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穀
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
Han character
穀 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+10 in Chinese, 禾+9 in Japanese, 15 strokes in Chinese, 14 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 土木竹弓水 (GDHNE), four-corner 47947, composition ⿰⿱⿳士冖一禾殳 (GHTK) or ⿰⿳士冖禾殳 (J))
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 858, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25221
- Dae Jaweon: page 1283, character 14
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2164, character 11
- Unihan data for U+7A40
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Chinese
Glyph origin
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kloːɡ): semantic 禾 (“grain”) + phonetic 𣪊.
Etymology
From Austroasiatic or an area word (Schuessler, 2007); compare:
- Proto-Vietic *r-koːʔ (“husked rice”), Khmu [script needed] (rŋkoʔ, “husked rice”)
- Jingpho n-gu (n³³ ku³³, “rice (uncooked)”) (from Austroasiatic)
- Proto-Tai *C̬.qawꟲ (“rice”) (borrowed from Austroasiatic, whence Thai ข้าว (kâao, “rice”))
- Burmese ကောက် (kauk, “rice; paddy”) (supported by Hill, 2019)
STEDT compares this to provisional Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kuk (“rice, grain (crop)”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gu2
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): gůq
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гў (gw, II)
- Cantonese (Jyutping): guk1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kuk
- Northern Min (KCR): gŭ
- Eastern Min (BUC): gók
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gorh6
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 7koq
- Xiang
- (Changsha, Wiktionary): gu6
- (Hengyang, Wiktionary): gu6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: gǔ
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gǔ
- Wade–Giles: ku3
- Yale: gǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu
- Palladius: гу (gu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: gu2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gu
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku²¹/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: gůq
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): guq5
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuʔ⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гў (gw, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
- Jyutping: guk1
- Yale: gūk
- Cantonese Pinyin: guk7
- Guangdong Romanization: gug1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊk̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kuk
- Hakka Romanization System: gugˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gug5
- Sinological IPA: /kuk̚²/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gŭ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gók
- Sinological IPA (key): /kouʔ²⁴/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gorh6
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: go̤h
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɒʔ²¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gorh6
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɒʔ²/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
Note:
- kok - literary;
- kak - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gog4 / gag4
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kok / kak
- Sinological IPA (key): /kok̚²/, /kak̚²/
- (Teochew)
Note: gag4 - vernacular.
- Middle Chinese: kuwk
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤok/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kloːɡ/
Definitions
穀
- corn; grain; cereal
- 五穀／五谷 ― wǔgǔ ― Five Grains
- 歲凶，年穀不登，君膳不祭肺，馬不食穀。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Suì xiōng, nián gǔ bùdēng, jūn shàn bù jì fèi, mǎ bù shí gǔ. [Pinyin]
- In bad years, when the grain of the season is not coming to maturity, the ruler at his meals will not make the (usual) offering of the lungs, nor will his horses be fed on grain.
岁凶，年谷不登，君膳不祭肺，马不食谷。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
- foxtail millet (Setaria italica, the plant or the unhulled grain)
- (literary) salary of an official
- (literary) to rear; to bring up
- (literary) to live
- 穀則異室，死則同穴。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Gǔ zé yì shì, sǐ zé tóng xué. [Pinyin]
- While living, we may have to occupy different apartments;
But when dead, we shall share the same grave.
谷则异室，死则同穴。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (regional) paddy; unhulled rice
- (regional) rice plant
- (literary) good; fine
- 穀旦于差，南方之原。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Gǔdàn yú chāi, nánfāng zhī yuán. [Pinyin]
- A good morning having been chosen,
For the plain in the South.
- a surname
Usage notes
In 现代汉语词典 (7th edition), the simplified form of 穀 when used as "good; fine", "salary of an official" and a surname, and the simplified form of 穀梁 (Gǔliáng), are themselves.
Synonyms
Compounds
- 不穀 / 不谷 (bùgǔ)
- 九穀 / 九谷
- 五穀 / 五谷 (wǔgǔ)
- 五穀不分 / 五谷不分
- 五穀不升 / 五谷不升
- 五穀豐登 / 五谷丰登 (wǔgǔfēngdēng)
- 五穀豐稔 / 五谷丰稔
- 包穀 / 包谷 (bāogǔ)
- 嘉穀 / 嘉谷
- 嚼穀 / 嚼谷
- 孤寡不穀 / 孤寡不谷
- 川穀 / 川谷
- 布穀 / 布谷 (bùgǔ)
- 布穀鳥 / 布谷鸟 (bùgǔniǎo)
- 年穀 / 年谷
- 息穀 / 息谷
- 戩穀 / 戬穀
- 打穀 / 打谷 (dǎgǔ)
- 打穀機 / 打谷机
- 撥穀 / 拨谷
- 晒穀
- 晒穀場 / 晒谷场
- 楊穀 / 杨谷
- 殖穀 / 殖谷
- 田穀 / 田谷
- 百穀 / 百谷
- 礱穀機 / 砻谷机 (lónggǔjī)
- 穀倉 / 谷仓 (gǔcāng)
- 穀圭 / 谷圭
- 穀城 / 谷城 (Gǔchéng)
- 穀子 / 谷子 (gǔzi)
- 穀日 / 穀日
- 穀旦 / 穀旦 (gǔdàn)
- 穀梁傳 / 穀梁传 (Gǔliángzhuàn)
- 穀梁 / 穀梁 (Gǔliáng)
- 穀物 / 谷物 (gǔwù)
- 穀神星 / 谷神星 (Gǔshénxīng)
- 穀穀 / 谷谷
- 稻穀 / 稻谷 (dàogǔ)
- 穀米 / 谷米 (gǔmǐ)
- 穀草 / 谷草 (gǔcǎo)
- 穀賤傷農 / 谷贱伤农
- 穀道 / 谷道
- 穀雨 / 谷雨 (Gǔyǔ)
- 穀類 / 谷类 (gǔlèi)
- 穀風 / 谷风 (gǔfēng)
- 穀食 / 谷食 (gǔshí)
- 積穀 / 积谷
- 積穀防饑 / 积谷防饥 (jīgǔfángjī)
- 米穀 / 米谷
- 脫穀機 / 脱谷机
- 臧穀亡羊 / 臧谷亡羊
- 荒年穀 / 荒年谷
- 辟穀
- 辟穀絕粒 / 辟谷绝粒
- 錢穀 / 钱谷 (qiángǔ)
- 館穀 / 馆谷
References
- “穀”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
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