dir

See also: Appendix:Variations of "dir"

Translingual

Symbol

dir

1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Dirim.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Dirim terms

English

Alternative forms

• dir.

Noun

dir (plural dirs)

1. Abbreviation of direction.
2. (computing) Abbreviation of directory.
3. Abbreviation of director.

Adjective

dir (not comparable)

1. Abbreviation of direct.

Adverb

dir

1. Abbreviation of directly.

Anagrams

• D.R.I., IDR, RID, DRI, rid

Aragonese

Etymology

From Latin dicere.

Verb

dir

1. to say

Asturian

Etymology

Inherited from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /b/ derive from corresponding conjugations of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from forms of Latin esse.

Verb

dir

1. to go

Conjugation

Conjugation of dir

infinitive		dir
gerundive		diendo
participle		m díu, f día, n dío, m pl díos, f pl díes
person		first singular yo	second singular tu	third singular él/elli	first plural nosotros/nós	second plural vosotros/vós	third plural ellos
indicative	present	vo/voi	vas	va	vamos	vais	van
	imperfect	diba	dibes	diba	díbamos/díbemos	dibais/dibeis	diben
	preterite	fui	fosti/fuesti/fuisti	fo/foi	fomos/fuemos/fuimos	fostis/fuestis/fuistis	foron/fueron
	pluperfect	fora/fore/fuera/fuere	foras/fores/fueras/fueres	fora/fore/fuera/fuere	fóramos/fóremos/fuéramos/fuéremos	forais/foreis/fuerais/fuereis	foran/foren/fueran/fueren
	future	diré	dirás	dirá	diremos	diréis	dirán
	conditional	diría	diríes	diría	diríamos/diríemos	diríais/diríeis	diríen
subjunctive	present	fora/vaiga/vaya	foras/vaigas/vayas	fora/vaiga/vaya	vaigamos/vayamos	vaigáis/vayáis	foran/vaigan/vayan
	imperfect	fora/fore/fuera/fuere	foras/fores/fueras/fueres	fora/fore/fuera/fuere	fóramos/fóremos/fuéramos/fuéremos	forais/foreis/fuerais/fuereis	foran/foren/fueran/fueren
imperative			ve			díi

• From OSLIN-AST Lexicón abiertu de la llingua asturiana .

Bavarian

Pronoun

dir

1. alternative spelling of dia (“you”, dative)

Breton

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /diʁ/

Noun

dir m

1. steel

Catalan

Alternative forms

• dire (Northern, Alghero)
• diure (Alghero)

Etymology

Inherited from Latin dīcere, from Proto-Italic *deikō, from Proto-Indo-European *déyḱti (“to show, point out”). Compare Occitan dire or díser, French dire, and Spanish decir.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ˈdi]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈdiɾ]

• Audio (Catalonia):

  (file)

Verb

dir (first-person singular present dic, first-person singular preterite diguí, past participle dit)

1. (transitive, intransitive) to say, to pronounce
2. (transitive) to say, to tell

   Va dir una mentida.

   She told a lie.

   El dèiem que cuinés el sopar.

   We told him to cook dinner.

3. (transitive) to call, to refer to as
4. (reflexive) to be named, to be called

   Com et dius? ― What's your name?

Conjugation

    Conjugation of dir (mixed conjugation, irregular, with velar infix)

infinitive			dir
gerund			dient
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		dit		dita
		plural		dits		dites
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	dic	dius	diu	diem	dieu	diuen
	imperfect	deia	deies	deia	dèiem	dèieu	deien
	future	diré	diràs	dirà	direm	direu	diran
	preterite	diguí	digueres	digué	diguérem	diguéreu	digueren
	conditional	diria	diries	diria	diríem	diríeu	dirien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	digui	diguis	digui	diguem	digueu	diguin
	imperfect	digués	diguessis	digués	diguéssim	diguéssiu	diguessin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	digues	digui	diguem	digueu	diguin
	negative (no)	—	no diguis	no digui	no diguem	no digueu	no diguin

Balearic has deis and Valencian has dis as the second-person plural present indicative form. This is similar to French dire having dites as the standard form instead of the expected disez, and contemporary Italian dire having dite as the standard form in place of the expected dicete.

Derived terms

• dir-se
• com et dius
• és a dir
• voler dir

Related terms

• dicció
• dictar
• entredir

Further reading

• “dir”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007
• “dir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
• “dir” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “dir” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

German

Alternative forms

• Dir

Etymology

From Middle High German dir, from Old High German dir, from Proto-West Germanic *þiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *þiz.

