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-t

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "t"
Languages (31)
English
Afar • Albanian • Azerbaijani • Chickasaw • Danish • Dutch • Egyptian • Emilian • Finnish • Fula • German • Hungarian • Ilocano • Ingrian • Inupiaq • Irish • Lushootseed • Luxembourgish • Manx • Mayo • Middle English • Mohawk • Northern Sami • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old English • Old Norse • Pipil • Scottish Gaelic • Swedish • Turkish
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English

Etymology 1

From Middle English -te (preterite ending), -t (past participle ending), from Old English -te, -de (first and third person preterite ending), -t, -ed, -od (past participle ending), from Proto-Germanic *-id- (preterite stem ending of class 1 weak verbs) and *-idaz (past participle ending of class 1 weak verbs).

In some verbs, like lose/lost, the -t-/-t was merely an alteration of earlier -d-/-d during the Middle English period. See -ed.

Suffix

-t

  1. Forms the past tense and/or past participle of some verbs (leapt, kept, dreamt, blest, etc.)
Usage notes
  • Some verbs have both an -ed and a -t form. The -t form has become obsolete for many verbs, e.g. toucht, or is now limited to dialects, e.g. kilt.

Usually found on verbs with "eep" or "end" at the end (e.g. kept for keep, slept for sleep, wept for weep, bent for bend, sent for send, went for wend); more rarely for nasals and “l” (e.g. burnt for burn, dreamt for dream, dealt for deal, spelt for spell).

Derived terms
English terms suffixed with -t
amidst
amongst
arist
askt
astonisht
bedaft
bedropt
bent
burnisht
burnt
catcht
chapt
chopt
cleant
cleft
clencht
commixt
crispt
crosst
deprest
dewlapt
draft
dreamt
drift
earnt
embost
exprest
finisht
fixt
flight
gript
heft
hopt
husht
impresst
jolt
kilt
lavisht
learnt
lookt
lopt
Lordt
lost
meant
mechanist
milkt
Narvitian
nipt
nurst
ought
overslipt
pent
possesst
preacht
prefixt
puft
reacht
relisht
renverst
represt
screamt
searcht
sent
shipt
shookt
silt
snipt
spelt
spilt
stript
swapt
swopt
telt
thatcht
thrift
toucht
trapt
trespast
turnt
twicet
twixt
unlearnt
watcht
wept
whilest
whilst
whipt
wisht
ybent
yclept
more terms

Etymology 2

From Middle English -t (e.g. aȝenst vs. aȝens (“against”)), likely resulting from -s + the, or various other words beginning with th-, t-.

Suffix

-t

  2. An excrescent ending appended to words suffixed with -s.
    against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst, twicet
Usage notes
  • As with -st, in many cases when there is a shorter synonymous word (as in among/amongst), the form with -t is considered more formal, old-fashioned, affected, and British.
Derived terms

Etymology 3

From Middle English -t, from Old English -t, variant of -þ (“-th”) following spirant/fricative sounds, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz. More at -th.

Suffix

-t

  2. Used to form nouns from verbs of action; equivalent to -th.
    ‎arise + ‎-t → ‎arist
    ‎bow + ‎-t → ‎bout
    ‎drive + ‎-t → ‎drift
    ‎see + ‎-t → ‎sight
    ‎thieve + ‎-t → ‎theft
    ‎thrive + ‎-t → ‎thrift

Etymology 4

Suffix from Middle English -ten, from Old English -ettan, from Proto-West Germanic *-attjan, from Proto-Germanic *-atjaną.

Alternative forms

Suffix

-t

  2. Verbs formed from nouns or adjectives (compare English -ate, -ize), frequently having a causative force, or modified from an existing verb into a frequentative verb (no longer productive)
    yeet, grunt, fidget, haunt (via French), elt (via Old Norse), belt (“to sing loudly”) (perhaps via West Frisian), jolt.

Etymology 5

Suffix

-t

  2. (African-American Vernacular, slang) Added to the end of words ending in <d>, representing an AAVE pronunciation as /t/ rather than /d/, now generally with intensifying force.
    ‎period + ‎-t → ‎periodt
    ‎good + ‎-t → ‎goodt
    ‎Lord + ‎-t → ‎Lordt
    • 2018 May 29, @chave1y, Twitter‎, archived from the original on 19 January 2024:
      I'm at a very weird stage in my life where i feel worthless and like I'm ruining out of time but I'm also really young bUT I'm not doing anything I love or that makes me happy so I'm SADT
    • 2021 November 24, @NalediMOfficial, Twitter‎, archived from the original on 19 January 2024:
      Day two of Lemon flavoured coffee 🥲💔 oh my godt
    • 2023 April 23, @mingiiki, Twitter‎, archived from the original on 19 January 2024:
      They ate this SO BADT
Derived terms
English terms suffixed with -t (intensifier)
goodt
periodt
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Afar

Pronunciation

Suffix

-t

  1. Marks the instrumental case: using; by means of
  2. Marks the malefactive case: for ...'s nuisance
  3. Marks the inessive case: in
  4. Marks the temporal case: in; within
  5. Marks the stative case: while being (in the state of)

References

  • Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015), L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 364
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Albanian

Etymology

See të (“(of) the”).

