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List of genetic codes

Standard and alternative genetic codes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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While there is much commonality, different parts of the tree of life use slightly different genetic codes.[1] When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct genetic code is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively well-known examples of variation. The translation table list below follows the numbering and designation by NCBI.[2] Four novel alternative genetic codes were discovered in bacterial genomes by Shulgina and Eddy using their codon assignment software Codetta, and validated by analysis of tRNA anticodons and identity elements;[3] these codes are not currently adopted at NCBI, but are numbered here 34-37, and specified in the table below.

  1. The standard code
  2. The vertebrate mitochondrial code
  3. The yeast mitochondrial code
  4. The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code
  5. The invertebrate mitochondrial code
  6. The ciliate, dasycladacean and hexamita nuclear code
  7. The deleted kinetoplast code; cf. table 4.
  8. deleted, cf. table 1.
  9. The echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code
  10. The euplotid nuclear code
  11. The bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code
  12. The alternative yeast nuclear code
  13. The ascidian mitochondrial code
  14. The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code
  15. The Blepharisma nuclear code[4]
  16. The chlorophycean mitochondrial code
  17. (none)
  18. (none)
  19. (none)
  20. (none)
  21. The trematode mitochondrial code
  22. The Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial code
  23. The Thraustochytrium mitochondrial code
  24. The Pterobranchia mitochondrial code
  25. The candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code
  26. The Pachysolen tannophilus nuclear code
  27. The karyorelict nuclear code
  28. The Condylostoma nuclear code
  29. The Mesodinium nuclear code
  30. The peritrich nuclear code
  31. The Blastocrithidia nuclear code
  32. The Balanophoraceae plastid code (not shown on web)[4][5]
  33. The Cephalodiscidae mitochondrial code
  34. The Enterosoma code[3]
  35. The Peptacetobacter code[3]
  36. The Anaerococcus and Onthovivens code[3]
  37. The Absconditabacterales genetic code[3]

The alternative translation tables (2 to 37) involve codon reassignments that are recapitulated in the DNA and RNA codon tables.

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Table summary

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Comparison of alternative translation tables for all codons (using IUPAC amino acid codes):

Amino-acid biochemical properties Nonpolar Polar Basic Acidic Termination: stop codon *
More information Codon, Translation table ID (see above) ...
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Notes

Three translation tables have a peculiar status:

  • Table 7 is now merged into translation table 4.
  • Table 8 is merged to table 1; all plant chloroplast differences due to RNA edit.
  • Table 32 is not shown on the web page, but is present in the ASN.1 format "gc.prt" release.[4]

Other mechanisms also play a part in protein biosynthesis, such as post-transcriptional modification.

References

See also

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