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越
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
Han character
越 (Kangxi radical 156, 走+5, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土人戈女 (GOIV), four-corner 43805, composition ⿺走戉)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1216, character 28
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 37110
- Dae Jaweon: page 1686, character 11
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3480, character 2
- Unihan data for U+8D8A
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Chinese
Glyph origin
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢʷaːd, *ɢʷad): semantic 走 (“to walk or run”) + phonetic 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) — to go over; to cross.
Etymology
- “to go over; to surpass; to overstep; to turn”
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ɢʷrat (“to travel; to go through”).
- Related to 𨒋 (“to go over”), 䟠 (“to go beyond; to transgress”) (Wang, 1982) and perhaps 于 (OC *ɢʷa, “to go”) (Schuessler, 2007).
- “Yue; Viet; State of Yue”
- Related to 粵 (OC *ɢʷad, “Yue; Cantonese”).
- This is a general name for numerous indigenous tribes in ancient southern China, which are collectively called Baiyue. The ancient State of Yue during the Zhou dynasty of China was initially written as 戉 (OC *ɢʷad, “large battle-axe”) — alternatively written as 𫑛 — and it is commonly believed the name Yue originates from this instrument, which was widely found in neolithic cultures of southeastern China and served as a symbol of authority and royalty.
- See 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) for more on the etymology.
Pronunciation 1
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): yot6
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): yeh4
- Northern Min (KCR): ṳĕ
- Eastern Min (BUC): uŏk
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): oeh7 / yoeh7
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 8yuq; 8yoq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ye6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: yuè
- Zhuyin: ㄩㄝˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yuè
- Wade–Giles: yüeh4
- Yale: ywè
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yueh
- Palladius: юэ (jue)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɥɛ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: yue2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ye
- Sinological IPA (key): /ye²¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: йүә (yüə, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /yə²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
- Jyutping: jyut6
- Yale: yuht
- Cantonese Pinyin: jyt9
- Guangdong Romanization: yud6
- Sinological IPA (key): /jyːt̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: yot5
- Sinological IPA (key): /jᵘɔt̚³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: yot6
- Sinological IPA (key): /yɵt̚⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ye̍t
- Hakka Romanization System: ied
- Hagfa Pinyim: yad6
- Sinological IPA: /i̯et̚⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ya̍t
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iad
- Hagfa Pinyim: yad6
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯at̚⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: rhadˋ
- Sinological IPA: /ʒat²/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: yeh4
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /yəʔ²/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ṳĕ
- Sinological IPA (key): /yɛ²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: uŏk
- Sinological IPA (key): /uoʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: oeh7
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: e̤̍h
- Sinological IPA (key): /œʔ⁴/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: yoeh7
- Sinological IPA (key): /yøʔ⁴/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
Note:
- uêg8 - Chaozhou;
- uag8 - Shantou.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: hjwot
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷat/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷad/
Definitions
越
- to pass over; to cross; to cross over
- to go over; to climb over; to jump over
- (of time) to pass; to go through
- (figurative) to go outside of; to exceed; to surpass; to overstep; to transgress
- to propagate; to spread; to publicise
- to disperse; to scatter; to fade away
- to fall; to relax; to become loosened
- (literary) to rob; to seize by force
- (Southern Min) to turn; to turn around
- 越頭／越头 [Hokkien] ― oa̍t-thâu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to turn one's head
- more; -er
- Ancient meaningless sentence-initial modal particle.
- A proper noun of a few related uses.
- (～人, ～族) The Yue or Viet: collective name for numerous ancient non-Han tribes in southern China and northern Vietnam; Baiyue.
- (historical) (～國) The State of Yue: ancient state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of Chinese history, in the modern provinces of Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Jiangsu.
- General name for the region of southern China, especially the Guangxi and Guangdong provinces.
- Name for the Zhejiang province of China, especially the eastern parts of the province or areas in the vicinity of Shaoxing city.
- short for 越南 (“Vietnam”)
- a surname
Synonyms
- (more):
- 加二 (1ka-gni) (Wu)
- 加偌 (Hokkien)
- 又加 (6yi-ka) (Wu)
- 又閣較 / 又阁较 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 彌 / 弥 (literary)
- 愈 (yù)
- 愈加 (yùjiā)
- 愈發 / 愈发 (yùfā)
- 愈益 (yùyì)
- 更 (gèng)
- 更加 (gèngjiā)
- 更見 / 更见 (gen4 jian4) (Sichuanese)
- 益 (yì) (literary)
- 益發 / 益发 (yìfā)
- 罔 (muōng) (Eastern Min)
- 越加 (yuèjiā)
- 越發 / 越发 (yuèfā)
- 重 (Cantonese)
- 閣較 / 阁较 (Hokkien)
Compounds
- 不可踰越 / 不可逾越
- 乘輿播越 / 乘舆播越
- 侵越 (qīnyuè)
- 僭越 (jiànyuè)
- 優越 / 优越 (yōuyuè)
- 優越感 / 优越感 (yōuyuègǎn)
- 兩越 / 两越
- 卓越 (zhuóyuè)
- 卓越超群
- 南越 (Nányuè)
- 吳越 / 吴越 (Wúyuè)
- 吳越同舟 / 吴越同舟
- 吳越春秋 / 吴越春秋
- 巔越 / 巅越
- 差越
- 度越
- 彭越
- 扒山越嶺 / 扒山越岭
- 播越 (bōyuè)
- 播越失據 / 播越失据
- 攀山越嶺 / 攀山越岭
- 攀越 (pānyuè)
- 攙越 / 搀越
- 東越 / 东越
- 橫越 / 横越 (héngyuè)
- 檀越 (tányuè)
- 殺人越貨 / 杀人越货 (shārényuèhuò)
- 沙勞越 / 沙劳越
- 汩越
- 清越 (qīngyuè)
- 漫山越嶺 / 漫山越岭
- 激越
- 甌越 / 瓯越 (Ōuyuè)
- 登山越嶺 / 登山越岭
- 發越 / 发越
- 百越 (Bǎi Yuè)
- 神爽飛越 / 神爽飞越
- 神魂飛越 / 神魂飞越
- 視同秦越 / 视同秦越
- 秦越
- 穿越 (chuānyuè)
- 翻山越嶺 / 翻山越岭 (fānshānyuèlǐng)
- 翻越 (fānyuè)
- 肝膽楚越 / 肝胆楚越
- 肝膽胡越 / 肝胆胡越
- 胡二巴越
- 胡越 (húyuè)
- 胡越一家
- 莊舄越吟 / 庄舄越吟
- 葛越
- 行無越思 / 行无越思
- 誂越 / 𫍥越
- 越人視秦 / 越人视秦
- 超今越古
- 越位 (yuèwèi)
- 越來越…… / 越来越……
- 越俎代庖 (yuèzǔdàipáo)
- 越冬 (yuèdōng)
- 越冬作物 (yuèdōng zuòwù)
- 越分
- 越劇 / 越剧 (yuèjù)
- 越加 (yuèjiā)
- 越南 (Yuènán)
- 越南人 (yuènánrén)
- 越南話 / 越南话 (yuènánhuà)
- 越古超今
- 越嚟越……
- 越城嶺 / 越城岭
- 越境 (yuèjìng)
- 越多越好
- 越女
- 越子
- 越席
- 越快越好
- 越戰 / 越战 (Yuèzhàn)
- 越扶越醉
- 越搶越貴 / 越抢越贵
- 越搶越高 / 越抢越高
- 越日 (yuèrì)
- 越早越好
- 越樣 / 越样
- 越橘 (yuèjú)
- 越權 / 越权 (yuèquán)
- 越次
- 越次超倫 / 越次超伦
- 越次躐等
- 越洋 (yuèyáng)
- 越洋電話 / 越洋电话
- 越犬吠雪
- 越獄 / 越狱 (yuèyù)
- 越王嘗蓼 / 越王尝蓼
- 越瓜 (yuèguā)
- 越界 (yuèjiè)
- 越發 / 越发 (yuèfā)
- 越禮 / 越礼
- 越窯 / 越窑
- 越窮越見鬼，肚餓打瀉米 / 越穷越见鬼，肚饿打泻米
- 越窮越見鬼，越冷越吹風 / 越穷越见鬼，越冷越吹风
- 越級 / 越级 (yuèjí)
- 越絕書 / 越绝书
- 越線 / 越线
- 超群越輩 / 超群越辈
- 越若
- 越裳 (Yuècháng)
- 越調 / 越调 (yuèdiào)
- 越越
- 越……越…… (yuè...yuè...)
