Germanium sī chi̍t khoán hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, hû-hō sī Ge, goân-chú-hoan 32, sio̍k thòaⁿ-sò͘ cho̍k, sī kim-ku̍t, tēng-ngē ê lūi-kim-sio̍k, chham silicon ia̍h siah ū lūi-sū ê hoà-ha̍k sèng-chit. Germanium ê hoat-hiān-chiá sī Clemens Winkler, i hoat-hiān Germanium ê sèng-chit chham Dmitri Mendeleev chìn-chêng ū-chhek ê "ekasilicon" sio-siâng, jî-chhiáⁿ iōng i kok-ka ê miâ "german-" (Tek-kok) kā sin hoat-hiān ê goân-sò͘ hō miâ. Tī chū-jiân-kài, germanium tiāⁿ chhut-hiān tī iú-ki kim-sio̍k hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t lāi-bīn. Tī kang-gia̍p èng-iōng hong-bīn, sī chè-chō pòaⁿ-tō-thé ê gôan-liāu chi it.
Quick facts Ki-pún sèng-chit, Miâ, hû-hō ...
Germanium, 32Ge A 12 gram (2×3 cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces |
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| Miâ, hû-hō | germanium, Ge |
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| Gōa-hêng | grayish-white |
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| Goân-chú-hoan | 32 |
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| Goân-chú-liōng (±) | 72.630(8)[1] |
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| Goân-sò͘ lūi-pia̍t | lūi-kim-sio̍k |
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| Cho̍k, hun-khu | 14 cho̍k, p khu |
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| Chiu-kî | tē 4 chiu-kî |
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| Tiān-chú pâi-lia̍t | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
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| per shell | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
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| Siòng | kò͘-thé |
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| Iûⁿ-tiám | 1211.40 K (938.25 °C, 1720.85 °F) |
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| Hut-tiám | 3106 K (2833 °C, 5131 °F) |
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| Bi̍t-tō͘ (sek-un) | 5.323 g·cm−3 |
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| 5.60 g·cm−3 |
| Iûⁿ-hoà-jia̍t | 36.94 kJ·mol−1 |
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| Cheng-hoat-jia̍t | 334 kJ·mol−1 |
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| Jia̍t-iông-liōng | 23.222 J·mol−1·K−1 |
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cheng-khì-ap
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| tī T (K) |
1644 |
1814 |
2023 |
2287 |
2633 |
3104 |
|
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| Sng-hòa-sò͘ | 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
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| Tiān-hū-tō͘ | Pauling scale: 2.01 |
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| Tiān-lī-lêng | 1st: 762 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1537.5 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 3302.1 kJ·mol−1 |
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| Goân-chú pòaⁿ-kèng | empirical: 122 pm |
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| Kiōng-kè pòaⁿ-kèng | 122 pm |
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| Van der Waals pòaⁿ-kèng | 211 pm |
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| Chiⁿ-thé kò͘-chō | diamond cubic |
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| Siaⁿ-sok (sòe kùn-á) | 5400 m·s−1 (at 20 °C) |
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| Jia̍t-phòng-tiòng | 6.0 µm·m−1·K−1 |
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| Jia̍t-thoân-tō-lu̍t | 60.2 W·m−1·K−1 |
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| Tiān-chó͘-lu̍t | 1 Ω·m (at 20 °C) |
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| Lêng-phāng | 0.67 eV (at 300 K) |
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| Chû-sèng | diamagnetic[2] |
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| Young hē-sò͘ | 103 GPa[3] |
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| Shear hē-sò͘ | 41 GPa[3] |
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| Bulk hē-sò͘ | 75 GPa[3] |
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| Poisson pí | 0.26[3] |
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| Mohs ngē-tō͘ | 6.0 |
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| CAS teng-kì pian-hō | 7440-56-4 |
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| Hō-miâ | after Germany, homeland of the discoverer |
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| Chhui-chhek | Dmitri Mendeleev (1871) |
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| Hoat-hiān | Clemens Winkler (1886) |
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| Chú bûn-chiong: germanium ê tông-ūi-sò͘ |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 68Ge |
syn |
270.8 d |
ε |
– |
68Ga |
| 70Ge |
21.23% |
70Ge is stable with 38 neutrons |
| 71Ge |
syn |
11.26 d |
ε |
– |
71Ga |
| 72Ge |
27.66% |
72Ge is stable with 40 neutrons |
| 73Ge |
7.73% |
73Ge is stable with 41 neutrons |
| 74Ge |
35.94% |
74Ge is stable with 42 neutrons |
| 76Ge |
7.44% |
1.78×1021 y |
β−β− |
2.039 |
76Se |
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