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川
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
Han character
川 (Kangxi radical 47, 巛+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 中中中 (LLL), four-corner 22000, composition ⿲丿丨丨)
Derived characters
Descendants
- つ (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
- ツ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 323, character 23
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8673
- Dae Jaweon: page 624, character 7
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 32, character 2
- Unihan data for U+5DDD
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Chinese
Glyph origin
Etymology
The Middle and Old Chinese reconstruction of this word is phonologically problematic (STEDT):
- Karlgren (1957) notes that the Middle Chinese form is irregular based on evidence from Shijing rimes.
- Based on velar contacts in the same phonetic series, e.g. 巛, 甽 and 訓, Baxter (1992) and Schuessler (2007) reconstruct the word with a velar initial (Handel, 1998; Sagart, 1999), which undergoes irregular palatalization in the development to Middle Chinese (Baxter, 1992).
- Based on other characters in the same phonetic series, e.g. 順 and 馴, Sagart (1999), and later, Baxter and Sagart (2014), reconstructs 川 with a lateral initial and suggests that only a *t- prefix would account for the Middle Chinese initial /t͡ɕʰ/.
Schuessler (2007) relates this word to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river; valley”), whence 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”), 谷 (OC *kloːɡ, “valley”), Tibetan ཀླུང (klung, “river”), Burmese ချောင်း (hkyaung:, “stream”). STEDT notes that this does not account for the *-n coda.
STEDT instead compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s (“water; fluid; liquid; river; soak; spit”), whence 涕 (OC *tʰiːlʔ, “tears”), Proto-Kuki-Chin *tuj (“water; fluid; liquid”), Chepang तीः (“water; rain; river”); this depends on a reconstruction with a dental initial and requires positing an *‑n suffix not present in Tibeto-Burman languages.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cuan1
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): pfǎn
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чүан (čüan, I)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): cyun1
- (Dongguan, Jyutping++): coen1
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): cun1
- Gan (Wiktionary): con1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): cuan1
- Northern Min (KCR): chṳ́ing
- Eastern Min (BUC): chuŏng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): coeng1 / cyoeng1 / cuei1 / cuinn1
- Southern Min
- Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): cyun1
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 1tshoe / 1tshuon
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): qyenn1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: chuān
- Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄢ
- Tongyong Pinyin: chuan
- Wade–Giles: chʻuan1
- Yale: chwān
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chuan
- Palladius: чуань (čuanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: cuan1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cuan
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰuan⁵⁵/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: pfǎn
- Sinological IPA (key): /p͡fʰã²¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чүан (čüan, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰyæ̃²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: cyun1
- Yale: chyūn
- Cantonese Pinyin: tsyn1
- Guangdong Romanization: qun1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
- Jyutping++: coen1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰøn²¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: cun1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰun³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: con1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɵn⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhôn
- Hakka Romanization System: conˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: con1
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰon²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: chonˋ
- Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰon⁵³/
- (Meixian)
- (Changting)
- Changting Pinyin: chung1
- Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰuŋ³³/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: cuan1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰuæ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: chṳ́ing
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰyiŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: chuŏng
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰuoŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: coeng1
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: che̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰœŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: cyoeng1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: cuei1
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: choiⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰuei⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: cuinn1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰũĩ⁵⁴⁴/
- (Putian)
Note:
- coeng1/cyoeng1 - literary;
- cuei1/cuinn1 - vernacular (only used in 尻川).
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Yongchun, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Zhangpu)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soan
- Tâi-lô: suan
- Phofsit Daibuun: soafn
- IPA (Zhangpu): /suan⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Yongchun, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhuiⁿ
- Tâi-lô: tshuinn
- Phofsit Daibuun: zhvuy
- IPA (Zhangzhou, Yilan): /t͡sʰuĩ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangpu)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: suiⁿ
- Tâi-lô: suinn
- Phofsit Daibuun: svuy
- IPA (Zhangpu): /suĩ⁵⁵/
- chhoan/soan - literary;
- chhng/chhuiⁿ/suiⁿ - vernacular (only used in 尻川).
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: cuang1 / cuêng1 / ceng1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshuang / tshueng / tshṳng
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰuaŋ³³/, /t͡sʰueŋ³³/, /t͡sʰɯŋ³³/
- (Teochew)
- cuang1/cuêng1 - literary (cuêng1 - Chaozhou);
- ceng1 - vernacular (only used in 尻川).