- 超越 (chāoyuè)
- 越越的
- 越軌 / 越轨 (yuèguǐ)
- 越過 / 越过 (yuèguò)
- 越野 (yuèyě)
- 越野賽 / 越野赛 (yuèyěsài)
- 越野賽跑 / 越野赛跑
- 越野車 / 越野车 (yuèyěchē)
- 超階越次 / 超阶越次
- 越障
- 越鳥 / 越鸟 (yuèniǎo)
- 越鳥南棲 / 越鸟南栖
- 越鳧楚乙 / 越凫楚乙 (yuèfúchǔyǐ)
- 跨州越郡
- 跨越 (kuàyuè)
- 踰越 / 逾越 (yúyuè)
- 躥房越脊 / 蹿房越脊
- 逾越 (yúyuè)
- 違越 / 违越
- 邁越常流 / 迈越常流
- 闖越 / 闯越
- 隕越 / 陨越
- 隔越
- 難越雷池 / 难越雷池
- 顛越 / 颠越
- 顛越不恭 / 颠越不恭
- 飛越 / 飞越 (fēiyuè)
- 騰越 / 腾越
Descendants
- → Vietnamese: vượt (“to pass over”)
Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: huó
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄛˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: huó
- Wade–Giles: huo2
- Yale: hwó
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwo
- Palladius: хо (xo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xu̯ɔ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
- Jyutping: wut6
- Yale: wuht
- Cantonese Pinyin: wut9
- Guangdong Romanization: wud6
- Sinological IPA (key): /wuːt̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
- Middle Chinese: hwat
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷaːd/
Definitions
越
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, music) small hole at the bottom of a se, a traditional Chinese musical instrument
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to bore a hole; to drill a hole
References
- “越”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “越”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
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Japanese
Kanji
越
Readings
Compounds
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hjwot).
Pronunciation
Affix
- pass over; cross over; go over
- pass; go through (of time)
- exceed; surpass; transgress (limit, extent)
Proper noun
- (historical) the Yue people to the south of ancient China
- abbreviation of 越南 (Etsunan, “Vietnam”)
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hjwot).
Pronunciation
Noun
- synonym of 越 (etsu) above
References
- “△越”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
Korean
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hjwot).
Hanja
Compounds
- 수월 (秀越, suwol, “excellence”)
- 우월 (優越, uwol, “superiority”)
- 월경 (越境, wolgyeong, “crossing of the border”)
- 월권 (越權, wolgwon, “ultra vires”)
- 월남 (越南, Wollam, “Vietnam”)
- 월등 (越等, woldeung, “extraordinarily”)
- 월차 (越次, wolcha, “skipping a turn”)
- 월척 (越尺, wolcheok, “big fish”)
- 이월 (移越, iwol, “transfer”)
- 초월 (超越, chowol, “transcendency”)
- 추월 (追越, chuwol, “passing; overtake”)
- 탁월 (卓越, tagwol, “excellence, superiority”)
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hwat).
Hanja
References
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Vietnamese
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