| Country |
President |
Parliament |
|---|
| Lower House |
Upper House |
 Abkhazia | 2025 | 2022 |
 Afghanistan | Autocracy[1][2][3]
(2016; installed 2021) | Appointed[4] |
 Åland | Indirectly-elected | 2023 |
 Albania | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2021 |
 Algeria | 2024 | 2021 | Appointed/indirectly-elected (2022) |
 American Samoa | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 |
 Andorra | Monarchy | 2023 |
 Angola | Indirectly-elected | 2022 |
 Anguilla | Monarchy | 2025 |
 Antigua and Barbuda | Monarchy | 2023 | Appointed |
 Argentina | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 |
 Armenia | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2021 |
 Aruba | Monarchy | 2024 |
 Australia | Monarchy | 2025 | 2025 |
 Austria | 2022 | 2024 | Indirectly-elected |
 Azerbaijan | 2024 | 2024 |
 Bahamas | Monarchy | 2021 | Appointed |
 Bahrain | Monarchy | 2022 | Appointed |
 Bangladesh | Indirectly-elected (2023) | 2024 |
 Barbados | Indirectly-elected | 2022 | Appointed |
 Belarus | 2025 | 2024 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
 Belgium | Monarchy | 2024 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
 Belize | Monarchy | 2025 | Appointed |
 Benin | 2021 | 2023 |
 Bermuda | Monarchy | 2025 | Appointed |
 Bhutan | Monarchy | 2023-24 | 2023 |
 Bolivia | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2022 | 2022 | Indirectly-elected |
 Botswana | Indirectly-elected | 2024 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
 Brazil | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 |
 British Virgin Islands | Monarchy | 2023 |
 Brunei | Monarchy | Appointed |
 Bulgaria | 2024 | 2024 |
 Burkina Faso | 2020 | 2020 |
 Burundi | 2020 | 2020 | Indirectly-elected |
 Cambodia | Monarchy | 2023 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
 Cameroon | 2018 | 2020 | Indirectly-elected |
 Canada | Monarchy | 2025 | Appointed |
 Cape Verde | 2021 | 2021 |
 Cayman Islands | Monarchy | 2025 |
 Central African Republic | 2020 | 2020–21 |
 Chad | 2024 | 2024 |
 Chile | 2021 | 2021 | 2021 |
 People's Republic of China | Indirectly-elected (2023) | Indirectly-elected (2022-2023) |
 Republic of China | 2024 | 2024 |
 Colombia | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 |
 Comoros | 2024 | 2025 |
 Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2023 | 2023 | Indirectly-elected |
 Republic of the Congo | 2021 | 2022 | Indirectly-elected |
 Cook Islands | Monarchy | 2022 |
 Costa Rica | 2022 | 2022 |
 Croatia | 2024–2025 | 2024 |
 Cuba | Indirectly-elected (2023) | 2023 |
 Cyprus | 2023 | 2021 |
 Czech Republic | 2023 | 2021 | 2024 |
 Denmark | Monarchy | 2022 |
 Djibouti | 2021 | 2023 |
 Dominica | Indirectly-elected | 2022 |
 Dominican Republic | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 |
 East Timor | 2022 | 2023 |
 Ecuador | 2025 | 2025 |
 Egypt | 2023 | 2020 | 2020 |
 El Salvador | 2024 | 2024 |
 Equatorial Guinea | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 |
 Eritrea | None | None |
 Estonia | Indirectly-elected (2021) | 2023 |
 Eswatini | Monarchy | 2023 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
 Ethiopia | Indirectly-elected | 2021 | Indirectly-elected |
 Falkland Islands | Monarchy | 2021 |
 Fiji | Indirectly-elected | 2022 |
 Finland | 2024 | 2023 |
 France | 2022 | 2024 | Indirectly-elected (2023) |
 Gabon | 2025 | 2023 | Indirectly-elected |
 Gambia | 2021 | 2022 |
 Georgia | Indirectly-elected (2024) | 2024 |
 Germany | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2025 | Indirectly-elected |
 Ghana | 2024 | 2024 |
 Gibraltar | Monarchy | 2023 |
 Greece | Indirectly-elected | 2023 |
 Grenada | Monarchy | 2022 | Appointed |
 Guatemala | 2023 | 2023 |
 Guernsey | Monarchy | 2020 |
 Guinea | 2020 | 2020 |
 Guinea-Bissau | 2019 | 2023 |
 Guyana | Indirectly-elected | 2020 |
 Haiti | 2016–17 | 2015–16 | 2016–17 |
 Honduras | 2021 | 2021 |
 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2021 |
 Hungary | Indirectly-elected (2024) | 2022 |
 Iceland | 2024 | 2024 |
 India | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2024 | Appointed/indirectly-elected (2025) |
 Indonesia | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 |
 Iran | 2024 | 2024 |
 Iraq | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2021 |
 Republic of Ireland | 2018 | 2024 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
 Israel | Indirectly-elected | 2022 |
 Italy | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2022 | 2022 |
 Ivory Coast | 2020 | 2021 | Appointed/indirectly-elected (2023) |
 Jamaica | Monarchy | 2020 | Appointed |
 Japan | Monarchy | 2024 | 2022 |
 Jersey | Monarchy | 2022 |
 Jordan | Monarchy | 2024 | Appointed |
 Kazakhstan | 2022 | 2023 | Appointed/indirectly-elected (2023) |
 Kenya | 2022 | 2022 |
2022 |
 Kiribati | 2024 | 2024 |
 North Korea | Indirectly-elected | 2019 |
