Sweden

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Sweden
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Sweden, ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar Turai. Sweden tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita murabba'i 450,295. Sweden tana da yawan jama'a 10,065,389, bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2017. Sweden tana da iyaka da Norway kuma da Finland. Babban birnin Sweden shine: Stockholm.

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Tutar Sweden.
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Sweden ta samu yancin kanta a farkon karni na sha biyu.

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    Gidan adana kayan Tarihi
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    Brakelund Ground
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    Hercules fountain (Drottningholm), Sweden
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    Ales stenar, Sweden
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    Tashar jirgin kasa na Akalla metro a kasar Sweden
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    Globen
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    Band Lund a 2015
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    File:Hammarbykanalen a January 2015
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Asalin sunanta

Babban labarin: Sunan Sweden An yarda da sunan Sweden gabaɗaya don samo shi daga tushen Proto-Indo-Turai *s(w)e, ma'ana 'nasa', yana nufin ƙabilar mutum daga zamanin ƙabila.,[1] [2] ,[3] ] Sunan ɗan asalin Sweden, Sverige (wani fili na kalmomin Svea da rike, an fara rubuta su a cikin cognate Swēorice a cikin Beowulf), [4] yana fassara a matsayin "daular Swedes", wanda ya keɓe Geats a Götaland.

Bambancin Ingilishi na zamani an samo shi a cikin karni na 17 daga tsakiyar Yaren mutanen Holland da Tsakiyar Ƙasar Jamus. Tun daga shekara ta 1287, ana samun nassoshi a cikin tsakiyar Yaren mutanen Holland suna magana akan lande van sweden ("ƙasar [Swedes]"), tare da swede a matsayin nau'i ɗaya[5] A cikin Tsohon Turanci an san ƙasar da Swéoland ko Swíoríce, kuma a cikin Ingilishi na Farko na zamani a matsayin Swedeland.[6] ] Wasu harsunan Finnish, kamar Finnish da Estoniya, suna amfani da kalmomin Ruotsi da Rootsi; Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna nufin mutanen Rus waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan bakin teku na Roslagen a Uppland kuma waɗanda suka ba da suna ga Rasha[7] [8]

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Tarihi

Babban labarin: Tarihin Sweden Tarihi Babban labarin: Prehistoric Sweden

Kwalkwali na zamanin Vendel, a gidan kayan tarihi na al'adun gargajiya na Sweden Tarihin farko na Sweden ya fara a cikin Allerød oscillation, lokacin dumi a kusa da 12,000 BC, [9] tare da sansanonin farauta na Late Palaeolithic na al'adun Bromme a gefen kankara a cikin abin da yanzu shine lardin kudu na ƙasar, Scania. Wannan lokacin yana da ƙananan dangi na mafarauta waɗanda suka dogara da fasahar dutse.[10]

Masanin tarihin Romawa Publius Cornelius Tacitus ne ya fara bayanin Sweden da mutanenta a cikin Jamusanci (98 AD).[11] A cikin Germania 44 da 45 ya ambaci Swedes (Suiones) a matsayin kabila mai ƙarfi tare da jiragen ruwa waɗanda ke da tasiri a kowane ƙarshen (dogon tafiya).,[12] Waɗanne sarakuna ne (* kuningaz) suka yi mulkin waɗannan Suiones ba a san su ba, amma tatsuniyar Norse ta gabatar da dogon layi na sarakunan almara da na almara waɗanda suka koma ƙarni na ƙarshe BC. An yi amfani da rubutun runic a tsakanin manyan mutanen Scandinavia na kudu a kalla a karni na biyu AD, amma duk abin da ya tsira daga zamanin Roman shine rubutun da ke nuna cewa mutanen kudancin Scandinavia suna magana Proto-Norse a lokacin, harshen kakanni ga Yaren mutanen Sweden da sauran harsunan Arewacin Jamus.[13]

A cikin karni na shida, masanin tarihin Rumawa Jordanes ya ba da sunayen kabilu biyu da ke zaune a Scandza, dukansu yanzu ana ganin suna da kamanceceniya da Swedes: Suetidi da Suehans[14] Suehans an san su ga duniyar Romawa a matsayin masu samar da fatalwar fata baƙar fata kuma, a cewar Jordanes, suna da dawakai masu kyau, kama da na Thyringi na Jamus ("alia vero gens ibi moratur Suehans, que velud Thyringi equis utuntur eximiis")

