Tafkin dutse mai aman wuta
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Tafkin dutse mai aman wuta wani tafki ne da ke cikin wani rami da aka samu daga fashe-fashe ko kuma rugujewar wuta a lokacin tashin aman wuta .
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Samuwar
Tafkunan da ke cikin calderas sun cika manyan ramuka da aka samu sakamakon rugujewar wani dutse mai aman wuta a lokacin da wani ya tashi. Tafkunan da ke cikin maars sun cika matsakaitan ramuka inda fashewar ta taso da tarkace a kusa da wata huci.
Tafkuna suna tasowa yayin da aka haifar da bakin rami, a cikin ramin ramin, ruwa ya cika. Ruwan na iya fitowa daga hazo, zagayawa na ruwa na kasa (sau da yawa ruwan zafi mai zafi a yanayin ramukan volcanic) ko narkar da kankara . Matsayinsa yana tashi har sai an kai ma'auni tsakanin adadin ruwan da ke shigowa da fita. Tushen asarar ruwa guda daya ko tare na iya Hadawa da kazantar kazamin kasa, barkewar kasa, da kuma, a wurare, digon kasa ko ambaliya lokacin da matakin tafkin ya kai mafi kaskanci a gefensa. A irin wannan wurin kuma sirdi, babban bangaren tafkin yana kunshi ne kawai da dam din dutsen da ke kusa da shi; ci gaba da yabo ta hanyar ko kuma fita daga saman dam din na iya lalata kayan da ke cikinsa, don haka rage matakin tabkin har sai an kafa wani sabon daidaito na kwararar ruwa, zaizayewa, da juriyar dutse. Idan kuma bangaren dam din dutsen mai aman wuta ya lalace da sauri ko kuma ya gaza ta hanyar bala'i, abin da ya faru yana haifar da fashewa ko fashe ambaliya. Tare da canje-canje a yanayin muhalli na tsawon lokaci, faruwar irin wannan ambaliya ya zama ruwan dare ga kowane nau'in dam na halitta.
Wani sanannen tafkin rafi, wanda ke da suna iri daya da fasalin yanayin kasa, shine tafkin Crater a Oregon . Yana cikin kalandar na Dutsen Mazama . Shine tafki mafi zurfi a Amurka tare da zurfin 594 metres (1,949 ft) . Kogin Crater ana ciyar da shi ne kawai ta hanyar ruwan sama da dusar kankara, ba tare da shigowa ko fita a saman ba, don haka yana daya daga cikin tafkuna mafi tsabta a duniya.
Dutsen dutse mafi girma a duniya, 6,893-m (22,615-ft) Ojos del Salado a Chile, yana da tafki na dindindin kamar 100 metres (330 ft) a diamita a tsayin 6,390 metres (20,965 ft) a gefen gabas. Wata Kila wannan ita ce tafki mafi girma a kowane irin yanayi a duniya.
Saboda yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali, wasu tafkunan ramuka suna wanzuwa na dan lokaci. Tafkunan Caldera da bambanci na iya zama babba kuma mai dorewa. Misali, tafkin Toba ( Indonesiya ) ya samo asali ne bayan fashewar sa kimanin shekaru 75,000 da suka wuce. A kusa 100 kilometres (62 mi) ta 30 kilometres (19 mi) a tsayi da 505 metres (1,657 ft) zurfi a zurfin zurfinsa, Lake Toba shine mafi girman tafkin rafi a duniya.
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Hatsari
Duk da yake yawancin tafkunan ramuka suna da kyau, kuma suna iya zama masu mutuwa. Iskar gas da ke fitowa daga tafkin Nyos a ( Kamaru ) yana shakatar da mutane 1,800 a 1986, kuma tafkunan ramuka irin su Dutsen Ruapehu (New Zealand) suna yawan taimakawa wajen lalata lahar .
Bambance-bambance daga sauran tafkunan volcanic
Wasu idanun ruwa, koda yake samuwarsu yana da alaka kai tsaye da ayyukan volcanic, yawanci ana kiransu tafkunan ramuka, gami da:
- Tafkunan da madatsun ruwa masu aman wuta suka haifar saboda lafa da ke gudana a wajen ginin dutsen mai aman wuta (kamar tafkin Garibaldi a Kanada, Tafkunan Fuji biyar a Japan)
- Rufe lagoons na atoll (kamar Clipperton lagoon), wanda tsarin samuwarsa shima yana nuna hanyoyin biogeomorphologic na gaba.
- Tafkunan da aka ci karo da su a kasan magudanan ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin magudanan ruwa masu aman wuta a cikin mahallin dutsen mai aman wuta, amma ba a cikin ginin dutsen mai aman wuta ba (kamar Trou de Fer a tsibirin Réunion ).
Jerin
Afirka
Lake Barombi, Kamaru
Lake Mbalang, Kamaru
Lake Awing, Kamaru
Tafkin Dutsen Mbapit, Kamaru
Lake Tison, Kamaru
Tafkin Bambili, Arewa maso yammacin Kamaru
Tafkin Monoun ya fashe a shekarar 1984, kasar Kamaru
Lake Manengouba, Kamaru
Dutsen Dendi Double Crater Lake, Habasha (aka gani daga ISS )
Kogin Wonchi, Habasha
Dziani Dzaha, Mayotte
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Antarctica da kuma sub-Antarctic tsibiran
Asiya
Tafkin sama, kogin kogin Paektu dake kan iyakar China da Koriya ta Arewa
Dutsen Aso Crater Lake, Japan
Taal volcano, Philippines
Tafkin Pinatubo, Philippines, an kafa shi ne bayan fashewar Dutsen Pinatubo a 1991
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Turai
Kerið crater lake, Iceland
Amurka ta Arewa
Crater Lake a Oregon, Amurka
Katmai crater lake, Alaska, Amurika
Soda Lakes maar volcano a Nevada, Amurka
Irazú crater lake, Costa Rica
tafkin Maderas ( Tsibirin Ometepe ), Nicaragua
Lake Ilopango, El Salvador, tafkin kogi
Coatepeque Caldera, El Salvador, tafkin kogi
Oceania
Niuafo'ou crater lake, Tonga
Kudancin Amurka
Cuicocha, Ecuador
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Duba kuma
- Tasiri tafkin rafi
Manazarta
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