嫌

嫌 U+5ACC, 嫌 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5ACC ← 嫋 [U+5ACB] CJK Unified Ideographs 嫍 → [U+5ACD]

Translingual

Han character

嫌 (Kangxi radical 38, 女+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 女廿難金 (VTXC), four-corner 4843₇, composition ⿰女兼)

Derived characters

• 𥽎, 𫅸

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 269, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6618
• Dae Jaweon: page 536, character 20
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1073, character 8
• Unihan data for U+5ACC

Chinese

trad.		嫌
simp. #		嫌
2nd round simp.		𢙝

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 嫌
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (兼) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
譧	*r'eːms
賺	*r'eːms
尲	*kreːm
鹻	*kreːmʔ
歉	*kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms
槏	*kʰreːmʔ
鰜	*ɡreːm, *keːm
稴	*ɡreːm, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ, *ɡ·reːms, *ɡeːm
豏	*ɡreːmʔ, *ɡreːms
甉	*ɡreːmʔ, *ɡraːm
廉	*ɡ·rem
鎌	*ɡ·rem
鬑	*ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
鐮	*ɡ·rem
簾	*ɡ·rem
薕	*ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
蠊	*ɡ·rem
嬚	*ɡ·remʔ
溓	*ɡ·remʔ, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ
嵰	*kʰremʔ
隒	*ŋɡremʔ
熑	*ɡ·reːm
濂	*ɡ·reːm
燫	*ɡ·reːm
兼	*keːm, *keːms
縑	*keːm
鶼	*keːm
蒹	*keːm
搛	*keːm
謙	*kʰeːm
膁	*kʰeːmʔ
嗛	*kʰeːmʔ
慊	*kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːb
傔	*kʰeːms
馦	*qʰeːm
嫌	*ɡeːm
鼸	*ɡeːmʔ
尷	*kreːm

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡeːm): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 兼 (OC *keːm, *keːms).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xián (xian²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jim⁴, him⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): yiam³

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): hiàm

  (Hailu, HRS): hiam

  (Meixian, Guangdong): hiam²

• Northern Min (KCR): hǐng
• Eastern Min (BUC): hièng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hiâm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hiam⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶yi

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xián
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sián
    • Wade–Giles: hsien²
    • Yale: syán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
    • Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong–Macau)
    • Jyutping: jim⁴, him⁴
    • Yale: yìhm, hìhm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jim⁴, him⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: yim⁴, him⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːm²¹ hiːm²¹/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: yiam³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiam²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiàm
    • Hakka Romanization System: hiam^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hiam²
    • Sinological IPA: /hi̯am¹¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: hiam
    • Sinological IPA: /hiam⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: hiam²
    • Sinological IPA: /hiam¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hǐng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xiŋ²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hièng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hieŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiâm
    • Tâi-lô: hiâm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hiaam
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiam²³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiam¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Singapore): /hiam²⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hiam⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiâm
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hiam⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶yi
    • MiniDict: yi^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhi
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦi²³/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 嫌
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕian³⁵/
	Harbin	/ɕian²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ɕian⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ɕiã⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ɕiã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ɕian⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ɕiã²⁴/
	Xining	/ɕiã²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ɕian⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕiɛ̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕian⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/ɕiɛn²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ɕian³¹/
	Guiyang	/ɕian²¹/
	Kunming	/ɕiɛ̃³¹/
	Nanjing	/ɕien²⁴/
	Hefei	/ɕiĩ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕie¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ɕie̞¹³/ ～疑 /xæ¹³/ ～疼咧
	Hohhot	/ɕie³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦi²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɪ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦiẽ̞²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ji³¹/ /ɦa³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕie⁴⁴/
	Tunxi	/ɕiɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ɕiẽ¹³/
	Xiangtan	/ɕiẽ¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/ɕiɛn⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/hiam¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/hiɑm¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jim²¹/
	Nanning	/jim²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jim²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hiam³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/hieŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xiŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hiam⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/hiam³¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: hem

Rime
Character	嫌
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	添 (157)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	戸兼切
Baxter	hem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦem/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦem/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɛm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦɛm/
Li Rong	/ɣem/
Wang Li	/ɣiem/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣiem/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jim4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kˤem/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡeːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	嫌
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xián
Middle Chinese	‹ hem ›
Old Chinese	/*N-kˁem/
English	doubt, doubtful
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	嫌
Reading #	1/1
No.	6078
Phonetic component	兼
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	嫌
Old Chinese	/*ɡeːm/

Notes

In Cantonese, “him4” was an older pronunciation, nowadays it is rarely used.