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Shekarun Viking

Duba kuma: Tarihin Yaren mutanen Sweden na farko, Ƙarfafa Sweden, da Varangians 11[15] Balaguron Viking (layi shuɗi),[16] Zamanin Viking na Sweden ya kasance kusan daga karni na takwas zuwa karni na 11. An yi imanin cewa Vikings na Sweden da Gutar sun fi tafiya gabas da kudu, zuwa Finland, Estonia, kasashen Baltic, Rasha, Belarus, Ukraine, Bahar Maliya har ma da Bagadaza. Hanyoyinsu sun bi ta kudancin Dnieper zuwa Konstantinoful, inda suka kai hare-hare masu yawa. Sarkin Bizantine Theophilos ya lura da gwanintarsu a yaƙi kuma ya gayyace su su yi hidima a matsayin mai tsaron lafiyarsa, wanda ake kira Varangian Guard. Vikings na Sweden, wanda ake kira Rus, an yi imanin su ne suka kafa Kievan Rus'.[17] Wasu majiyoyi da yawa na waje sun siffanta Vikings, kamar Balarabe matafiyi Ibn Fadlan.[18] ayyuka waɗannan Vikings na Sweden ana tunawa da su akan yawancin runestones a Sweden, irin su Girka runestones da Varangian runestones. Haka kuma an samu halartar balaguron balaguro zuwa yamma, wanda ake tunawa da duwatsu irin su runestones na Ingila. Babban balaguron Viking na Sweden na ƙarshe da alama shine balaguron balaguron balaguron Ingvar mai nisa zuwa Serkland, yankin kudu maso gabas na Tekun Caspian. Ana tunawa da membobinta akan Ingvar runestones, babu wanda ya ambaci wani mai tsira.[19]

[20] Dutsen hoton Tjängvide wanda ya kasance daga 800 zuwa 1099, misalin fasahar Viking A lokacin farkon zamanin Viking, cibiyar kasuwanci a Arewacin Turai ta haɓaka a Birka da ke tsibirin Björkö, ba da nisa da inda aka gina Stockholm daga baya, a tsakiyar latitude Sweden. An kafa Birka a shekara ta 750 miladiyya a matsayin tashar kasuwanci ta wani sarki ko 'yan kasuwa masu kokarin sarrafa kasuwanci.[21] [22]

Masarautar Sweden

M taswirar iyakar mulkin Sweden, c.1280 Ba a san ainihin shekarun daular Sweden ba.[23] Ƙayyade shekarunsa ya dogara ne akan ko ana ɗaukar Sweden a matsayin al'umma lokacin da Svear (Swedes) ke mulkin Svealand ko lokacin da Svear da Götar (Geats) na Götaland suka haɗu a ƙarƙashin mai mulki guda ɗaya. A cikin tsohon yanayin, an fara ambata Svealand a matsayin mai mulki guda ɗaya a cikin shekara ta 98 ta Tacitus, amma yana da wuya a san tsawon lokacin da aka yi haka. Waƙar almara Beowulf ta kwatanta yaƙe-yaƙe na Yaren mutanen Sweden-Geatish a ƙarni na shida.[24] [25] Koyaya, masana tarihi sukan fara layin sarakunan Sweden tun lokacin da Svealand da Götaland suka yi sarauta a ƙarƙashin sarki ɗaya, wato Erik the Victorious da ɗansa Olof Skötkonung a ƙarni na goma. Ana bayyana waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sau da yawa a matsayin haɗin gwiwar Sweden, kodayake an mamaye yankuna masu mahimmanci kuma an haɗa su daga baya. A cikin wannan mahallin, "Götaland" da farko yana nufin lardunan Östergötland da Västergötland. Småland ba ta da sha'awa sosai a lokacin saboda zurfafan dazuzzukan ciyayi, inda birnin Kalmar da babban gininsa kaɗai ke da wani muhimmin mahimmanci. Har ila yau, akwai ƙauyuka na Yaren mutanen Sweden tare da kudancin gabar tekun Norrland, ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe huɗu na Sweden.,[26] [27]