Pronunciation

• (standard) IPA^(key): /diːɐ̯/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -iːɐ̯
• (colloquially in unstressed position) IPA^(key): /dɐ/, /də/

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

  (file)

Pronoun

dir

1. (personal) dative of du; you, to you.
2. (reflexive pronoun) dative of du; yourself, to yourself.

Further reading

• “dir” in Duden online

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From French dire (“to say”).

Verb

dir

1. (Saint-Domingue) to say, to tell

   Mo prié vou tant seulement vou pas dir personne à rien. ― I just ask that you don't tell anyone a thing.

Descendants

• Haitian Creole: di

References

• S.J Ducoeurjoly, Manuel des habitans de Saint-Domingue, contenant un précis de l'histoire de cette île

Italian

Verb

dir (apocopated)

1. apocopic form of dire

Luxembourgish

Alternative forms

• der (unstressed)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /diːr/, [diə̯], [ˈdiː.ɐ]
• Rhymes: -iːə
• Homophones: dier, Dier, Dir

Etymology 1

From Old High German dir.

Pronoun

dir

1. second-person singular, dative: you; thee

   Ech hunn dir e Bréif geschéckt.

   I have sent you a letter.

Etymology 2

From Old High German ir. The d- is through unetymological segmentation of the ending -t of a preceding verb (*stitt ir → *stiddir → stitt dir). This development was assisted by a parallelism with the 1st person, in which the dative singular mir is also the nominative plural (this latter development occurred for a similar reason, but was earlier and is widespread throughout High German).

Pronoun

dir

1. second-person plural, nominative: you; you all; ye

   Hutt dir gutt geschlof?

   Have you slept well?

Derived terms

• Dir (singular and plural polite form)

Declension

Luxembourgish personal pronouns

				nominative		accusative		dative		reflexive
				stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed
singular	1st person			ech	—	mech	—	mir	mer	like dat. and acc.
	2nd person	informal		du	de	dech	—	dir	der	like dat. and acc.
		formal		Dir	Der	Iech	Iech [əɕ]	Iech	Iech [əɕ]	Iech
	3rd person		m	hien	en	hien	en	him	em	sech
			f	si	se	si	se	hir	er	sech
			n	hatt	et ('t)	hatt	et ('t)	him	em	sech
plural	1st person			mir	mer	eis (ons)	—	eis (ons)	—	eis (ons)
	2nd person			dir	der	iech	iech [əɕ]	iech	iech [əɕ]	iech
	3rd person			si	se	si	se	hinnen	en	sech

Old Occitan

Alternative forms

• dire

Etymology

From a contraction of Latin dīcō, dīcere.

Verb

dir

1. to say

Descendants

• Occitan: dire, díder, díser

Pennsylvania German

Etymology

From Middle High German dir, from Old High German dir, from Proto-West Germanic *þiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *þiz. Compare German dir.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /diːɐ̯/

Pronoun

dir

1. dative of du: you, to you

Declension

Pennsylvania German personal pronouns

Number	singular						plural
Person/ Gender	1st	2nd person		3rd person			1st	2nd	3rd
		familiar	polite/formal	m	f	n
nominative	ich	du de1	dihr der1 Sie	er	sie se1	es	mir mer1	dihr der1	sie
dative	mir mer1	dir der1	eich Ihne Ne1	ihm em1	ihre re1	ihm em1	uns	eich	ihne ne1
accusative	mich	dich	eich Sie	ihn en1	sie se1	es			sie

¹ unstressed

Romansch

Etymology 1

From Latin dūrus.

Adjective

dir m (feminine singular dira, masculine plural dirs, feminine plural diras)

1. (Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Rumantsch Grischun) hard

Alternative forms

• deir (Surmiran)
• dür (Puter, Vallader)

Etymology 2

From a contraction of Latin dīcō, dīcere, from Proto-Italic *deikō, from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show, point out”). The origin of some forms starting with sch- likely result from regular elisions of unstressed syllables: dīcēbam → *dcéβa → scheva.

Verb

dir

1. to say

Conjugation

    Conjugation of dir (Grischun)

infinitive			dir
gerund			schend
past participle			ditg
	singular			plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative	jeu	ti	el/ella	nus	vus	els/ellas
present	di	dis	di	schain	schais	din
imperfect	scheva	schevas	scheva	schevan	schevas	schevan
future	vegnel a dir	vegns a dir	vegn a dir	vegnin a dir	vegnis a dir	vegnan a dir
conditional	jeu	ti	el/ella	nus	vus	els/ellas
present	schess	schesses	schess	schessen	schesses	schessen
future	vegness a dir	vegnesses a dir	vegness a dir	vegnessen a dir	vegnesses a dir	vegnessen a dir
subjunctive	che jeu	che ti	ch'el/ch'ella	che nus	che vus	ch'els/ch'ellas
present	dia	dias	dia	dian	dias	dian
future	vegni a dir	vegnies a dir	vegni a dir	vegnîen a dir	vegnîes a dir	vegnien a dir
imperative	—	ti	—	—	vus	—
		di			schai

