Substance |
Animal, Route |
LD50 {LC50}
|
LD50 : g/kg {LC50 : g/L} standardized |
Reference |
Water |
rat, oral |
>90,000 mg/kg |
>90 |
[1] |
Sucrose (table sugar) |
rat, oral |
29,700 mg/kg |
29.7 |
[2] |
Glucose (blood sugar) |
rat, oral |
25,800 mg/kg |
25.8 |
[3] |
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) |
rat, oral |
16,600 mg/kg |
16.6 |
[4] |
Stevioside (from stevia) |
mice & rats, oral |
>15,000 mg/kg |
15 |
[5] |
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
rat, oral |
11,900 mg/kg |
11.9 |
[6] |
Lactose (milk sugar) |
rat, oral |
>10,000 mg/kg |
10.0 |
[7] |
Aspartame |
mice, oral |
>10,000 mg/kg |
10.0 |
[8] |
Urea |
rat, oral |
8,471 mg/kg |
8.471 |
[9] |
Cyanuric acid |
rat, oral |
7,700 mg/kg |
7.7 |
[10] |
Cadmium sulfide | rat, oral | 7,080 mg/kg | 7.08 | [11] |
Ethanol (Grain alcohol) |
rat, oral |
7,060 mg/kg |
7.06 |
[12] |
Sodium isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA, metabolite of sarin) |
rat, oral |
6,860 mg/kg |
6.86 |
[13] |
Melamine |
rat, oral |
6,000 mg/kg |
6 |
[10] |
Methanol |
rat, oral |
5,628 mg/kg |
5.628 |
[14] |
Taurine |
rat, oral |
>5,000 mg/kg |
5.0 |
[15] |
Melamine cyanurate |
rat, oral |
4,100 mg/kg |
4.1 |
[10] |
Fructose (fruit sugar) |
rat, oral |
4,000 mg/kg |
4 |
[16] |
Sodium molybdate |
rat, oral |
4,000 mg/kg |
4 |
[17] |
Sodium chloride (table salt) |
rat, oral |
3,000 mg/kg |
3 |
[18] |
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) |
mouse, oral |
338 mg/kg |
0.338 |
[19] |
Synthetic Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) + Polysorbate 80 |
rat, oral |
1270 mg/kg |
1.27 |
[20] |
Cannabidiol (CBD) |
rat, oral [അവലംബം ആവശ്യമാണ്] |
980 mg/kg |
0.98 |
[21] |
Metallic Arsenic | rat, oral | 763 mg/kg | 0.763 | [22] |
Ibuprofen |
rat, oral |
636 mg/kg |
0.636 |
[23] |
Formaldehyde |
rat, oral |
600–800 mg/kg |
0.600 |
[24] |
Alkyl dimethyl benzalkonium chloride (ADBAC) |
rat, oral fish, immersion aquatic invertebrates, immersion |
304.5 mg/kg {0.28 mg/L} {0.059 mg/L} |
0.3045 {0.00028} {0.000059} |
[25] |
Coumarin (benzopyrone, from Cinnamomum aromaticum and other plants) |
rat, oral |
293 mg/kg |
0.293 |
[26] |
Psilocybin (from magic mushrooms) |
mouse, oral |
280 mg/kg |
0.280 |
[27] |
Hydrochloric acid |
rat, oral |
238–277 mg/kg |
0.238 |
[28] |
Ketamine |
rat, intraperitoneal |
229 mg/kg |
0.229 |
[29] |
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) |
rat, oral |
200 mg/kg |
0.2 |
[30] |
Caffeine |
rat, oral |
192 mg/kg |
0.192 |
[31] |
Arsenic trisulfide |
rat, oral |
185–6,400 mg/kg |
0.185–6.4 |
[32] |
Sodium nitrite |
rat, oral |
180 mg/kg |
0.18 |
[33] |
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) |
rat, oral |
160 mg/kg |
0.18 |
[34] |
Uranyl acetate dihydrate |
mouse, oral |
136 mg/kg |
0.136 |
[35] |
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) |
mouse, oral |
135 mg/kg |
0.135 |
[36] |
Uranium |
mice, oral |
114 mg/kg (estimated) |
0.114 |
[37] |
Bisoprolol |
mouse, oral |
100 mg/kg |
0.1 |
[38] |
Cocaine |
mouse, oral |
96 mg/kg |
0.096 |
[39] |
Cobalt(II) chloride |
rat, oral |
80 mg/kg |
0.08 |
[40] |
Cadmium oxide |
rat, oral |
72 mg/kg |
0.072 |
[41] |
Thiopental sodium (used in lethal injection) |
rat, oral |
64 mg/kg |
0.064 |
[42] |
Methamphetamine |
rat, intraperitoneal |
57 mg/kg |
0.057 |
[43] |
Sodium fluoride |