Sakamakon yakin Crusades, akasari tare da Crusade na biyu na Yaren mutanen Sweden karkashin jagorancin Birger Jarl[28] Finland sannu a hankali ya zama wani yanki na masarautar Sweden da fagen tasirin Cocin Katolika[29] sun gina garu a Tavastland da Åbo, yayin da aka kafa majalisar masarautar Sweden, an ƙirƙiri tsarin gudanarwa da na'urorin kasafin kuɗi, kuma an tsara lambobin doka a lokacin mulkin Magnus Ladulås (1275-1290) da Magnus Eriksson (1319-1364).[30]sakamakon haka, ƙasashen Finnish sun kasance da ƙarfi a cikin daular Sweden.[31] [32] Sai dai lardunan Scania, Blekinge, da Halland da ke kudu maso yammacin yankin Scandinavian, wadanda suke cikin daular Denmark a wannan lokacin, feudalism bai taba tasowa a Sweden kamar yadda ya yi a yawancin kasashen Turai ba.[33] Sakamakon haka, manoman sun kasance galibi ajin manoma na kyauta a cikin mafi yawan tarihin Sweden. Bauta, wanda kuma aka fi sani da thralldom, ba ta zama ruwan dare a Sweden ba, [34] kuma a hankali cibiyar ta ragu saboda yaduwar addinin Kiristanci, wahalar samun bayi daga kasashen da ke gabashin Tekun Baltic, da kuma ci gaban birane kafin karni na 16.,[35] Hakika, an soke bautar da bautar baki ɗaya ta hanyar dokar da Sarki Magnus Eriksson ya yi a shekara ta 1335. Sweden ta kasance ƙasa mai talauci da rashin ci gaban tattalin arziki, inda cinikin ciniki ya kasance farkon hanyar musayar.[36] [37]

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Daular Sweden

Duba kuma: Tarihin Sweden (1611-1648), Daular Sweden, Yaren mutanen Sweden mazauna kasashen ketare, Age of Liberty, Gustavian zamanin, da Union tsakanin Sweden da Norway

Gustavus Adolphus a yakin Breitenfeld a 1631

Daular Sweden tsakanin 1560 da 1815; Mafi girma ya kasance tsakanin 1658 da 1660 Sweden ta yi fice a ma'aunin nahiya a lokacin mulkin sarki Gustavus Adolphus, inda ta kwace yankuna daga Rasha da kungiyar Commonwealth ta Poland-Lithuania a cikin rikice-rikice masu yawa.[38] A lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin, Sweden ta ci kusan rabin jihohin Romawa masu tsarki kuma ta yi galaba akan sojojin Imperial a Yaƙin Breitenfeld a 1631.[39] Gustavus Adolphus ya yi niyyar zama sabon Sarkin Roma mai tsarki, yana mulkin Scandinavia mai haɗin kai da ƙasashen Romawa mai tsarki, amma an kashe shi a yakin Lützen a shekara ta 1632. Bayan yakin Nördlingen a shekara ta 1634, nasarar da Sweden kawai ta sha a yaƙin na soja, ra'ayin nuna goyon bayan Sweden a tsakanin jihohin Jamus ya dushe.[40] Waɗannan lardunan Jamus sun rabu da ikon Sweden ɗaya bayan ɗaya, sun bar Sweden da wasu yankuna na arewacin Jamus: Pomerania na Sweden, Bremen-Verden da Wismar. Daga 1643 zuwa 1645, a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na yaƙin, Sweden da Denmark-Norway sun yi yaƙin Torstenson. Sakamakon wannan rikici da kuma ƙarshen Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin ya taimaka wajen kafa Sweden bayan yaƙi a matsayin babbar ƙarfi a Turai[41] Aminci na Westphalia a cikin 1648 ya ba wa Sweden yankuna a arewacin Jamus.

A tsakiyar karni na 17, Sweden ita ce kasa ta uku mafi girma a Turai ta fannin filaye. Sweden ta kai iyakarta mafi girma a ƙarƙashin mulkin Charles X bayan yarjejeniyar Roskilde a 1658, biyo bayan hayewar Charles X na Danish Belts.[42]to ,[43] Tushen nasarar Sweden a wannan lokacin ana lasafta shi ga manyan canje-canjen da Gustav I ya yi ga tattalin arzikin Sweden a karni na 16, da gabatar da addinin Furotest[44] ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar Finnish sun mutu a cikin mummunar Yunwa ta 1695-1697 da ta afkawa ƙasar.[45] kuma ta afkawa Sweden, inda ta kashe kusan kashi 10% na al'ummar Sweden[46] ,[47] Nasarar Rasha a yakin Poltava a shekara ta 1709.[48] Bayan doguwar tafiya da aka fallasa ga hare-haren Cossack, dabarun zafin duniya na Tsar Peter the Great na Rasha da kuma lokacin sanyi mai tsananin sanyi na 1709, Swedes sun yi rauni tare da rugujewar ɗabi'a kuma sun fi yawa fiye da sojojin Rasha a Poltava.[49] Rashin nasara yana nufin farkon ƙarshen ga Daular Sweden. Bugu da ƙari, annobar da ta barke a Gabashin Tsakiyar Turai ta lalata yankunan Sweden kuma ta kai tsakiyar Sweden a 1710.[50] [51] Komawa Sweden a 1715, Charles XII ya kaddamar da yakin biyu akan Norway a 1716 da 1718, bi da bi. A lokacin ƙoƙari na biyu, an harbe shi har lahira a lokacin da aka kewaye sansanin Fredriksten.[52]Ba a yi galaba a kan 'yan Sweden da sojoji a Fredriksten ba, amma dukan tsari da tsarin yaƙin neman zaɓe sun rabu tare da mutuwar sarki. An tilasta wa yin watsi da manyan yankuna a cikin yarjejeniyar Nystad a shekara ta 1721, Sweden kuma ta rasa matsayinta na daula kuma a matsayinta na babbar kasa a kan Tekun Baltic.[53] Tare da rasa tasirin Sweden, Rasha ta fito a matsayin daula kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe na Turai. Yayin da yaƙin ya ƙare a shekara ta 1721, Sweden ta yi asarar kimanin mutane 200,000, 150,000 na waɗanda suka fito daga yankin Sweden a yau da 50,000 daga yankin Finnish na Sweden.[54]ikon gudanarwa.[55]

