Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 581 (P. Oxy. 581 or P. Oxy. III 581) is a papyrusfragment written in Ancient Greek, apparently recording the sale of a slave girl. Dating from 29 August 99 AD, P. Oxy. 581 was discovered, alongside hundreds of other papyri, by Bernard Pyne Grenfell and Arthur Surridge Hunt while excavating an ancient landfill at Oxyrhynchus in modern Egypt. The document's contents were published by the Egypt Exploration Fund in 1898, which also secured its donation to University College, Dundee, later the University of Dundee, in 1903 – where it still resides. Measuring 6.3 x 14.7cm and consisting of 17 lines of text, the artifact represents the conclusion of a longer record, although the beginning of the papyrus was lost before it was found. P. Oxy. 581 has received a modest amount of scholarly attention, most recently and completely in a 2009 translation by classicist Amin Benaissa of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
The fragment probably documents the registration of a slaving sale with Oxyrhynchus' agoranomeion, a Roman civic institution involved with record-keeping and the supervision of taxation. P. Oxy. 581 mentions four individuals; the slave herself, likely an eight year-old female; the unnamed purchaser, for whom the transaction is being registered; Demas, brother of the purchaser as well as the slave's previous owner and Caecilius Clemens, an unspecified notary also connected to four other Oxyrhynchus Papyri dating from 86 AD–c.100 AD. An "inadvertent scribal omission", whereby the stated value of 3,000 bronzedrachmas, a largely obsolete currency, was not converted into its equivalent worth in silver, is regarded as an unusual mistake and has served to distinguish the record. (Full article...)
Image 6A figure wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt and whose face appears to reflect the features of the reigning king, most probably Amenemhat II or Senwosret II. It functioned as a divine guardian for the imiut, and it is wearing a divine kilt, which suggests that the statuette was not merely a representation of the living ruler. (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 15Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the Suez Canal hit during the initial Anglo-French assault on Egypt, 5 November 1956. (from Egypt)
Image 16Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna, 14th Century BC. (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 17Tutankhamun's burial mask is one of the major attractions of the Egyptian Museum of Cairo. (from Egypt)
Image 18Painted limestone relief of a noble member of Ancient Egyptian society during the New Kingdom (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 19Glassmaking was a highly developed art. (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 20Hunting game birds and plowing a field. Depiction on a burial chamber from c.2700 BC. Tomb of Nefermaat and his wife Itet. (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 21Female nationalists demonstrating in Cairo, 1919 (from Egypt)
Image 22Protesters from the Third Square movement, which supported neither the former Morsi government nor the Armed Forces, 31 July 2013 (from Egypt)
Image 53The Abu Haggag Mosque is integrated into the pharaonic era 14th century BC Egyptian Luxor temple, which has made it the oldest continuously used temple structure worldwide (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 57An offshore platform in the Darfeel Gas Field (from Egypt)
Image 58The pyramids of Giza are among the most recognizable symbols of ancient Egyptian civilization. (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 59The pharaoh was usually depicted wearing symbols of royalty and power. (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 60Smart Village, a business district established in 2001 to facilitate the growth of high-tech businesses (from Egypt)
Image 61Sennedjem plows his fields with a pair of oxen, used as beasts of burden and a source of food, a depiction of Aaru from Dayr al-Madīnah. (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 64Rectangular fishpond with ducks and lotus planted round with date palms and fruit trees, in a fresco from the Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, 18th Dynasty (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 65British infantry near El Alamein, 17 July 1942 (from Egypt)
Image 66Prominent Egyptian dissident Alaa Abd El-Fattah was sentenced to five years of imprisonment in December 2021. (from Egypt)
Image 82A tomb relief depicts workers plowing the fields, harvesting the crops, and threshing the grain under the direction of an overseer, painting in the tomb of Nakht. (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 89Ancient Egyptians playing music (from Egypt)
Image 90Seagoing ship from Hateshepsut's Deir el-Bahari temple relief of a Punt Expedition (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 91Tanoura dancers performing in Wekalet El Ghoury, Cairo (from Egypt)
Image 92President el-Sisi with US President Joe Biden, 11 November 2022 (from Egypt)
Image 93Kushari, one of Egypt's national dishes (from Egypt)
Image 94Assyrian siege of an Egyptian fortified city, a scene from the Assyrian conquest of Egypt, probably referring to the capture of Memphis in 667 BC. Sculpted in 645–635 BC, under Ashurbanipal. British Museum. (from Ancient Egypt)
Hypatia (born c. 350–370; died 415 AD) was a Neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, then part of the Eastern Roman Empire. She was a prominent thinker in Alexandria where she taught philosophy and astronomy. Although preceded by Pandrosion, another Alexandrine female mathematician, she is the first female mathematician whose life is reasonably well recorded. Hypatia was renowned in her own lifetime as a great teacher and a wise counselor. She wrote a commentary on Diophantus's thirteen-volume Arithmetica, which may survive in part, having been interpolated into Diophantus's original text, and another commentary on Apollonius of Perga's treatise on conic sections, which has not survived. Many modern scholars also believe that Hypatia may have edited the surviving text of Ptolemy's Almagest, based on the title of her father Theon's commentary on Book III of the Almagest.
Hypatia constructed astrolabes and hydrometers, but did not invent either of these, which were both in use long before she was born. She was tolerant towards Christians and taught many Christian students, including Synesius, the future bishop of Ptolemais. Ancient sources record that Hypatia was widely beloved by pagans and Christians alike and that she established great influence with the political elite in Alexandria. Towards the end of her life, Hypatia advised Orestes, the Roman prefect of Alexandria, who was in the midst of a political feud with Cyril, the bishop of Alexandria. Rumors spread accusing her of preventing Orestes from reconciling with Cyril and, in March 415 AD, she was murdered by a mob of Christians led by a lector named Peter. (Full article...)
Selected cuisines, dishes and foods - show another
Ful medames (Arabic: فول مدمس, fūl midammisIPA:[fuːlmeˈdammes]; other spellings include ful mudammas and foule mudammes), or simply fūl, is a stew of cooked fava beans served with olive oil, cumin, and optionally with chopped parsley, garlic, onion, lemon juice, chili pepper and other vegetables, herbs, and spices. Ful medames is traditionally made in and served out of a large metal jug. It is notably a staple food in Egypt and is considered a national dish, especially in the northern cities of Cairo and Gizah. Fava beans can sometimes be also found in other cuisines in the Middle East, and Africa, though cooked differently. (Full article...)
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