Definitions

嫌

1. to be sick of; to be tired of; to be fed up with
2. (Cantonese, transitive) to mind; to dislike; to be dissatisfied of

   後面個司機嫌我慢，就扒咗我頭。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   后面个司机嫌我慢，就扒咗我头。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   hau⁶ min⁶ go³ si¹ gei¹ jim⁴ /him⁴ ngo⁵ maan⁶, zau⁶ paa⁴ zo² ngo⁵ tau⁴. [Jyutping]

   The driver behind me is disatisfied of me being so slow, so they cut in front of me.

3. (literary, or in compounds) hatred; enmity; resentment; grudge
4. (literary, or in compounds) to doubt; to suspect
5. (literary, or in compounds) suspicion (the state of being suspected)
6. (literary, or in compounds) to be similar to; to be about the same as; to approximate
7. (literary, or in compounds) to guess; to surmise; to conjecture

Synonyms

• (to be sick of): 膩煩／腻烦 (nìfán), 厭煩／厌烦 (yànfán)
• (hatred):

edit

• 仇怨 (chóuyuàn)
• 仇恨 (chóuhèn)
• 冤 (yuān) (literary, or in compounds)
• 冤仇 (yuānchóu)
• 怨恨 (yuànhèn)
• 敵意 / 敌意 (díyì)
• 梁子 (niang² zi³) (Sichuanese)

• (to doubt):

edit

• 心存疑惑 (xīncún yíhuò)
• 思疑 (sīyí) (literary)
• 惑疑 (hueh⁴ i¹) (Jin)
• 憢疑 / 𢙒疑 (Hokkien)
• 懷疑 / 怀疑 (huáiyí)
• 狐疑 (húyí)
• 猜疑 (cāiyí)
• 疑乎 (nyi² fu²) (Sichuanese)
• 疑心 (yíxīn)
• 疑惑 (yíhuò)
• 疑騃 / 疑𫘤 (Hokkien)
• 臭疑 (Hokkien)
• 臭青疑 (Hokkien)
• 青疑 (Hokkien)

• (suspicion):

edit

• 嫌疑 (xiányí)
• 惑志 (huòzhì) (literary)
• 狐疑 (húyí)
• 疑心 (yíxīn)
• 疑惑 (yíhuò)
• 疑義 / 疑义 (yíyì)

• (to be similar to):

edit

• 好像 (hǎoxiàng)
• 接近 (jiējìn)
• 相仿 (xiāngfǎng)
• 相似 (xiāngsì)
• 相像 (xiāngxiàng)
• 相若 (xiāngruò)
• 相近 (xiāngjìn)
• 相類 / 相类 (xiānglèi)
• 近似 (jìnsì)
• 逼肖 (bīxiào) (literary, to bear a close resemblance to)
• 隨 / 随 (suí) (Northern Mandarin, of a parent in appearance or disposition)
• 雷同 (léitóng)
• 類似 / 类似 (lèisì)
• 類同 / 类同 (lèitóng)

• (to guess):

edit

• 估計 / 估计 (gūjì)
• 估量
• 假定 (jiǎdìng)
• 假想 (jiǎxiǎng)
• 假設 / 假设 (jiǎshè)
• 商量 (shāngliàng) (Classical Chinese)
• 忖度 (cǔnduó) (literary)
• 思裁 (sīcái) (literary)
• 想象 (xiǎngxiàng)
• 懸 / 悬 (xuán) (literary, or in compounds)
• 懸想 / 悬想 (xuánxiǎng)
• 懷疑 / 怀疑 (huáiyí)
• 打估 (Southern Pinghua)
• 推想 (tuīxiǎng)
• 推測 / 推测 (tuīcè)
• 掠算 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 揣度 (formal)
• 擬 / 拟 (nǐ)
• 母量 (mu³ liong) (Gan)
• 派胚 (Hokkien)
• 測 / 测 (cè) (literary, or in compounds)
• 測估 / 测估 (cègū)
• 測度 / 测度 (cèduó)
• 測算 / 测算 (cèsuàn)
• 猜 (cāi)
• 猜度 (cāiduó)
• 猜想 (cāixiǎng)
• 猜摸 (cāimo)
• 猜料 (cāiliào)
• 猜測 / 猜测 (cāicè)
• 猜詳 / 猜详 (cāixiáng)
• 算 (suàn)
• 算計 / 算计 (suànjì)
• 約摸 / 约摸 (yuēmo)
• 臭疑 (Hokkien)
• 臭青疑 (Hokkien)
• 虛擬 / 虚拟 (xūnǐ)
• 要約 / 要约 (iau³ ieh⁴) (Jin)
• 設 / 设 (shè)
• 設想 / 设想 (shèxiǎng)
• 跋胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 辦胚 / 办胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 阿合 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
• 青疑 (Hokkien)
• 預計 / 预计 (yùjì)