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Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu

Manyan labarai: Sweden a lokacin yakin duniya na daya da Sweden a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu[56] Kasar Sweden ta kasance tsaka tsaki a hukumance a lokacin yakin duniya na daya. Duk da haka, a karkashin matsin lamba daga Daular Jamus, sun dauki matakai da suka yi illa ga kasashen kawance - musamman ma hakar ma'adinan tashar Öresund, don haka rufe shi zuwa jigilar Allied, da barin Jamusawa su yi amfani da kayan aikin Sweden da alamar Sweden don aika saƙonnin sirri ga ofisoshin jakadancinsu na [57] [58] Kasar Sweden ta kuma ba wa masu aikin sa kai damar yin yaki tare da Jamusawa ga White Guards a kan Red Guards da kuma Rasha a yakin basasa na Finland, kuma ta mamaye Åland a takaice tare da hadin gwiwar Daular Jamus. [59] [60] @[61] [62] Kamar yadda yake a Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, Sweden ta kasance mai tsaka-tsaki a hukumance a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, duk da cewa an yi jayayya da tsaka-tsakinta.[63] ][64] Kasar Sweden ta kasance karkashin ikon Jamus saboda yawancin yakin, saboda an yanke alaka da sauran kasashen duniya ta hanyar katanga[65] Gwamnatin Sweden ba tare da izini ba ta goyi bayan Finland a cikin Yaƙin hunturu da Yaƙin Ci gaba ta hanyar ba da izinin jigilar masu sa kai da kayan aiki zuwa Finland. Duk da haka, Sweden ta goyi bayan juriya na Norwegian a kan Jamus, kuma a cikin 1943 ya taimaka wajen ceto Yahudawan Danish daga kora zuwa sansanonin taro na Nazi.

A cikin shekarar da ta gabata na yakin, Sweden ta fara taka rawa wajen ayyukan jin kai, kuma da yawa daga cikin ‘yan gudun hijirar, daga cikinsu akwai Yahudawa dubu da dama daga kasashen Turai da ‘yan Nazi suka mamaye, sun samu albarkacin ayyukan ceto na Sweden zuwa sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira da wani bangare saboda Sweden ta zama mafakar ‘yan gudun hijira.[66] Jami'in diflomasiyyar Sweden Raoul Wallenberg da abokan aikinsa sun tabbatar da tsaron dubun dubatar yahudawan Hungary.[67] Duk da haka, duka Swedes da wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa Sweden za ta iya yin ƙari sosai don adawa da ƙoƙarin yaƙi na Nazi.[68]

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Tarihi na baya-bayan nan

Duba kuma: Tarihin Sweden (1991-yanzu) Kumfa ta fashe ta hanyar rashin isassun kulawa kan bada lamuni hade da koma bayan tattalin arziki na kasa da kasa da sauya manufofin yaki da rashin aikin yi zuwa [69] manufifin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya haifar da rikicin kasafin kudi a farkon shekarun 1990.[70] GDP na Sweden ya ragu da kusan 5%. A cikin 1992, gudu a kan kuɗin ya sa babban bankin ya ƙara yawan kuɗin ruwa a takaice zuwa 500%.[71]1 [72] ,[73] [74] [75] Sweden ta shiga Tarayyar Turai a 1995, kuma ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Lisbon a 2007.[76] [77] [78] [79] [80] Martanin da gwamnati ta bayar shi ne rage kashe kudade tare da kafa sauye-sauye masu yawa don inganta fafatawa a Sweden, daga ciki har da rage jin dadin jama'a da mayar da ayyukan gwamnati da kayayyaki masu zaman kansu. An gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama da kashi 52.3% na amincewa da shiga Tarayyar Turai a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1994. Sweden ta shiga Tarayyar Turai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1995. A kuri'ar raba gardama na 2003 al'ummar Sweden sun kada kuri'ar kin shiga Tarayyar Turai. Sweden ta rike shugabancin Tarayyar Turai daga 1 ga Yuli zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2009. [81] A ranar 28 ga Satumba 1994, MS Estonia ya nutse yayin da jirgin ke ketara Tekun Baltic, kan hanyar Tallinn, Estonia, zuwa Stockholm, Sweden. Bala'in ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 852 (501 daga cikinsu 'yan Sweden ne[[82] kasancewa daya daga cikin bala'o'in teku mafi muni a karni na 20.[[83] On 28 September 1994, the MS Estonia sank as the ship was crossing the Baltic Sea, en route from Tallinn, Estonia, to Stockholm, Sweden. The disaster claimed the lives of 852 people (501 of them were Swedes[104]), being one of the worst maritime disasters of the 20th century.[84] [85] Until 2022, Sweden generally remained non-aligned militarily, although it participated in some joint military exercises with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and some other countries, stationed its troops under NATO command in Afghanistan, took part in EU-sponsored peacekeeping operations in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Cyprus, and helped enforce a UN-mandated no-fly zone over Libya during the Arab Spring. In addition, there was extensive cooperation with other European countries in the area of defence technology and defence industry; some Swedish-made weaponry was used by Coalition militaries in Iraq.[86] In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Sweden moved to formally join NATO, alongside Finland.[87] After many months of delays caused by the objections of Turkey and Hungary, Sweden became a NATO member on 7 March 2024.[[88] ,[89] [90] [91] In recent decades Sweden has become a more culturally diverse nation due to significant immigration; in 2013, it was estimated that 15% of the population was foreign-born, and an additional 5% of the population were born to two immigrant parents. The influx of immigrants has brought new social challenges. Violent incidents have periodically occurre[92][93] including the 2013 Stockholm riots.[94]In response to these violent events, the anti-immigration opposition party, the Sweden Democrats, promoted their anti-immigration policies, while the left-wing opposition blamed growing inequality caused by the centre-right government's socioeconomic policies.,,[95] [96] [97] Sweden tafi zafi da bushewa fiye da sauran wurare a irin wannan latitude, har ma da ɗan nisa zuwa kudu, galibi saboda haɗuwar kogin Gulf[98] da iskar gabaɗaya ta yamma, wanda sakamakon juyawar duniya ke haifarwa.[[99]saboda babban latitude na Sweden, tsawon hasken rana ya bambanta sosai. Arewacin da'irar Arctic, rana ba ta faɗuwa ga wani ɓangare na kowane lokacin rani, kuma ba ta taɓa fitowa don wani ɓangare na kowane lokacin hunturu. A babban birnin kasar, Stockholm, hasken rana ya wuce sama da sa'o'i 18 a karshen watan Yuni amma kusan sa'o'i 6 a karshen watan Disamba. Sweden tana samun tsakanin sa'o'i 1,100 zuwa 1,900 na hasken rana a shekara.,[100] [101] [102] Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka yi rikodin a Sweden shine 38 ° C (100 ° F) a Målilla a cikin 1947, [130] yayin da mafi yawan zafin jiki da aka yi rikodin shine -52.6 °C (-62.7 °F) a Vuoggatjålme a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1966.[103] [104] A matsakaita, yawancin Sweden suna karɓar tsakanin 500 da 800 mm (20 da 31 in) na hazo kowace shekara, yana mai da shi bushewa sosai fiye da matsakaicin duniya. Yankin kudu maso yammacin kasar ya fi samun ruwan sama, tsakanin 1,000 zuwa 1,200 mm (39 da 47 in), kuma an kiyasta wasu yankunan tsaunuka a arewa za su samu har zuwa 2,000 mm (79 in). Duk da wuraren arewa, kudanci da tsakiyar Sweden na iya samun kusan babu dusar ƙanƙara a wasu lokutan sanyi. Yawancin Sweden suna cikin inuwar ruwan sama na tsaunin Scandinavian ta Norway da arewa maso yammacin Sweden. An yi hasashen cewa yayin da Tekun Barents ke raguwa a lokacin hunturu masu zuwa, wanda hakan zai zama “Atlantified”, ƙarin ƙazantar ƙanƙara za ta ƙara yawan ruwan dusar ƙanƙara a Sweden da yawancin nahiyar Turai.[[105] [106]