rat, oral |
52 mg/kg |
0.052 |
[44] |
Pentaborane |
human, oral |
<50 mg/kg |
<0.05 |
[45] |
Capsaicin |
mouse, oral |
47.2 mg/kg |
0.0472 |
[46] |
Mercury(II) chloride |
rat, dermal |
41 mg/kg |
0.041 |
[47] |
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) |
rat, oral |
37 mg/kg |
0.037 |
[48] |
Piperidine (from black pepper) |
rat, oral |
30 mg/kg |
0.030 |
[49] |
Heroin (diamorphine) |
mouse, intravenous |
21.8 mg/kg |
0.0218 |
[50] |
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) |
rat, intravenous |
16.5 mg/kg |
0.0165 |
[51] |
Arsenic trioxide |
rat, oral |
14 mg/kg |
0.014 |
[52] |
Metallic Arsenic |
rat, intraperitoneal |
13 mg/kg |
0.013 |
[53] |
Nicotine |
human, oral
mice, oral |
6.5–13.0 mg/kg (estimated)
3.34 mg/kg |
0.0065–0.013
0.0034 |
[54]
[55] |
Sodium cyanide |
rat, oral |
6.4 mg/kg |
0.0064 |
[56] |
Hydrogen cyanide |
mouse, oral |
3.7 mg/kg |
0.0037 |
[57] |
Chlorotoxin (CTX, from scorpions) |
mice |
4.3 mg/kg |
0.0043 |
[58] |
White phosphorus |
rat, oral |
3.03 mg/kg |
0.00303 |
[59] |
Strychnine |
human, oral |
1–2 mg/kg (estimated) |
0.001 |
[60] |
Cantharidin (from blister beetles) |
human, oral |
500 µg/kg |
0.0005 |
|
Aflatoxin B1 (from Aspergillus flavus mold) |
rat, oral |
480 µg/kg |
0.00048 |
[61] |
Plutonium |
dog, intravenous |
320 µg/kg |
0.00032 |
[62] |
Amatoxin (from Amanita phalloides mushrooms) |
rat |
300-700 µg/kg |
0.0007 |
[63] |
Tetrodotoxin (TTX, from blue-ringed octopus) |
mice, oral |
334 µg/kg |
0.000334 |
[64] |
Fentanyl |
monkey |
300 µg/kg |
0.0003 |
[65] |
Bufotoxin (from Bufo toads) |
cat, intravenous |
300 µg/kg |
0.000300 |
[66] |
Sarin |
mouse, subcutaneous injection |
172 µg/kg |
0.000172 |
[67] |
Robustoxin (from Sydney funnel-web spider) |
mice |
150 µg/kg |
0.000150 |
[68] |
VX |
human, oral, inhalation, absorption through skin/eyes |
140 µg/kg (estimated) |
0.00014 |
[69] |
Venom of the Brazilian wandering spider |
rat, subcutaneous |
134 µg/kg |
0.000134 |
[70] |
Venom of the Inland Taipan (Australian snake) |
rat, subcutaneous |
25 µg/kg |
0.000025 |
[71] |
Ricin (from castor oil plant) |
rat, intraperitoneal rat, oral |
22 μg/kg 20–30 mg/kg |
0.000022 0.02 |
[72] |
Carfentanil |
human, oral |
20 µg/kg |
0.00002 |
[73] |
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD, in Agent Orange) |
rat, oral |
20 µg/kg |
0.00002 |
[74] |
CrTX-A (from box jellyfish venom) |
crayfish, intraperitoneal |
5 µg/kg |
0.000005 |
[75] |
Latrotoxin (from widow spider venom) |
mice |
4.3 µg/kg |
0.0000043 |
[76] |
Batrachotoxin (from poison dart frog) |
human, sub-cutaneous injection |
2–7 µg/kg (estimated) |
0.000002 |
[77] |
Abrin (from rosary pea) |
mice, intravenously
human, inhalation
human, oral |
0.7 µg/kg
3.3 µg/kg
10–1000 µg/kg |
0.0000007
0.0000033
0.00001–0.001 |
|
Maitotoxin (from ciguateric fish) |
mouse, intraperitoneal |
0.13 µg/kg |
0.00000013 |
[78] |
Polonium-210 |
human, inhalation |
10 ng/kg (estimated) |
0.00000001 |
[79] |
Diphtheria toxin |
mice |
10 ng/kg |
0.00000001 |
[80] |
Shiga toxin (from dysentery) |
mice |
2 ng/kg |
0.000000002 |
[80] |
Tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin) |
mice |
2 ng/kg |
0.000000002 |
[80] |
Botulinum toxin (Botox) |
human, oral, injection, inhalation |
1 ng/kg (estimated) |
0.000000001 |
[81] |
Ionizing radiation |
human, irradiation |
5 Gy |
|
[82] |