Compounds

• 不嫌
• 不避嫌疑
• 主嫌 (zhǔxián)
• 仇嫌
• 休嫌
• 兇嫌 / 凶嫌 (xiōngxián)
• 冒嫌
• 別嫌 / 别嫌
• 前嫌 (qiánxián)
• 取嫌
• 可嫌
• 嗤嫌
• 嗔嫌
• 多嫌
• 嫌三嫌四
• 嫌乎
• 嫌厭 / 嫌厌 (xiányàn)
• 嫌名
• 嫌唬
• 嫌好
• 嫌好道惡 / 嫌好道恶
• 嫌好道歉
• 嫌好道醜 / 嫌好道丑
• 嫌微
• 嫌忌
• 嫌怨
• 嫌怕
• 嫌恨
• 嫌惑
• 嫌惎
• 嫌惡 / 嫌恶 (xiánwù)
• 嫌憎 (xiánzēng)
• 嫌棄 / 嫌弃 (xiánqì)
• 嫌犯 (xiánfàn)
• 嫌猜
• 嫌疑 (xiányí)
• 嫌疑分子
• 嫌疑犯 (xiányífàn)
• 嫌疵
• 嫌舋
• 嫌責 / 嫌责
• 嫌貧愛富 / 嫌贫爱富
• 嫌貳 / 嫌贰
• 嫌郤
• 嫌鄙 (xiánbǐ)
• 嫌釁 / 嫌衅
• 嫌錢腥 / 嫌钱腥
• 嫌長道短 / 嫌长道短
• 嫌間 / 嫌间
• 嫌閒 / 嫌闲
• 嫌隙 (xiánxì)
• 嫌難 / 嫌难
• 嫌韻 / 嫌韵
• 宿嫌
• 小嫌
• 引嫌
• 微嫌
• 怪嫌
• 怨嫌
• 恨嫌
• 惡嫌 / 恶嫌 (wùxián)
• 愛富嫌貧 / 爱富嫌贫
• 憎嫌
• 挑三嫌四
• 挾嫌 / 挟嫌 (xiéxián)
• 搆嫌 / 构嫌
• 搶嫌 / 抢嫌
• 昵嫌
• 時嫌 / 时嫌
• 暱嫌 / 昵嫌
• 曲嫌
• 棄嫌 / 弃嫌 (qìxián)
• 決嫌 / 决嫌
• 涉嫌 (shèxián)
• 無嫌 / 无嫌
• 煩嫌 / 烦嫌
• 特嫌
• 猜嫌 (cāixián)
• 瓜李之嫌
• 瓜田之嫌
• 疏嫌
• 疑嫌
• 睚眥之嫌 / 睚眦之嫌
• 瞋嫌
• 私嫌
• 竊嫌 / 窃嫌
• 罪嫌 (zuìxián)
• 自嫌
• 衽席之嫌
• 親嫌 / 亲嫌
• 討人嫌 / 讨人嫌 (tǎorénxián)
• 討嫌 / 讨嫌 (tǎoxián)
• 說好嫌歹 / 说好嫌歹
• 譏嫌 / 讥嫌
• 讎嫌 / 雠嫌
• 變嫌 / 变嫌
• 責嫌 / 责嫌
• 辟嫌
• 遠嫌 / 远嫌
• 避嫌 (bìxián)
• 避李嫌瓜
• 釋嫌 / 释嫌
• 重嫌
• 防嫌
• 隙嫌
• 齒馬之嫌 / 齿马之嫌

References

• https://jyut.net/query?q=%E5%AB%8C
• “嫌”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–