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Gwamnati da siyasa

Sarki Carl XVI Gustaf Sarki tun 1973 firayam Minista Ulf Kristersson firayam Minista daga 2022 Kasar Sweden tana da tarihin shigar siyasa mai karfi daga talakawa ta hanyar "sanannun ƙungiyoyi" (Folkrörelser), wanda ya fi shahara kasancewar ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci, ƙungiyoyin Kirista masu zaman kansu, motsin hali, ƙungiyoyin mata, da ƙungiyoyin ƴan fashin teku. Sweden ita ce kasa ta farko a duniya da ta haramta cin zarafin yara daga iyayensu (an fara cire haƙƙin iyaye na bugun ƴaƴan nasu a shekara ta 1966, kuma doka ta hana ta daga Yuli 1979[107]

A halin yanzu Sweden tana jagorantar ƙungiyar EU a cikin ƙididdiga masu auna daidaito a cikin tsarin siyasa da daidaito a cikin tsarin ilimi.,[108] Rahoton Gap na Duniya na 2006 ya sanya Sweden a matsayin ƙasa ta ɗaya ta fuskar daidaiton jinsi.[[109]

Tsarin tsarin mulki

Babban labarin: Siyasar Sweden

Rosenbad, a tsakiyar Stockholm, ita ce wurin zama na Gwamnati tun 1981.[110] [111] Sweden tana da muhimman dokoki guda huɗu (Sweden: grundlagar) waɗanda tare suka samar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki: Kayan aikin Gwamnati (Swidish: Regeringsformen), Dokar Magaji (Sweden: Successionsordningen), Dokar 'Yancin 'Yan Jarida (Sweden: Tryckfrihetsförordningen), da Muhimman Doka kan 'Yancin Bada Baƙi: Swedish. Yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen).[112] [113] [114] [115] Bangaren jama'a a Sweden ya kasu kashi biyu: mai shari'a wanda aka sani da Jiha (Swidish: staten) [116] ƙananan hukumomi:,[117] na ƙarshe sun haɗa da Majalisun Yanki (Yaren mutanen Sweden: yanki) (wanda aka sake masa suna daga gundumomin gundumomi (landsting) a cikin 2020 [118] [119] gundumomi (Swidish: kommuner) ,[120] [121] [122] ƙananan hukumomi, maimakon Jiha, sune mafi girma na ɓangaren jama'a a Sweden.,[123] yanki da gundumomi sun kasance masu zaman kansu ba tare da juna ba, na farko ya shafi yanki mafi girma fiye da na karshen.[124] [125] ] Hukumomin yankin suna da mulkin kansu, kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da izini, da kuma tushen harajin nasu.[126] ,[127] Duk da irin mulkin da suke da shi, amma duk da haka a aikace, ƙananan hukumomi sun dogara ga Jiha, saboda an ayyana ma'auni na nauyin da ke kan su da iyakar ikonsu a cikin dokar ƙananan hukumomi (Swedish: Kommunallagen) da majalisar dokoki ta zartar.[128][ [129] [130] Kasar Sweden ita ce daular tsarin mulki, kuma Sarki Carl XVI Gustaf shi ne shugaban kasa, amma aikin sarki ya takaitu ga ayyukan biki da na wakilci.[131] karkashin tanadin kayan aikin gwamnati na 1974, Sarki ba shi da wani iko na siyasa na yau da kullun.[132] [133] 9] Sarkin ya bude taron shekara-shekara na Riksdag, ya jagoranci majalisar musamman da aka gudanar a lokacin sauyin gwamnati, yana gudanar da majalissar yada labarai na yau da kullun tare da Firayim Minista da gwamnati, ya jagoranci taron majalisar ba da shawara kan harkokin waje (Swedish: Utrikesnämnden), kuma yana karbar wasiƙun amincewar jakadun kasashen waje a Sweden da kuma sanya hannu a kan jakadun Sweden da aka aika zuwa kasashen waje.,[134] Bugu da kari, Sarki yakan kai ziyarar jaha zuwa kasashen waje da karbar bakuncin masu shigowa.[135] [136] [137] [138]