Suffix

-t

  1. Adverb suffix. -ly, -y
    afërsi +‎ -sh +‎ -t
    vazhdim +‎ -i +‎ -sh +‎ -t
  2. Nominative/definite/plural suffix.
    mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)
  3. Accusative/definite/plural suffix.
    mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)
  4. Genitive/definite/singular suffix.
    mal (“mountain”) +‎ -i (“of/-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)
  5. Genitive/definite/plural suffix.
    mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -ve (“of/-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)
  6. Dative/definite/singular suffix.
    mal (“mountain”) +‎ -i (“of/-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)
  7. Dative/definite/plural suffix.
    mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -ve (“of/-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)
  8. Ablative/definite/singular suffix.
    mal (“mountain”) +‎ -i (“out of”) +‎ -t (“the”)
  9. Ablative/definite/plural suffix.
    mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -ve (“out of”) +‎ -t (“the”)

Declension

More information singular, plural ...

See also

  • -të, të (“the”)
  • -a (“the”), e (“(of)the”)
  • -i (“the”), -u (“id”), i (“(of) the”)
  • -isht (“-ly”)
  • -sht (“-ly”)

Azerbaijani

Suffix

-t

  1. Causative suffix.

Derived terms

Azerbaijani terms suffixed with -t
ağlatmaq
alçaltmaq
azaltmaq
boşaltmaq
böyütmək
çıxartmaq
dağıtmaq
diriltmək
doğrultmaq
donatmaq
düzəltmək
əritmək
fırlatmaq
gizlətmək
gözlətmək
xatırlatmaq
incitmək
işlətmək
kilidlətmək
qaraltmaq
qaynatmaq
qızartmaq
qocaltmaq
qorxutmaq
qurutmaq
oxutmaq
ovutmaq
oyatmaq
oynatmaq
öldürtmək
öskürtmək
partlatmaq
sağaltmaq
soyutmaq
sürtmək
şişirtmək
tanıtmaq
tərlətmək
ucaltmaq
üşütmək
yanıltmaq
yaratmaq
yeritmək
yoğurt
yönəltmək
yumşaltmaq
yüksəltmək
yürütmək
zəiflətmək
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Chickasaw

Suffix

-t

  1. Participle-forming dependent verb suffix.
    pisat aya
    to go see
    impat ishtaya
    to begin eating
    malit kaniya
    to run away (lit. to go away running)

Danish

Suffix

-t

  1. Used to form adverbs from adjectives; -ly.
  2. Used to make neuter forms of adjectives.
  3. Used to form past participles of some verbs, like -et does.
    spis, spise, spiser, spiste, spist ― eat!, eat, eats, ate, eaten

Dutch

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch -t, -et from Old Dutch -it, -et, -ot a merger of the following historical inflectional suffixes:

  1. second person singular (originaly second person plural) present tense: Proto-West Germanic *-id, *-iþ, *-ōþ *-ēþ, from Proto-Germanic *-id, *-iþ, *-ōþ, *-aiþ
  2. second person singular (originaly second person plural) past tense forms of gij: Proto-West Germanic *-ud, from Proto-Germanic *-ud
  3. third person singular present tense: Proto-West Germanic *-idi, *-iþi, *-ōþ *-ēþ, from Proto-Germanic *-idi, *-iþi, *-ōþi, *-aiþi
  4. the plural form of the imperative: Proto-West Germanic *-id, *-iþ, *-ōþ *-ēþ, from Proto-Germanic *-id, *-iþ, *-ōþ, *-aiþ

Suffix

-t

  1. forms certain verb forms of the second person singular, second person plural, and third person singular:
    1. in the third-person singular and with u, in the present tense
      nemen — hij neemt, u neemt, but: hij nam, u nam
    2. with jij, je in the present tense, unless inverted
      nemen — jij neemt, je neemt, but: neem jij, neem je; jij nam, je nam
    3. with gij, ge in the present and past tenses
      nemen — gij neemt, ge neemt; neemt gij, neemt ge; gij naamt, ge naamt
    4. (archaic) in the plural imperative
      nemen — neemt!
Usage notes
  • After verb stems that already end in -t, the suffix is dropped. After those in -d it is spelt, but not pronounced. The suffix is also missing in the irregular verb forms is, kan, mag, wil, zal.
  • Note that the dropping of -t with jij, je in inversion is not bound to the pronoun following the verb immediately but remains active even when an adverb intervenes: neem ook jij (“do you too take”).
  • With gij, ge a special inverted form also exists, namely with -de (after voiceless stems, -te): neemde gij. However, this is colloquial Flemish and Brabantian. To the degree that these pronouns still occur in the standard language, the normal form in -t is used (as above).

Etymology 2

Suffix

-t

  1. forms the past participle of weak verbs the root of which ends in a voiceless consonant
    bedanken - bedankt

Etymology 3

From Middle Dutch -t a merger of a variety of verbal noun forming suffixes:

  1. Old Dutch -t, -thi, from Proto-West Germanic *-þi, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz
  2. Old Dutch -t, -thu, Proto-West Germanic *-þu, from Proto-Germanic *-þuz
  3. Old Dutch ot, Proto-West Germanic *-ōþu, from Proto-Germanic *-ōþuz

Suffix

-t

  1. forms certain verbal nouns, mostly of strong verbs
    geven - gift
Derived terms
Dutch terms suffixed with -t (verbal noun)
aanklacht
afdracht
bocht
dracht
drift
gift
gracht
inzicht
jacht
klacht
klucht
kust
macht
opdracht
overdracht
plicht
rucht
schrift
slacht
tocht
toezicht
tucht
uitzicht
vaart
voordracht
vorst
zicht
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Egyptian

Emilian

Finnish

Fula

German

Hungarian

Ilocano

Ingrian

Inupiaq

Irish

Lushootseed

Luxembourgish

Manx

Mayo

Middle English

Mohawk

Northern Sami

Norwegian Nynorsk

Old English

Old Norse

Pipil

Scottish Gaelic

Swedish

Turkish

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