- qieng1 - literary;
- cui1 - vernacular (only used in 尻川).
- Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Jyutping++: cyun1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰyn⁵³/
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: qyenn1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰy̯ẽ³³/
- (Changsha)
Note:
Note:
Note:
- Middle Chinese: tsyhwen
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*t.l̥u[n]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kʰjon/
Definitions
川
- (archaic, poetic) river; stream; brook
- 川流不息 ― chuānliúbùxī ― to flow continuously
- 子在川上，曰：「逝者如斯夫！不舍晝夜。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐ zài chuān shàng, yuē: “Shì zhě rúsī fū! Bù shè zhòuyè.” [Pinyin]
- The Master standing by a stream, said, "It passes on just like this, not ceasing day or night!"
子在川上，曰：「逝者如斯夫！不舍昼夜。」 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
- (archaic, poetic) plain
- short for 四川 (Sìchuān, “Sichuan Province, China”)
- 川菜 ― chuāncài ― Sichuan cuisine
- (Taiwanese Mandarin) to boil briefly
- (colloquial) alternative form of 穿 (chuān)
- (Internet slang) short for 川普 (Chuānpǔ, “Donald Trump”)
- a surname
See also
Compounds
- 一川
- 一馬平川 / 一马平川 (yīmǎpíngchuān)
- 三川
- 中川 (Zhōngchuān)
- 九川
- 乾川 / 干川
- 二川
- 伊川 (Yīchuān)
- 伊川先生
- 伊川翁
- 信濃川 / 信浓川
- 傍矣川
- 兩川 / 两川
- 八川
- 八水三川
- 共川鼻飲 / 共川鼻饮
- 冰川 (bīngchuān)
- 冰川期 (bīngchuānqī)
- 利川 (Lìchuān)
- 利川小曲
- 南川 (Nánchuān)
- 口壅若川
- 口川
- 名山勝川 / 名山胜川
- 名山大川 (míngshāndàchuān)
- 名川
- 吳川 / 吴川 (Wúchuān)
- 吸川
- 四川 (Sìchuān)
- 四川盆地 (Sìchuān Péndì)
- 四川胡椒 (Sìchuān hújiāo)
- 回川
- 地平川
- 均川 (Jūnchuān)
- 大川 (dàchuān)
- 大金川
- 大陸冰川 / 大陆冰川
- 婺川
- 媚川都
- 寒川
- 小川 (Xiǎochuān)
- 山崩川竭
- 山川 (shānchuān)
- 山川米聚
- 山止川行
- 巖居川觀 / 岩居川观
- 川人
- 川光
- 川劇 / 川剧 (chuānjù)
- 川原
- 川口 (Chuānkǒu)
- 川吏
- 川后
- 川土
- 川地
- 川坻
- 川域
- 川堂
- 川塗 / 川涂 (chuāntú)
- 川塞
- 川境
- 川壑
- 川奠
- 川守
- 川室
- 川岑
- 川岡 / 川冈
- 川岫
- 川岳
- 川崎 (Chuānqí)
- 川崎症
- 川嶽 / 川岳
- 川巖 / 川岩
- 川川
- 川師 / 川师
- 川府
- 川店 (Chuāndiàn)
- 川底下 (Chuāndǐxià)
- 川柳
- 川梁
- 川椒
- 川歸 / 川归
- 川氣 / 川气
- 川水
