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寒
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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See also: 寨
Translingual
Han character
寒 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 十廿金卜 (JTCY), four-corner 30303, composition ⿱𡨄⺀(GTJV) or ⿱𡨄冫(K))
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 289, character 9
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7239
- Dae Jaweon: page 572, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 941, character 6
- Unihan data for U+5BD2
Chinese
Glyph origin
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 宀 (“house”) + 人 (“person”) + 茻 (“grass”) – a person in a house, sleeping in the grass to protect from the cold. In some bronze inscriptions, 二 is added at the bottom of the character; this may simply be decorative or may represent a mat. In the seal script, 二 is changed to 仌 (“ice”) to emphasize its meaning of coldness.
Contrast 宿.
Etymology
Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hon4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): han1
- Eastern Min (BUC): hàng / gàng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hang2 / gua2 / guann2
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ghoe
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): han2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: hán
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hán
- Wade–Giles: han2
- Yale: hán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harn
- Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xän³⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хан (han, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xæ̃²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hon4
- Yale: hòhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: hon4
- Guangdong Romanization: hon4
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɔːn²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hòn
- Hakka Romanization System: honˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: hon2
- Sinological IPA: /hon¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: hon
- Sinological IPA: /hon⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: han1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /xæ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hàng / gàng
- Sinological IPA (key): /haŋ⁵³/, /kaŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- hàng - “cold; poor; to fear”;
- gàng - “affected by the cold; chilled”.
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: hang2
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: háng
- Sinological IPA (key): /haŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: hang2
- Sinological IPA (key): /haŋ²⁴/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gua2
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: guáⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /kua¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: guann2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kũã²⁴/
- (Putian)
- hang2 - literary;
- gua2/guann2 - vernacular.
- Southern Min
- hân - literary;
- kôaⁿ - vernacular;
- gân - vernacular (俗).
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hang5 / guan5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hâng / kuâⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /haŋ⁵⁵/, /kũã⁵⁵/
- (Teochew)
- hang5 - literary;
- guan5 - vernacular.
Note:
Note:
Note:
- Middle Chinese: han
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.[ɡ]ˤa[n]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːn/
Definitions
寒
- cold; wintry; chilly
- poor; poverty-stricken
- humble; petty and low
- desolate; deserted
- dreary; miserable
- withered; limp
- (humble) my
- 寒舍 ― hánshè ― (one's own) humble home
- to feel cold
- to fear; to dread
- winter
- cold weather; cold day or night
- (traditional Chinese medicine) cold; chill
- (～日) (telegraphy) the fourteenth day of a month
Synonyms
- (cold): 冷 (lěng)
Compounds
- 一寒如此
- 一暴十寒 (yīpùshíhán)
- 一曝十寒 (yīpù-shíhán)
- 不寒而慄 / 不寒而栗 (bùhán'érlì)
- 不寒而栗 (bùhán'érlì)
- 中寒
- 乍寒乍熱 / 乍寒乍热
- 乍暖還寒 / 乍暖还寒 (zhànuǎnhuánhán)
- 令人心寒
- 偷寒送暖
- 傷寒 / 伤寒 (shānghán)
- 傷寒論 / 伤寒论
- 內寒 / 内寒
- 再寒暑
- 冱寒
- 凍寒 / 冻寒
- 凝寒
- 別後寒溫 / 别后寒温
- 北寒帶 / 北寒带 (Běihándài)
- 十年寒窗
- 十載寒窗 / 十载寒窗
- 受寒 (shòuhán)
- 問寒問暖 / 问寒问暖 (wènhánwènnuǎn)
- 單寒 / 单寒
- 啼飢號寒 / 啼饥号寒 (tíjīháohán)
- 噓寒問暖 / 嘘寒问暖 (xūhánwènnuǎn)
- 噤若寒蟬 / 噤若寒蝉 (jìnruòhánchán)
- 嚴寒 / 严寒 (yánhán)
- 大寒 (Dàhán)
- 天寒
- 天寒地凍 / 天寒地冻 (tiānhándìdòng)
- 嫩寒
- 嬌寒 / 娇寒
- 孤寒 (gūhán)
- 家寒
- 家道貧寒 / 家道贫寒
- 寒不擇衣 / 寒不择衣
- 寒乞
- 寒事
- 寒人
- 寒來暑往 / 寒来暑往
- 寒俊
- 寒假 (hánjià)
- 寒傖 / 寒伧 (hánchen)
- 寒傖相 / 寒伧相
- 寒光
- 寒具
- 寒冬 (hándōng)
- 寒冬臘月 / 寒冬腊月 (hándōnglàyuè)
- 寒冷 (hánlěng)
- 寒厥
- 寒噤 (hánjìn)
- 寒地訓練 / 寒地训练
- 寒垣
- 寒塵 / 寒尘
- 寒士 (hánshì)
- 寒天 (hántiān)
- 寒女
- 寒官
- 寒害
- 寒家
- 寒山 (hánshān)
