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-ja
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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See also: Appendix:Variations of "ja"
English
Suffix
-ja
- (colloquial, used only after a /d/ sound) You, ya.
Derived terms
Related terms
Anagrams
Emilian
Pronunciation
Pronoun
-ja (personal, nominative case)
- (enclitic) alternative form of a
Related terms
Emilian personal pronouns (weak forms)
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Estonian
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *-ja, from Proto-Uralic *-ja. Cognate with Finnish -ja.
Suffix
-ja (genitive -ja, partitive -jat)
- -er; appended to verbal stems to form agent nouns, especially human ones
Declension
Derived terms
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-ja
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *-ja (agent noun suffix), from Proto-Uralic *-ja (present participle ending).
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ja (front vowel harmony variant -jä, linguistic notation -jA)
- Forms agent nouns, especially human ones; -er
Usage notes
- If the stem ends in -e-, this changes to -i- before adding -ja.
- juokse- + -ja → juoksija
- näyttele- + -ja → näyttelijä
Declension
The original verb affects the declension type of the derivation.
If the -ja ending is preceded by -i-, the noun is declined as type 12 (kulkija) (derivatives of type 62 verbs (voida) are an exception, however).
Otherwise, the noun is declined as type 10 (koira).
Derived terms
See also
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Garo
Affix
-ja
- Used on a verb before the case marker to indicate negation.
Gothic
Romanization
-ja
- romanization of -𐌾𐌰
Hungarian
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ja
- Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
- ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)
- (with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)
- Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)
- (with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)
- a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)
- (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)
- (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)
- Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.
- Synonym: óta (less common in this sense; more commonly means “since”)
- (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)
- Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül
- jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)
- legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
Usage notes
- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.
- -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.
- This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).
Declension
Suffix
-ja
- (personal suffix) Forms the definite third-person singular present tense of back-vowel verbs (with identical or different assimilation rules depending on the ending of the stem—see the tables below):
- in indicative mood
- tud (“to know”) + -ja → tudja (“he/she knows”)
- Tudja, hogy mit akar. ― He/she knows what he/she wants.
- tartalmaz (“to contain”) + -ja → tartalmazza (“it contains [that]”)
- tart (“to hold, keep”) + -ja → tartja (“[formal] you are holding/keeping [him/her/it] or s/he is holding/keeping [him/her/it]”)
- in subjunctive (imperative) mood
- megtud (“to find out”) → tudja meg! (“[formal] Find it out! or Let him/her find it out!”)
- tartalmaz (“to contain”) + -ja → tartalmazza! (“it should contain [that] or let it contain [that]”)
- tart (“to hold, keep”) + -ja → tartsa! (“[formal] hold/keep him/her/it! or s/he should hold/keep him/her/it! or let him/her hold/keep him/her/it!”)
- in indicative mood
Usage notes
- (personal suffix) The j assimilates to the final s, sz, z, dz. See harmonic variants in the tables below.
Present tense definite – personal endings
Subjunctive/imperative definite – personal endings
See also
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Ingrian
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *-ja. Cognates include Finnish -ja and Estonian -ja.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ja (front vowel variant -jä)
- Used to form agent nouns from verbs: -er
- kirjuttaa (“to write”) + -ja → kirjuttaja (“writer”)
Usage notes
- In the Soikkola dialect, bisyllabic verb stems followed by -ja do not get CVCVCV > CVCCVVCV gemination.
Declension
After the vowel -i-:
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Proto-Finnic *-dak. Cognate with Finnish -da.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ja (front vowel variant -jä)
Usage notes
- Used after monosyllabic stems ending in -e- or -i-.
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Maltese
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
See the lemma.
Suffix
-ja
- alternative form of -a (feminine, plural, or singulative ending), used with stems ending in -i, -j
Etymology 2
From Arabic يَ (ya), alternative form of ي (-ī).
Suffix
-ja
- alternative form of -i (1st-person singular non-verbal pronominal suffix), used with stems ending in vowels or diphthongs.
Murui Huitoto
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ja
- alternative form of -a
References
Serbo-Croatian
Suffix
-ja (Cyrillic spelling -ја)
- Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, performer or a feature, usually negative.
See also
Ye'kwana
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Suffix
-ja
- forms a tag question, requesting confirmation: right?
Usage notes
This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix.
Etymology 2
Suffix
-ja
- expresses complaint about the term it attaches to
References
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