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菜
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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See also: 莱
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Translingual
Han character
菜 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+8, 12 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 11 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, cangjie input 廿月木 (TBD), four-corner 44904, composition ⿱艹采)
Derived characters
- 𢵛, 𰲎, 𮓇
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1038, character 13
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31184
- Dae Jaweon: page 1496, character 16
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3236, character 10
- Unihan data for U+83DC
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Chinese
Glyph origin
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sʰɯːs): semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 采 (OC *sʰɯːʔ).
Etymology
From 采 (OC *sʰɯːʔ, “to gather; to pluck”) + nominalizing *-s, literally “what is gathered or plucked” (Sagart, 1999; Schuessler, 2007). See 采 for more.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cai4
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): cāi
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): cāi
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): цэ (ce, III)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): coi3
- (Dongguan, Jyutping++): cui3
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): toi1
- (Yangjiang, Jyutping++): coi3
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): coi3
- Gan (Wiktionary): cai3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): cai3
- Northern Min (KCR): cha̤̿
- Eastern Min (BUC): chái
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cai4
- Southern Min
- Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): caai3
- Wu (Wugniu)
- Xiang
- (Changsha, Wiktionary): cai4
- (Loudi, Wiktionary): ce4
- (Hengyang, Wiktionary): cai4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: cài
- Zhuyin: ㄘㄞˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cài
- Wade–Giles: tsʻai4
- Yale: tsài
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsay
- Palladius: цай (caj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: cai4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cai
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰai²¹³/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: cāi
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰæ⁵⁵/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: cāi
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): cai4
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɛ⁴⁴/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: цэ (ce, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɛ⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: coi3
- Yale: choi
- Cantonese Pinyin: tsoi3
- Guangdong Romanization: coi3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
- Jyutping++: cui3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰui³²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: toi1
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰᵘɔi³³/
- (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
- Jyutping++: coi3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ʃʰɔi²⁴/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: cai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰai²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhoi
- Hakka Romanization System: coi
- Hagfa Pinyim: coi4
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: coiˇ
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoi¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Changting)
- Changting Pinyin: cue4
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰue⁵⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: cai3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰai⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cha̤̿
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɛ³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: chái
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɑi²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhài
- Tâi-lô: tshài
- Phofsit Daibuun: zhaix
- Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰai²¹/
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /t͡sʰai⁴¹/
- Sinological IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰai¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangpu)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sài
- Tâi-lô: sài
- Phofsit Daibuun: saix
- Sinological IPA (Zhangpu): /sai¹¹/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: cai3
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshài
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰai²¹³/
- (Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: cai3
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰai²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
- Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Jyutping++: caai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰai⁵⁵/
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Songjiang, Suzhou, Deqing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
- Wugniu: 5tshe
- MiniDict: tshe去
- Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 2tshe
- Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰe³⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /t͡sʰe³⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /t͡sʰe⁵²³/
- Sinological IPA (Deqing): /t͡sʰɛ⁴³⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /t͡sʰɛ⁴⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /t͡sʰe³³/
- Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /t͡sʰe⁵⁵/
- Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /t͡sʰe⁴⁴/
- (Northern: Jiading, Kunshan, Jiaxing)
- (Northern: Chongming, Changzhou)
- (Jinhua)
- (Northern: Shanghai, Songjiang, Suzhou, Deqing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: cai4
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰai̯⁴⁵/
- (Loudi)
- Wiktionary: ce4
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰe̞³⁵/
- (Hengyang)
- Wiktionary: cai4
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰai̯³²⁴/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: tshojH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.r̥ˤəʔ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*sʰɯːs/
Definitions
菜
- vegetable; greens (Classifier: 棵 m; 根 m; 條／条 c; 樖 c)
- dish; course (Classifier: 盤／盘 m; 道 m; 味 m)
- cuisine; (type of) food
- grocery
- (colloquial) (one's) type; cup of tea(Classifier: 條／条 c)
- (colloquial) bad; inferior; disappointing; below average
- (Hong Kong Cantonese, slang, derogatory) girlfriend (Classifier: 條／条 c; 樖 c)
- a surname, Cai or Tsai
Synonyms
- (vegetable):
- (rape): 油菜 (yóucài)
- (dish):
- (cuisine): 餐 (cān)
- (girlfriend):
Compounds
- A菜 (ēi-cài, “Indian Lettuce”)