- 川沚
- 川河
- 川流
- 川流不息 (chuānliúbùxī)
- 川涂 (chuāntú)
- 川渚
- 川湄
- 川游
- 川渟嶽峙 / 川渟岳峙
- 川澤 / 川泽 (chuānzé)
- 川澤納汙 / 川泽纳污
- 川瀆 / 川渎
- 川甽
- 川界
- 川砥
- 川祇
- 川禽
- 川程
- 川穀 / 川谷
- 川紅 / 川红
- 川色
- 川芎
- 川華 / 川华
- 川藪 / 川薮
- 川蜀
- 川衡
- 川谷
- 川貝 / 川贝 (chuānbèi)
- 川貨 / 川货
- 川費 / 川费 (chuānfèi)
- 川資 / 川资 (chuānzī)
- 川路
- 川軍 / 川军
- 川途 (chuāntú)
- 川連 / 川连
- 川逝
- 川阜
- 川防
- 川陸 / 川陆
- 川靈 / 川灵
- 川館 / 川馆
- 川騖 / 川骛
- 川鱗 / 川鳞
- 川鹽 / 川盐
- 川墨
- 川黨 / 川党
- 巨川
- 巨川材
- 常川 (chángchuān)
- 平川 (píngchuān)
- 徂川
- 德川 (Déchuān)
- 德川幕府 (Déchuān Mùfǔ)
- 支川
- 斜川
- 星宿川
- 晴川
- 晴川閣 / 晴川阁
- 枝川
- 梅川 (Méichuān)
- 樊川
- 樊川翁
- 橫川 / 横川
- 武陵川
- 江川 (jiāngchuān)
- 汶川 (Wènchuān)
- 沈釀川
- 汶陽川 / 汶阳川
- 泗川
- 河川 (héchuān)
- 河川襲奪 / 河川袭夺
- 洛川 (Luòchuān)
- 流川
- 流血成川
- 涇川 / 泾川 (Jīngchuān)
- 海川螺
- 淅川 (Xīchuān)
- 渭川
- 湘川
- 渭川千畝 / 渭川千亩
- 潁川 / 颍川 (Yǐngchuān)
- 漢川 / 汉川 (Hànchuān)
- 潁川四長 / 颍川四长
- 潁川集 / 颍川集
- 濟川 / 济川
- 濬川
- 玄川
- 玉川
- 玉川奴
- 玉川子
- 玉雞川 / 玉鸡川
- 琴川
- 瑤川 / 瑶川
- 瘴川花
- 百二山川
- 百川 (bǎichuān)
- 百川學海 / 百川学海
- 百川朝海
- 百川歸海 / 百川归海 (bǎichuānguīhǎi)
- 盤川 / 盘川 (pánchuān)
- 眠川
- 眾川赴海 / 众川赴海
- 禊川
- 秦川
- 秦川女
- 稚川
- 穰川
- 簞醪投川 / 箪醪投川
- 米糧川 / 米粮川 (mǐliángchuān)
- 經川 / 经川
- 綠川 / 绿川
- 練川三老 / 练川三老
- 臨川 / 临川 (línchuān)
- 臨川四夢 / 临川四梦
- 臨川派 / 临川派
- 臨川羡魚 / 临川羡鱼
- 臨川羨魚 / 临川羡鱼
- 芥川賞 / 芥川赏
- 荊川集 / 荆川集
- 蛉川
- 蛟川
- 蜀川
- 行川
- 裸川
- 謝臨川 / 谢临川
- 跋履山川
- 跋山涉川
- 跋涉山川
- 輞川 / 辋川 (Wǎngchuān)
- 輞川圖 / 辋川图
- 迷川
- 迴川 / 回川
- 通川
- 逝川
- 遼川 / 辽川
- 邢川 (Xíngchuān)
- 金川 (Jīnchuān)
- 釣川 / 钓川
- 銀川 / 银川 (Yínchuān)
- 錦川 / 锦川
- 鎮川 / 镇川 (Zhènchuān)
- 鏡川 / 镜川
- 長川 / 长川 (chángchuān)
- 閩川 / 闽川
- 閱川 / 阅川
- 防川 (Fángchuān)
- 陸川 / 陆川 (Lùchuān)
- 隄川
- 雲川 / 云川 (yúnchuān)
- 雲貴川 / 云贵川 (Yúnguìchuān)
- 霅川
- 霞川
- 霸川
- 靈川 / 灵川 (Língchuān)
- 青川 (Qīngchuān)
- 驚川 / 惊川
- 魏國山川 / 魏国山川
- 麓川
- 麗川 / 丽川
References
- “川”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- 周存 [Zhōu, Cún], editor (2023), “川”, in 长汀话词典 CHANGTINGHUA CIDIAN [Dictionary of Changting Dialect] (overall work in Hakka and Mandarin), Guangzhou: 世界图书出版有限公司 [World Book Publishing Co., Ltd.], →ISBN, page 87.
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