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Zabe

Manyan labarai: Jerin jam'iyyun siyasa a Sweden da zaɓe a Sweden

Majalisar dokoki, a lokacin kada kuri'a, a shekarar 2009[139] Sama da shekaru 50, Sweden tana da jam'iyyu biyar waɗanda suka ci gaba da samun isassun ƙuri'u don samun kujeru a cikin Riksdag - Social Democrats, Moderate Party, Center Party, Liberal People's Party da Left Party - kafin Green Party ta zama jam'iyya ta shida a zaɓen 1988. A zaben 1991, yayin da jam'iyyar The Greens suka rasa kujeru, sabbin jam'iyyu biyu sun sami kujeru a karon farko: Christian Democrats da New Democracy. Sai da aka yi zabe a shekara ta 2010, jam’iyya ta takwas, wato Swiden Democrats, ta samu kujerun majalisar dokoki. A cikin zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Turai, jam'iyyun da suka gaza wucewa ta hanyar Riksdag sun sami damar samun wakilci a wurin: Jerin Yuni (2004-2009), Pirate Party (2009-2014), da Feminist Initiative (2014-2019).[140] [141] Yawan fitowar masu kada kuri'a a Sweden ya kasance yana da yawa idan aka kwatanta da kasashen duniya. Ko da yake ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, zabukan baya-bayan nan sun ga karuwar fitowar masu jefa kuri'a (80.11% a 2002, 81.99% a 2006, 84.63% in 2010, 85.81 in 2014)[[142] a 87.18% a 2018.[[143] yan siyasar Sweden sun sami babban kwarin gwiwa daga 'yan ƙasa a cikin 1960s, Duk da haka, wannan matakin amincewa ya ragu a hankali, kuma yanzu yana kan matakin ƙasa kaɗan fiye da na makwabta na Scandinavia.[144] [145]

Alakar kasashen waje

Babban labarin: Harkokin Harkokin Waje na Sweden

Firayim Minista Ulf Kristersson tare da Shugaban Amurka Joe Biden a Fadar White House, 2023 A cikin karni na 20, manufofin kasashen waje na Sweden sun dogara ne akan ka'idar rashin daidaituwa a lokacin zaman lafiya da tsaka tsaki a lokacin yaki. Gwamnatin Sweden ta bi hanyar rashin daidaito a lokacin zaman lafiya ta yadda tsaka tsaki za ta yiwu a yanayin yaki[[146] A lokacin yakin cacar-baki na farko, kasar Sweden ta hada manufofinta na rashin daidaito da kuma rashin martaba a cikin harkokin kasa da kasa tare da manufar tsaro da ta dogara kan kariyar kasa mai karf[147] Ayyukan sojojin Sweden shine hana kai hari.[148] daga ƙarshen 1960s, Sweden ta yi ƙoƙari ta taka muhimmiyar rawa kuma mai zaman kanta a cikin dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa. Ta ba da gudummawa sosai a ƙoƙarin zaman lafiya na duniya, musamman ta hanyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da kuma tallafawa duniya ta uku. Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Olof Palme a shekara ta 1986 da kuma kawo karshen yakin cacar baka, Sweden ta rungumi tsarin manufofin kasashen waje na al'ada. Duk da haka, kasar na ci gaba da taka rawar gani a ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya da kuma tanadin kasafin kudin agaji na kasashen waje.

Tun shekara ta 1995 Sweden ta kasance memba a Tarayyar Turai, kuma sakamakon sabon yanayin tsaro a duniya an gyara rukunan manufofin harkokin waje na kasar wani bangare, inda Sweden ke taka rawa sosai a cikin hadin gwiwar tsaron Turai. A cikin 2022, don mayar da martani ga mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine, Sweden ta koma shiga kawancen NATO a hukumance.[149] a hukumance ta zama memba na NATO a cikin 2024[150]

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Soja

shiga aikin soja, ƙaura zuwa rundunar soja ta sa kai, sai dai inda za a iya dawo da aikin tilas don dalilai na tsaron ƙasa.[[151] [152] [153]] Jimillar dakarun da aka tattara za su ƙunshi ma'aikata kusan 60,000. Wannan idan aka kwatanta da shekarun 1980, kafin faduwar Tarayyar Soviet, lokacin da Sweden za ta iya tara membobin sabis har 1,000,000. [154] [155] Koyaya, a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2014, saboda tashe-tashen hankula a yankin Baltic, Gwamnatin Sweden ta sake dawo da wani ɓangare na tsarin shigar da sojojin Sweden, horo mai wartsake.[156] A ranar 2 ga Maris 2017, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar sake dawo da sauran ɓangaren tsarin shigar da sojojin Sweden, horo na asali na soja. Wadanda suka fara daukar ma’aikata sun fara horar da su ne a shekarar 2018. Da yake doka a yanzu ba ta da alaka da jinsi, maza da mata na iya yin hidima.[157] [158] [159] [160] Sweden ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za ta rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Haramta Makamin Nukiliya ba.[161] Sassan Sweden sun shiga ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Cyprus, Bosnia da Herzegovina, Kosovo, Laberiya, Lebanon, Afghanistan da Chadi.[162] [163] [164] 1,529 / 5,000[165] [166] Ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa sun ƙunshi babban kaso na ma'aikata a Sweden.[167]1 [168] Ana samun babban abin da ke tattare da yarjejeniyar gama gari duk da rashin hanyoyin da jihohi ke shimfida yarjejeniyoyin gama gari ga dukkan masana'antu ko sassa. Duka manyan rawar da ake takawa na ciniki na gama gari da kuma yadda ake samun babban adadin ɗaukar hoto yana nuna rinjayen ka'idojin kai (ka'idar da ƙungiyoyin kasuwar aiki da kansu suka yi).[169] Lokacin da aka canza tsarin Ghent na Yaren mutanen Sweden a cikin 2007, wanda ya haifar da haɓakar kuɗi da yawa zuwa kudaden rashin aikin yi, raguwa mai yawa a yawan ƙungiyoyi da yawan kuɗin rashin aikin yi.[170] [171] [172] [173] [174] [175]