- 寒山子
- 寒山寺
- 寒峭
- 寒帶 / 寒带 (hándài)
- 寒帶氣候 / 寒带气候
- 寒微 (hánwēi)
- 寒微簡陋 / 寒微简陋
- 寒心 (hánxīn)
- 寒心酸鼻
- 寒怯
- 寒意 (hányì)
- 寒慄 / 寒栗
- 寒慘慘 / 寒惨惨
- 寒戰 / 寒战 (hánzhàn)
- 寒抖抖
- 寒星
- 寒暑 (hánshǔ)
- 寒暑推移
- 寒暑表 (hánshǔbiǎo)
- 寒暄 (hánxuān)
- 寒暄書 / 寒暄书
- 寒暖色
- 寒木春華 / 寒木春华
- 寒林 (hánlín)
- 寒梅 (hánméi)
- 寒森森
- 寒武系
- 寒武紀 / 寒武纪 (Hánwǔ Jì)
- 寒毛 (hánmáo)
- 寒毛直豎 / 寒毛直竖
- 寒氈一席 / 寒毡一席
- 寒氣 / 寒气 (hánqì)
- 寒氣襲人 / 寒气袭人
- 寒氣逼人 / 寒气逼人
- 寒沍
- 寒泉之思
- 寒流 (hánliú)
- 寒浞
- 寒涼 / 寒凉 (hánliáng)
- 寒溫 / 寒温 (hánwēn)
- 寒溫序 / 寒温序
- 寒潮 (háncháo)
- 寒灰
- 寒熱 / 寒热 (hánrè)
- 寒燠
- 寒玉
- 寒璧
- 寒瓜
- 寒畯
- 寒症
- 寒痹
- 寒瘧 / 寒疟
- 寒盟
- 寒相
- 寒砧
- 寒磣 / 寒碜 (hánchen)
- 寒禁
- 寒秋
- 寒窗 (hánchuāng)
- 寒第
- 寒粟子
- 寒素
- 寒羞
- 寒翼龍 / 寒翼龙 (hányìlóng)
- 寒耕暑耘
- 寒耕熱耘 / 寒耕热耘
- 寒肅 / 寒肃
- 寒腿 (hántuǐ)
- 寒舍 (hánshè)
- 寒色 (hánsè)
- 寒花晚節 / 寒花晚节
- 寒苦
- 寒荊 / 寒荆
- 寒著 (hòn-tó)
- 寒薄
- 寒號蟲 / 寒号虫 (hánháochóng)
- 寒蛩
- 寒蜩
- 寒螿 / 寒螀
- 寒蟬 / 寒蝉 (hánchán)
- 寒蟬仗馬 / 寒蝉仗马
- 寒蠢
- 寒衣
- 寒衣節 / 寒衣节
- 寒訓 / 寒训
- 寒證 / 寒证
- 寒賤 / 寒贱
- 寒酸 (hánsuān)
- 寒酸措大
- 寒門 / 寒门 (hánmén)
- 寒門飲恨 / 寒门饮恨
- 寒霜
- 寒露 (Hánlù)
- 寒顫 / 寒颤 (hánzhàn)
- 寒風 / 寒风 (hánfēng)
- 寒風刺骨 / 寒风刺骨
- 寒風砭骨 / 寒风砭骨
- 寒飆 / 寒飙
- 寒食 (hánshí)
- 寒食節 / 寒食节 (Hánshíjié)
- 寒鴉 / 寒鸦 (hányā)
- 小寒 (Xiǎohán)
- 小寒食
- 屍骨早寒 / 尸骨早寒
- 屍骨未寒 / 尸骨未寒 (shīgǔwèihán)
- 島瘦郊寒 / 岛瘦郊寒
- 廣寒 / 广寒 (guǎnghán)
- 廣寒仙子 / 广寒仙子
- 廣寒宮 / 广寒宫 (Guǎnghángōng)
- 心如寒灰
- 心寒 (xīnhán)
- 心寒膽戰 / 心寒胆战
- 心寒膽碎 / 心寒胆碎
- 心寒膽落 / 心寒胆落
- 心膽俱寒 / 心胆俱寒
- 心驚膽寒 / 心惊胆寒
- 惡寒 / 恶寒
- 打寒
- 打寒噤
- 打寒戰 / 打寒战 (dǎhánzhàn)
- 斑疹傷寒 / 斑疹伤寒 (bānzhěn shānghán)
- 易水寒
- 春寒料峭
- 暑來寒往 / 暑来寒往
- 暑往寒來 / 暑往寒来
- 暖寒會 / 暖寒会
- 枕冷衾寒
- 歇寒 (hioh-kôaⁿ) (Min Nan)
- 歲寒 / 岁寒 (suìhán)
- 歲寒三友 / 岁寒三友 (suìhánsānyǒu)
- 歲寒不凋 / 岁寒不凋
- 歲寒松柏 / 岁寒松柏
- 沁寒
- 消寒圖 / 消寒图
- 消寒會 / 消寒会
- 清寒 (qīnghán)
- 清寒子弟
- 漠漠寒
- 濟寒賑貧 / 济寒赈贫
- 燠寒
- 發脾寒 / 发脾寒
- 白屋寒門 / 白屋寒门
- 盛暑祁寒
- 盪寒 / 荡寒
- 破膽寒心 / 破胆寒心
- 祁寒
- 祁寒暑雨
- 祁寒溽暑
- 祛寒
- 禦寒 / 御寒 (yùhán)
- 秋月寒江
- 耐寒 (nàihán)
- 脣亡齒寒 / 唇亡齿寒 (chúnwángchǐhán)
- 脾寒
- 腸傷寒 / 肠伤寒
- 膽寒 / 胆寒 (dǎnhán)
- 膽戰心寒 / 胆战心寒
- 膽破心寒 / 胆破心寒
- 膽顫心寒 / 胆颤心寒
- 自同寒蟬 / 自同寒蝉
- 芒寒色正
- 苦寒 (kǔhán)
- 苦寒行
- 薄祚寒門 / 薄祚寒门
- 號寒啼飢 / 号寒啼饥 (háohántíjī)
- 衾寒枕冷
- 貧寒 / 贫寒 (pínhán)
- 貧寒出身 / 贫寒出身
- 輕寒 / 轻寒
- 送暖偷寒
- 避寒 (bìhán)
- 郊寒島瘦 / 郊寒岛瘦
- 酸寒
- 酷寒
- 陰勝則寒 / 阴胜则寒
- 陰寒 / 阴寒
- 隆寒
- 顛寒作熱 / 颠寒作热
- 風寒 / 风寒 (fēnghán)
- 風寒紗縵 / 风寒纱缦
- 飢寒 / 饥寒 (jīhán)
- 飢寒交切 / 饥寒交切
- 飢寒交迫 / 饥寒交迫 (jīhánjiāopò)
- 骨肉未寒
- 高寒
Further reading
- “寒”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
- “寒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
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