    Conjugation of dir (Sursilvan)

infinitive			dir
gerund			dend
past participle			detg
	singular			plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative	jeu	ti	el/ella	nus	vus	els/ellas
present	ditgel	dias	di	schein	scheis	dian
imperfect	devel	devas	deva	devan	devas	devan
future	vegnel a dir	vegns a dir	vegn a dir	vegnin a dir	vegnis a dir	vegnan a dir
conditional	jeu	ti	el/ella	nus	vus	els/ellas
direct present	schess	schesses	schess	schessen	schesses	schessen
indirect present	schessi	schessies	schessi	schessien	schessies	schessien
direct future	vegness a dir	vegnesses a dir	vegness a dir	vegnessen a dir	vegnesses a dir	vegnessen a dir
indirect future	vegnessi a dir	vegnessies a dir	vegnessi a dir	vegnessien a dir	vegnessies a dir	vegnessien a dir
subjunctive	che jeu	che ti	ch'el/ch'ella	che nus	che vus	ch'els/ch'ellas
present	ditgi	ditgies	ditgi	scheien	scheies	ditgien
past	devi	devies	devi	devien	devies	devien
future	vegni a dir	vegnies a dir	vegni a dir	vegnîen a dir	vegnîes a dir	vegnien a dir
imperative	—	ti	—	—	vus	—
		di			schei

Alternative forms

• dir (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Puter, Vallader)
• gir (Sutsilvan)
• deir (Surmiran)

Etymology 3

Noun

dir m (plural dirs)

1. (anatomy, Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan) liver

Alternative forms

• deir (Surmiran)

Synonyms

• (Rumantsch Grischun, Vallader) gnirom
• (Surmiran) nirom
• (Puter) gniram
• (Puter) fio

Somali

Verb

dir

1. send

Tolai

Pronoun

dir

1. Third-person dual pronoun: they two, them two

Declension

Tolai personal pronouns

	singular	dual	paucal	plural
1st person exclusive	iau	amir mir	amital mital	avet ave1
1st person inclusive	-	dor	datal	dat da1
2nd person	u	amur mur	amutal mutal	avat ava1
3rd person	ia i	dir di	dital	diat dia1

¹⁾ The plural pronouns lose the final -t when preceding a verb.

Venetan

Etymology

From a contraction of Latin dīcere (compare Italian dire), present active infinitive of dīcō.

Verb

dir

1. (transitive) to say, tell
2. (transitive) to affirm

Conjugation

* Venetan conjugation varies from one region to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.

Conjugation of dir (second conjugation, irregular)

infinitive	dir
auxiliary verb		aver	gerund		déndo
past participle		dito, dixésto
person	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	mi	ti	eło / eła	noialtri / noialtre	voialtri / voialtre	łuri / łore
present	do	(te) di, (te) dixi	(el/ła) de	démo	dì	(i/łe) de
imperfect	déa	(te) divi, (te) dixivi	(el/ła) déa	dévimo	divi	(i/łe) déa
future	darò	(te) darè	(el/ła) darà	darémo	darè	(i/łe) darà
conditional	darìa	(te) darisi	(el/ła) darìa	darìsimo	darisi	(i/łe) darìa
subjunctive	che mi	che ti	che eło / eła	che noialtri / noialtre	che voialtri / voialtre	che łuri / łore
present	da	(te) di	(el/ła) da	démo	dì	(i/łe) da
imperfect	dése	(te) disi	(el/ła) dése	désimo	disi	(i/łe) dése
imperative	—	ti	eło / eła	noialtri / noialtre	voialtri / voialtre	łuri / łore
	—	(te) di	(el/ła) da	démo	dì	(i/łe) da

Welsh

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /diːr/
• Homophone: dur (South Wales)

Etymology 1

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “GPC suggests cognacy with Latin dūrus but this has a disputed etymology of its own”

Adjective

dir (feminine singular dir, plural dir, equative dired, comparative dirach, superlative diraf)

1. (obsolete) sure, certain, true

   Synonyms: sicr, gwir, gwirioneddol

2. (obsolete) inevitable, inexorable

   Synonyms: anochel, anorfod

Derived terms

• dirio (“to compel”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of dir

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
dir	ddir	nir	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

dir

1. soft mutation of tir (“land”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of tir

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
tir	dir	nhir	thir

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• D. G. Lewis, N. Lewis, editors (2005–present), “dir”, in Gweiadur: the Welsh–English Dictionary, Gwerin
• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “dir”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies