Germanium sī chi̍t khoán hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, hû-hō sī Ge, goân-chú-hoan 32, sio̍k thòaⁿ-sò͘ cho̍k, sī kim-ku̍t, tēng-ngē ê lūi-kim-sio̍k, chham silicon ia̍h siah ū lūi-sū ê hoà-ha̍k sèng-chit. Germanium ê hoat-hiān-chiá sī Clemens Winkler, i hoat-hiān Germanium ê sèng-chit chham Dmitri Mendeleev chìn-chêng ū-chhek ê "ekasilicon" sio-siâng, jî-chhiáⁿ iōng i kok-ka ê miâ "german-" (Tek-kok) kā sin hoat-hiān ê goân-sò͘ hō miâ. Tī chū-jiân-kài, germanium tiāⁿ chhut-hiān tī iú-ki kim-sio̍k hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t lāi-bīn. Tī kang-gia̍p èng-iōng hong-bīn, sī chè-chō pòaⁿ-tō-thé ê gôan-liāu chi it.
Quick Facts Ki-pún sèng-chit, Miâ, hû-hō ...
Germanium, 32Ge
 A 12 gram (2×3 cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces |
| Ki-pún sèng-chit |
|---|
| Miâ, hû-hō |
germanium, Ge |
|---|
| Gōa-hêng |
grayish-white |
|---|
| Germanium tī chiu-kî-piáu lāi ê ūi-tì |
|---|
|
|
| Goân-chú-hoan |
32 |
|---|
| Goân-chú-liōng (±) |
72.630(8)[1] |
|---|
| Goân-sò͘ lūi-pia̍t |
lūi-kim-sio̍k |
|---|
| Cho̍k, hun-khu |
14 cho̍k, p khu |
|---|
| Chiu-kî |
tē 4 chiu-kî |
|---|
| Tiān-chú pâi-lia̍t |
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
|---|
| per shell |
2, 8, 18, 4 |
|---|
| Bu̍t-lí sèng-chit |
|---|
| Siòng |
kò͘-thé |
|---|
| Iûⁿ-tiám |
1211.40 K (938.25 °C, 1720.85 °F) |
|---|
| Hut-tiám |
3106 K (2833 °C, 5131 °F) |
|---|
| Bi̍t-tō͘ (sek-un) |
5.323 g·cm−3 |
|---|
|
5.60 g·cm−3 |
| Iûⁿ-hoà-jia̍t |
36.94 kJ·mol−1 |
|---|
| Cheng-hoat-jia̍t |
334 kJ·mol−1 |
|---|
| Jia̍t-iông-liōng |
23.222 J·mol−1·K−1 |
|---|
cheng-khì-ap
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| tī T (K) |
1644 |
1814 |
2023 |
2287 |
2633 |
3104 |
|
| Goân-chú sèng-chit |
|---|
| Sng-hòa-sò͘ |
4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
|---|
| Tiān-hū-tō͘ |
Pauling scale: 2.01 |
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| Tiān-lī-lêng |
1st: 762 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1537.5 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 3302.1 kJ·mol−1 |
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| Goân-chú pòaⁿ-kèng |
empirical: 122 pm |
|---|
| Kiōng-kè pòaⁿ-kèng |
122 pm |
|---|
| Van der Waals pòaⁿ-kèng |
211 pm |
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| Cha̍p-lio̍k |
|---|
| Chiⁿ-thé kò͘-chō |
diamond cubic |
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| Siaⁿ-sok (sòe kùn-á) |
5400 m·s−1 (at 20 °C) |
|---|
| Jia̍t-phòng-tiòng |
6.0 µm·m−1·K−1 |
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| Jia̍t-thoân-tō-lu̍t |
60.2 W·m−1·K−1 |
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| Tiān-chó͘-lu̍t |
1 Ω·m (at 20 °C) |
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| Lêng-phāng |
0.67 eV (at 300 K) |
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| Chû-sèng |
diamagnetic[2] |
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| Young hē-sò͘ |
103 GPa[3] |
|---|
| Shear hē-sò͘ |
41 GPa[3] |
|---|
| Bulk hē-sò͘ |
75 GPa[3] |
|---|
| Poisson pí |
0.26[3] |
|---|
| Mohs ngē-tō͘ |
6.0 |
|---|
| CAS teng-kì pian-hō |
7440-56-4 |
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| Le̍k-sú |
|---|
| Hō-miâ |
after Germany, homeland of the discoverer |
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| Chhui-chhek |
Dmitri Mendeleev (1871) |
|---|
| Hoat-hiān |
Clemens Winkler (1886) |
|---|
| Chòe ún-tēng ê tông-ūi-sò͘ |
|---|
|
Chú bûn-chiong: germanium ê tông-ūi-sò͘ |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 68Ge |
syn |
270.8 d |
ε |
– |
68Ga |
| 70Ge |
21.23% |
70Ge is stable with 38 neutrons |
| 71Ge |
syn |
11.26 d |
ε |
– |
71Ga |
| 72Ge |
27.66% |
72Ge is stable with 40 neutrons |
| 73Ge |
7.73% |
73Ge is stable with 41 neutrons |
| 74Ge |
35.94% |
74Ge is stable with 42 neutrons |
| 76Ge |
7.44% |
1.78×1021 y |
β−β− |
2.039 |
76Se |
|
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