 South Korea | 2022 | 2024 |
 Republic of Kosovo | Indirectly-elected | 2025 |
 Kuwait | Monarchy | 2024 |
 Kyrgyzstan | 2021 | 2021 |
 Laos | Indirectly-elected | 2021 |
 Latvia | Indirectly-elected | 2022 |
 Lebanon | Indirectly-elected | 2022 |
 Lesotho | Monarchy | 2022 | Appointed |
 Liberia | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 |
 Libya | Provisional | 2014 |
 Liechtenstein | Monarchy | 2025 |
 Lithuania | 2024 | 2024 |
 Luxembourg | Monarchy | 2023 |
 Macao Special Administrative Region | Indirectly-elected (2024) | 2021 |
 Madagascar | 2023 | 2024 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
 Malawi | 2020 | 2019 |
 Malaysia | Monarchy | 2022 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
 Maldives | 2023 | 2024 |
 Mali | 2018 | 2020 |
 Malta | Indirectly-elected (2024) | 2022 |
 Isle of Man | Monarchy | 2021 |
 Marshall Islands | Indirectly-elected | 2023 |
 Mauritania | 2024 | 2023 |
 Mauritius | Indirectly-elected | 2024 |
 Mexico | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 |
 Micronesia | Indirectly-elected | 2025 |
 Moldova | 2024 | 2021 |
 Monaco | Monarchy | 2023 |
 Mongolia | 2021 | 2024 |
 Montserrat | Monarchy | 2024 |
 Montenegro | 2023 | 2023 |
 Morocco | Monarchy | 2021 | Indirectly-elected |
 Mozambique | 2024 | 2024 |
 Myanmar | Indirectly-elected | 2020 | 2020 |
 Namibia | 2024 | 2024 | Indirectly-elected |
 Nauru | Indirectly-elected (2023) | 2022 |
 Nepal | Indirectly-elected (2023) | 2022 | Indirectly-elected (2024) |
 Netherlands | Monarchy | 2023 | Indirectly-elected (2023) |
 New Zealand | Monarchy | 2023 |
 Nicaragua | 2021 | 2021 |
 Niger | 2020–21 | 2020–21 |
 Nigeria | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 |
 Niue | Monarchy | 2023 |
 Northern Cyprus | 2020 | 2022 |
 North Macedonia | 2024 | 2024 |
 Norway | Monarchy | 2021 |
 Oman | Monarchy | 2023 | Appointed |
 Pakistan | Indirectly-elected (2024) | 2024 | Indirectly-elected (2024) |
 Palau | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 |
 Palestine | 2005 | 2006 |
 Panama | 2024 | 2024 |
 Papua New Guinea | Monarchy | 2022 |
 Paraguay | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 |
 Peru | 2021 | 2021 |
 Philippines | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 |
 Pitcairn Islands | Monarchy | 2023 |
 Poland | 2020 | 2023 | 2023 |
 Portugal | 2021 | 2025 |
 Qatar | Monarchy | 2021 |
 Romania | 2019 | 2024 | 2024 |
 Russia | 2024 | 2021 | Indirectly-elected |
 Rwanda | 2024 | 2024 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
 Sahrawi Republic | Indirectly-elected (2023) | 2023 |
 Saint Helena | Monarchy | 2021 |
 Saint Kitts and Nevis | Monarchy | 2022 |
 Saint Lucia | Monarchy | 2021 | Appointed |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Monarchy | 2020 |
 Samoa | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2021 |
 San Marino | Indirectly-elected | 2024 |
 São Tomé and Príncipe | 2021 | 2022 |
 Saudi Arabia | Monarchy | Appointed |
 Senegal | 2024 | 2024 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
 Serbia | 2022 | 2023 |
 Seychelles | 2020 | 2020 |
 Sierra Leone | 2023 | 2023 |
 Singapore | 2023 | 2020 |
 Slovakia | 2024 | 2023 |
 Slovenia | 2022 | 2022 |
 Solomon Islands | Monarchy | 2024 |
 Somalia | Indirectly-elected (2022) | Indirectly-elected (2021–2022) |
 Somaliland | 2024 | 2021 | Appointed |
 South Africa | Indirectly-elected | 2024 | Indirectly-elected |
 South Ossetia | 2022 | 2024 |
 South Sudan | 2010 | 2010 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
 Spain | Monarchy | 2023 | 2023 |
 Sri Lanka | 2024 | 2024 |
 Sudan | Provisional | Provisional |
 Suriname | Indirectly-elected | 2020 |
 Sweden | Monarchy | 2022 |
 Switzerland | Indirectly-elected | 2023 | 2023 |
 Syria | 2021 | 2024 |
 Tajikistan | 2020 | 2025 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
 Tanzania | 2020 | 2020 |
 Thailand | Monarchy | 2023 | Indirectly-elected (2024) |
 Togo | 2020 | 2024 |
 Tonga | Monarchy | 2021 |
 Transnistria | 2021 | 2020 |
 Trinidad and Tobago | Indirectly-elected | 2025 | Appointed |
 Tunisia | 2024 | 2022–2023 |
 Turkey | 2023 | 2023 |
 Turkmenistan | 2022 | 2023 |
 Turks and Caicos Islands | Monarchy | 2025 |
 Tuvalu | Monarchy | 2024 |
 Uganda | 2021 | 2021 |
 Ukraine | 2019 | 2019 |
 United Arab Emirates | Monarchy | 2023 |
 United Kingdom | Monarchy | 2024 | Appointed |
 United States | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 |
 Uruguay | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 |
 Uzbekistan | 2023 | 2024 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
 Vanuatu | Indirectly-elected (2025) | 2025 |
 Vatican City | Elective monarchy
(2025) | Appointed |
 Venezuela | 2024 | 2020 |
 Vietnam | Indirectly-elected | 2021 |
 Yemen | 2012 | 2003 |
 Zambia | 2021 | 2021 |
 Zimbabwe | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 |