- 上菜 (shàngcài)
- 下酒菜 (xiàjiǔcài)
- 下飯菜兒 / 下饭菜儿
- 中國菜 / 中国菜 (Zhōngguócài)
- 主菜 (zhǔcài)
- 乾菜 / 干菜 (gāncài)
- 佈菜 / 布菜 (bùcài)
- 便菜 (biàncài)
- 做菜 (zuòcài)
- 八寶菜 / 八宝菜 (bābǎocài)
- 冬寒菜 (“Chinese Mallow”)
- 冬菜 (dōngcài, “preserved dried cabbage or mustard greens”) ( winter vegetable)
- 冷凍蔬菜 / 冷冻蔬菜
- 剩菜 (shèngcài)
- 加菜 (jiācài)
- 加菜金 (jiācàijīn)
- 包心菜 (bāoxīncài)
- 卷心菜 (juǎnxīncài)
- 叫菜
- 名菜 (míngcài)
- 合菜戴帽
- 和菜
- 咬菜根
- 嚼菜根
- 堂菜
- 大菜 (dàcài)
- 大菜間 / 大菜间
- 大鍋菜 / 大锅菜
- 大頭菜 / 大头菜 (dàtóucài)
- 好菜
- 客菜
- 家常菜 (jiāchángcài)
- 寶塔菜 / 宝塔菜
- 小白菜 (xiǎobáicài)
- 小菜 (xiǎocài)
- 小菜碟兒 / 小菜碟儿
- 小菜飯 / 小菜饭
- 小鍋菜 / 小锅菜
- 布菜 (bùcài)
- 年菜 (niáncài)
- 招牌菜 (zhāopáicài)
- 拿手菜 (náshǒucài)
- 捕蟲堇菜 / 捕虫堇菜
- 擇菜 / 择菜 (zháicài)
- 攤黃菜 / 摊黄菜
- 放小菜兒 / 放小菜儿
- 春菜絲兒 / 春菜丝儿
- 有機蔬菜 / 有机蔬菜
- 果菜 (guǒcài)
- 果菜市場 / 果菜市场
- 果菜類 / 果菜类
- 根菜類 / 根菜类 (gēncàilèi)
- 椰菜 (yēcài)
- 榨菜 (zhàcài)
- 水耕蔬菜
- 江淮菜 (Jiānghuái cài)
- 沉菜
- 法國菜 / 法国菜
- 波稜菜 / 波棱菜
- 油菜 (yóucài)
- 泡菜 (pàocài)
- 洋白菜 (yángbáicài)
- 洋菜 (yángcài)
- 海白菜
- 海菜 (hǎicài, “(edible) seaweed”)
- 滷菜 / 卤菜 (lǔcài)
- 漏虀搭菜
- 潺菜 (cháncài)
- 炒菜 (chǎocài)
- 煮菜
- 熬菜
- 熟菜
- 燕菜 (yàncài)
- 珊瑚菜
- 甘紫菜
- 甜菜 (tiáncài)
- 生菜 (shēngcài)
- 番菜
- 番菜館 / 番菜馆
- 白屈菜 (báiqūcài)
- 白花菜
- 白菜 (báicài)
- 盆菜 (péncài)
- 盒子菜
- 盤菜 / 盘菜 (páncài)
- 眼子菜
- 石花菜 (shíhuācài)
- 砍瓜切菜
- 空心菜 (kōngxīncài)
- 素菜 (sùcài)
- 組合菜 / 组合菜
- 紫菜 (zǐcài)
- 羅漢菜 / 罗汉菜
- 羊栖菜 (yángqīcài)
- 羊踏菜園 / 羊踏菜园
- 義大利菜 / 义大利菜
- 翠玉白菜
- 肉邊菜 / 肉边菜
- 花椰菜 (huāyēcài)
- 芽菜 (yácài, “mungbean sprout, soybean sprout”)
- 芥菜
- 芹菜 (qíncài)
- 芥菜頭 / 芥菜头
- 花菜類 / 花菜类
- 芥藍菜 / 芥蓝菜
- 茅膏菜
- 苦菜 (kǔcài)
- 草腹菜腸 / 草腹菜肠
- 茯苓菜
- 荇菜 (xìngcài)
- 荳芽菜 / 豆芽菜 (dòuyácài)
- 莧菜 / 苋菜 (xiàncài)
- 莕菜
- 菜刀 (càidāo)
- 菜包子 (càibāozi)
- 菜單 / 菜单 (càidān)
- 菜圃 (càipǔ)
- 菜園 / 菜园 (càiyuán)
- 菜場 / 菜场 (càichǎng)
- 菜姑 (chhài-ko͘) (Min Nan)
- 菜子 (càizǐ)
- 菜市 (càishì)
- 菜市口 (Càishìkǒu)
- 菜市場 / 菜市场
- 菜式 (càishì)
- 菜心 (càixīn)
- 菜攤 / 菜摊 (càitān)
- 菜案 (cài'àn)
- 菜根
- 菜根譚 / 菜根谭
- 菜殼子 / 菜壳子
- 菜油 (càiyóu)
- 菜油燈 / 菜油灯
- 菜牛 (càiniú)
- 菜瓜 (càiguā)
- 菜瓜布 (càiguābù)
- 菜畦 (càiqí)
- 菜盒子
- 菜秧 (càiyāng)
- 菠稜菜 / 菠棱菜 (bōléngcài)
- 菜籃 / 菜篮 (càilán)
- 菜籽 (càizǐ)
- 菜色 (càisè)
- 菜花 (càihuā)
- 菜茹
- 菫菜 / 堇菜
- 菰菜
- 菘菜
- 菠菜 (bōcài)
- 菜蔬 (càishū)
- 菜薹 (càitái)
- 菜虎子
- 菜蚜
- 菜蟲 / 菜虫 (càichóng)
- 菜譜 / 菜谱 (càipǔ)
- 菜豆 (càidòu)
- 菜貨 / 菜货
- 菜農 / 菜农 (càinóng)
- 菜青 (càiqīng)
- 菜頭 / 菜头 (càitóu)
- 菜館 / 菜馆 (càiguǎn)
- 菜餚 / 菜肴 (càiyáo)
- 菜饌 / 菜馔
- 菜馬 / 菜马
- 菜鳥 / 菜鸟 (càiniǎo)
- 菜鴨 / 菜鸭
- 菜鴿子 / 菜鸽子
- 葉甜菜 / 叶甜菜 (yètiáncài)
- 葷菜 / 荤菜 (hūncài)
- 葉菜類 / 叶菜类
- 蓋菜 / 盖菜 (gàicài)
- 蒓菜 / 莼菜 (chúncài)
- 蔬菜 (shūcài)
- 蔊菜
- 蓼菜成行
- 蕹菜 (wèngcài)
- 蕺菜 (jícài)
- 薺菜 / 荠菜 (jìcài)
- 藤菜 (téngcài)
- 蠶菜 / 蚕菜 (cáncài)
- 行菜
- 裙帶菜 / 裙带菜 (qúndàicài)
- 豆芽菜 (dòuyácài)
- 貢菜 / 贡菜
- 買菜 / 买菜 (mǎicài)
- 買菜求益 / 买菜求益
- 車輪菜 / 车轮菜
- 辣菜 (làcài)
- 辣菜根子
- 酒菜 (jiǔcài)
- 配菜 (pèicài)
- 酸菜 (suāncài)
- 醃菜 / 腌菜 (yāncài)
- 醬菜 / 酱菜 (jiàngcài)
- 釋菜 / 释菜
- 野莧菜 / 野苋菜
- 野菜 (yěcài)
- 金花菜
- 金針菜 / 金针菜 (jīnzhēncài)
- 銀條菜 / 银条菜
- 長年菜 / 长年菜
- 雜合菜 / 杂合菜
- 霉乾菜 (méigāncài)
- 青江白菜
- 青菜 (qīngcài)
- 面有菜色 (miànyǒucàisè)
- 韭菜 (jiǔcài)
- 韭菜盒子 (jiǔcài hézi)
- 韭菜花 (jiǔcàihuā)
- 頭髮菜 / 头发菜
- 飛龍菜 / 飞龙菜
- 飯菜 / 饭菜 (fàncài)
- 餔菜 / 𫗦菜
- 香菜 (xiāngcài)
- 高麗菜 / 高丽菜
- 髮菜 / 发菜 (fàcài)
- 鮭菜 / 鲑菜
- 鵝仔菜 / 鹅仔菜 (ngò-é-chhoi) (Min Nan)
- 鵠形菜色 / 鹄形菜色
- 鷓鴣菜 / 鹧鸪菜
- 鹹菜 / 咸菜 (xiáncài)
- 鹿角菜
- 麻菜珩 (Mácàihéng)
- 黃花菜 / 黄花菜 (huánghuācài)
- 黃花蜜菜 / 黄花蜜菜
- 點菜 / 点菜 (diǎncài)
- 龍鬚菜 / 龙须菜 (lóngxūcài)
Descendants
- → Uyghur: سەي (sey)
References
- “菜”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “菜”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
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