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Tatalin arziki

A cikin 2010, kuɗin shiga na Sweden Gini coefficient shine na uku mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, a 0.25—dan kadan ya fi Japan da Denmark—yana nuna cewa Sweden tana da ƙarancin rashin daidaiton kudin shiga. Duk da haka, arziƙin Gini coefficient na Sweden a 0.853 shine na biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, kuma sama da matsakaicin Turai da Arewacin Amurka, yana nuna rashin daidaituwar dukiya.[[176][177] Ko da bisa tushen samun kudin shiga da za a iya zubarwa, rarraba yanki na Gini coefficient na rashin daidaiton kudin shiga ya bambanta tsakanin yankuna da gundumomi daban-daban na Sweden. Danderyd, a wajen Stockholm, yana da mafi girman ƙimar Gini na Sweden na rashin daidaiton kuɗin shiga, a 0.55, yayin da Hofors kusa da Gävle yana da mafi ƙasƙanci a 0.25. A ciki da wajen Stockholm da Scania, yankuna biyu na mafi yawan jama'a na Sweden, adadin kudin Gini yana tsakanin 0.35 da 0.55.[[178] [179] [180] Ma'aikaci na yau da kullun yana karɓar kashi 40% na kuɗin aikin su bayan ƙaddamar da haraji. Jimlar harajin da Sweden ta tara a matsayin kaso na GDPnta ya kai 52.3% a cikin 1990.[181] Kasar ta fuskanci rikicin gidaje da banki a 1990-1991, saboda haka ta zartar da sauye-sauyen haraji a 1991 don aiwatar da rage yawan haraji da fadada tushen haraji a kan lokaci.[182] [183] tun daga 1990, haraji a matsayin kaso na GDP da Sweden ke tarawa yana raguwa, tare da jimlar kuɗin haraji na mafi girman masu samun kudin shiga ya ragu.,[184] cikin 2010 an tattara kashi 45.8% na GDP na ƙasar a matsayin haraji, na biyu mafi girma a tsakanin ƙasashen OECD, kuma kusan ninki biyu na kashi a Amurka ko Koriya ta Kudu.[185] Ayyukan samun kuɗin shiga na haraji yana wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ma'aikatan Sweden, mafi girman kaso fiye da na sauran ƙasashe. Gabaɗaya, ci gaban GDP ya kasance cikin sauri tun lokacin da aka aiwatar da gyare-gyare-musamman na masana'antu-a farkon shekarun 1990.[186]

Kasar Sweden ita ce kasa ta hudu mafi karfin tattalin arziki a duniya, bisa ga Cibiyar Tattalin Arzikin Duniya a cikin Rahoton Gasar Gasar Duniya ta 2012–2013.[18] Sweden ita ce babbar ƙasa mai yin aiki a cikin 2014 Global Green Economy Index (GGEI).[187] Sweden tana matsayi na shida a cikin IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2024.[188]

Sweden tana kula da kudinta, krona na Sweden (SEK). Riksbank na Sweden - wanda aka kafa a cikin 1668 kuma don haka babban bankin tsakiya mafi tsufa a duniya - a halin yanzu yana mai da hankali kan daidaiton farashin tare da hauhawar farashin farashi na 2%. Dangane da Binciken Tattalin Arziki na Sweden 2007 ta OECD, matsakaicin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a Sweden ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a tsakanin ƙasashen Turai tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990, galibi saboda raguwa da amfani da sauri na duniya.[[189] Manyan abokan kasuwancin su ne Jamus, Amurka, Norway, Burtaniya, Denmark, da Finland.

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