |
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Name changed to ![]() ![]() ![]() |
October 2, 1958 | ![]() |
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January 1, 1960 | ![]() |
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April 27, 1960 | ![]() |
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June 20, 1960 | ![]() |
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June 26, 1960 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after French rule, initial establishment as Kingdom of Madagascar in 1817, a successor to the earlier ![]() |
June 30, 1960 | ![]() |
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Named Zaire from 1971-1997. Now known as Democratic Republic of the Congo or Congo-Kinshasa. |
July 1, 1960 | ![]() |
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July 31, 1960 | ![]() |
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Renamed to ![]() |
August 5, 1960 | ![]() |
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Renamed to ![]() |
August 7, 1960 | ![]() |
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August 8, 1960 | ![]() |
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August 11, 1960 | ![]() |
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August 13, 1960 | ![]() |
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Central African Empire from 1976-1979. |
August 15, 1960 | ![]() |
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August 16, 1960 | ![]() |
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August 17, 1960 | ![]() |
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August 20, 1960 | ![]() |
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October 1, 1960 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1963. |
November 28, 1960 | ![]() |
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April 27, 1961 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1971. |
June 19, 1961 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after period of British protectorate. Initial independence in 1752. |
January 1, 1962 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after German and New Zealand rule. Initial establishment c. 1300. |
July 1, 1962 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after German and Belgian protectorate. Initial establishment c. 1680. |
July 1, 1962 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after German and Belgian protectorate. Initial establishment around the 12th century. |
July 5, 1962 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after French colonial rule. Initial establishment in 1516. |
August 6, 1962 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries. |
August 31, 1962 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1976. |
October 9, 1962 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1963. |
November 12, 1963 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1964. |
July 6, 1964 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1966. |
September 21, 1964 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after French and British rule. Initial independence in 1520. In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1974. |
October 24, 1964 | ![]() |
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February 18, 1965 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1970. |
July 26, 1965 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after British protectorate. Previously subject to Portuguese protectorate from 1558 to 1573. Initial establishment before 1117. |
August 4, 1965 | ![]() |
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Partially unrecognized. In personal union with the UK and many other countries. In free association with New Zealand |
August 9, 1965 | ![]() |
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Forcibly expelled from Malaysia. Initial establishment in 1299. |
May 26, 1966 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1970. |
September 30, 1966 | ![]() |
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October 4, 1966 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after period of British protectorate. Initial establishment around 1822. |
November 30, 1966 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 2021. |
January 31, 1968 | ![]() |
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March 12, 1968 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1992. |
September 6, 1968 | ![]() |
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Restoration of independence after British protectorate, initial establishment around 1745. Name changed to Eswatini in 2018. |
October 12, 1968 | ![]() |
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June 4, 1970 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after British protectorate. Initial independence declared from Tui Manu'a as ![]() |
October 10, 1970 | ![]() |
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Restoration of independence after British colonial rule. Initial establishment in 1871. In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1987. |
August 15, 1971 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after British protectorate. Initial independence in 1783. |
September 3, 1971 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after British protectorate. Initial independence in 1868. |
December 2, 1971 | ![]() |
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Ras Al Khaimah initially not part of the union, joined in 1972. |
December 16, 1971 | ![]() |
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Unrecognized by Pakistan until 1974. |
July 10, 1973 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries. |
September 24, 1973 | ![]() |
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February 7, 1974 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries. |
October 19, 1974 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after British and New Zealand rule. Initial establishment before 1887. Partially unrecognized. In personal union with the UK and many other countries. In free association with New Zealand. |
June 25, 1975 | ![]() |
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July 5, 1975 | ![]() |
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July 6, 1975 | ![]() |
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July 12, 1975 | ![]() |
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September 16, 1975 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries. |
November 11, 1975 | ![]() |
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November 25, 1975 | ![]() |
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February 27, 1976 | ![]() |
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Partially unrecognized. |
June 29, 1976 | ![]() |
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June 27, 1977 | ![]() |
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July 7, 1978 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries. |
October 1, 1978 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries. |
November 3, 1978 | ![]() |
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February 22, 1979 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries. |
July 12, 1979 | ![]() |
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October 27, 1979 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries. |
April 18, 1980 | ![]() |
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Restoration of independence after a brief return to British rule after the Rhodesian Bush War, which abolished the predecessor state of ![]() |
July 7, 1980 | ![]() ![]() |
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September 21, 1981 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries. |
November 1, 1981 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries. |
September 19, 1983 | ![]() |
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In personal union with the UK and many other countries. |
November 15, 1983 | ![]() |
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Largely unrecognized. |
January 1, 1984 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after British protectorate. Initial establishment in 1368. |
March 11, 1990 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Russian and Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1236. Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. |
March 21, 1990 | ![]() |
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May 4, 1990 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1918. Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. |
December 22, 1990 | ![]() |
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In free association with the United States |
December 22, 1990 | ![]() |
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In free association with the United States |
April 9, 1991 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Russian and Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1008. Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. |
May 18, 1991 | ![]() |
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Largely unrecognized. Independence restored after unification with Somalia. Initial independence from the United Kingdom in 1960. |
May 29, 1991 | ![]() |
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Unrecognized by Ethiopia until 1993. |
June 25, 1991 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Habsburg and Yugoslav rule. Initial establishment in the 6th century. |
June 25, 1991 | ![]() |
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Independence secured on July 7, 1991 after victory in Ten-Day War. |
August 20, 1991 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1918. Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. |
August 24, 1991 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1917 as the ![]() |
August 27, 1991 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1917 as the ![]() |
August 30, 1991 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1918 as the ![]() |
August 31, 1991 | ![]() |
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Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. |
August 31, 1991 | ![]() |
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Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. |
September 9, 1991 | ![]() |
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Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. |
September 17, 1991 | ![]() |
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Name changed to North Macedonia in 2019. |
October 27, 1991 | ![]() |
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Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. |
November 5, 1991 | ![]() |
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Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. Largely unrecognized. |
November 23, 1991 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Russian and Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 331 BC. Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. Partially unrecognized. |
December 10, 1991 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1918 as the ![]() |
December 16, 1991 | ![]() |
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Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. Initial establishment in 1465. |
December 21, 1991 | ![]() |
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Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. Initial establishment in the late 9th century.[e][5][6][7][8][9] [10] Largely unrecognized. |
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Post–Cold War
More information Year, Previous entity ...
Year | Previous entity | Newly independent entity | Event |
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March 6, 1992 | ![]() |
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Restoration of independence after Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Yugoslav, and Croatian rule. Initial establishment in 1154. |
May 19, 1992 | ![]() |
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Largely unrecognized. |
July 23, 1992 | ![]() |
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Restoration of independence after Georgian, Russian, and Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 778. Largely unrecognized. |
January 1, 1993 | ![]() |
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Dissolution of Czechoslovakia. Initial establishment in 870. |
January 1, 1993 | ![]() |
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Dissolution of Czechoslovakia. Initial establishment in 1939. |
October 1, 1994 | ![]() |
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In free association with the United States |
May 20, 2002 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Indonesian occupation. Initial declaration of independence in 1975. |
June 3, 2006 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Yugoslav union. Initial establishment in 1516. |
June 3, 2006 | ![]() |
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Independence restored after Yugoslav union. Initial establishment in 780. |
June 14, 2007 | ![]() ![]() |
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Effectively operating as a separate state since Hamas takeover of government. Largely unrecognized. |
February 17, 2008 | ![]() |
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Previously existed from 1991-2000 as a proto-state, ![]() |
August 20, 2010 | ![]() |
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Largely unrecognized. |
July 9, 2011 | ![]() |
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Most recently recognized sovereign nation and 193rd UN member. |
September 21, 2014 | ![]() |
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Effectively operating as a separate state since Houthis takeover of government. Largely unrecognized. |
March 17, 2016 | ![]() |
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Largely unrecognized. |
October 1, 2017 | ![]() |
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Largely unrecognized. |
December 6, 2023 | ![]() |
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Largely unrecognized. |
April 1, 2024 | ![]() |
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Largely unrecognized. |
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Timeline of states established by means other than declaring independence
More information Year, Previous entity ...
Year | Previous entity | Newly established entity | Event |
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Possibly before 97 BC | Yamatai and Other small Japanese states. | ![]() |
Origins of the Japanese state are largely unknown. Traditional foundation date by Emperor Jimmu in 660 BC. Emperor Sujin is considered to be the earliest possible non-legendary emperor of Japan, began his reign c. 97 BC. |
c. 936 | Petty Kingdoms in Denmark | ![]() |
Likely date of Gorm the Old's accession as Denmark's first historically-confirmed king. |
c. 970 | Petty Kingdoms in Sweden | ![]() |
Likely date of Eric the Victorious's accession as Sweden's first historically-confirmed king. |
January 19, 1479 | ![]() ![]() |
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Exactly when Spain was united is debated, the date given here is when Ferdinand II of Aragon, husband to Isabella I of Castile, ascended to the Aragonese throne and the Catholic Monarchs began to govern Spain as a de facto single realm. Legally, Castile and Aragon maintained separate institutions until the Nueva Planta Decrees issued between 1707 and 1716, and Navarre maintained separate institutions until 1841. |
September 29, 1768 | ![]() |
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Prithvi Narayan Shah declares the establishment of the ![]() |
March 15, 1776 | Kingdoms of Phimai, Phitsanulok, Sawangkhaburi, and Nakhon Si Thammarat | ![]() |
Completion of the reunification of Siam by Taksin the Great. Initial establishment in 1238. |
March 3, 1781 | States of ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Articles of Confederation come into effect, establishing a federal government and uniting the previously sovereign states into a confederation. |
January 1, 1801 | ![]() ![]() |
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Acts of Union 1800 come into effect. Southern Ireland secedes in 1922. |
October 26, 1820 | ![]() ![]() |
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Haiti reunified after division following the death of Jean-Jacques Dessalines. Initial independence from France declared in 1804. |
January 24, 1859 | ![]() ![]() |
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Ottoman vassal until 1877. |
March 17, 1861 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy by Law No. 4761 of 1861. Venetia would be annexed in 1866, and Rome would be captured in 1870. |
October 29, 1923 | ![]() |
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Declaration of the Republic of Turkey, superseding the previous Ottoman state. |
December 22, 1932 | ![]() ![]() |
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Abolition of the dual monarchy of Nejd and Hejaz, which is superseded by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. |
October 25, 1945 | ![]() |
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Handover of Formosa on Retrocession Day by the Japanese Empire to the Republic of China, which has ruled the island ever since, having been exiled from the mainland after losing the Chinese Civil War. Largely unrecognized. |
April 26, 1964 | ![]() ![]() |
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Creation of Tanzania, whose name is a portmanteau of "Tan" from Tanganyika and "Zan" from Zanzibar, which was mutually accepted by both the Nyerere government and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. |
July 2, 1976 | ![]() ![]() |
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Reunified following the Vietnam War. Initial establishment in 2879 BC. |
May 22, 1990 | ![]() ![]() |
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Yemeni unification following colonial-era division between ![]() |
October 3, 1990 | ![]() ![]() |
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Germany reunified after Cold War-era division. Unification of the ![]() |
December 25, 1991 | ![]() |
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Supersedes the Soviet Union under international law, although the Russian SFSR declared indepndence on December 12, 1991. Initial establishment in 1547. |
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See also
Notes
- Although the Median dynasty was actually founded by its inaugural king Deioces in 700 BC, his son Phraortes would be the one who freed the Medes from Assyrian domination.
- Eligible for UN membership.
- Not a UN member state.
- De facto independent, but without formal foreign relations.
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References
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