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下

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

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See also: 丅 and 卞
下 U+4E0B, 下
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0B
← 上
[U+4E0A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 丌 →
[U+4E0C]
Thumb
𝍴 U+1D374, 𝍴
IDEOGRAPHIC TALLY MARK THREE
← 𝍳
[U+1D373] 		Counting Rod Numerals 𝍵 →
[U+1D375]

Translingual

More information Stroke order ...
More information Stroke order ...

Han character

下 (Kangxi radical 1, 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition ⿱一卜)

Derived characters

Additional Derived Characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 76, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
  • Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 7, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4E0B
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Chinese

More information simp. and trad., alternative forms ...

Glyph origin

More information Historical forms of the character 下, Shang ...
Characters in the same phonetic series (下) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
More information Old Chinese ...

Ideogram (指事): a line below another. (contrast 上) This form evolved into 下 in later scripts, the character used today.

Etymology 1

    From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/j/t (“to fall”) (STEDT):

    • inside Sinitic, cognate with 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ, “to fall, to drop”), 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “dew”), 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ, “to collapse”) and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ, “hillside, slope”);
    • outside Sinitic, cognate with Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”), thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).

    Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origin by comparing 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, “to descend, down, below”) to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *-ʔ. He derives the departing tone (去聲) pronunciation via two derivations:

    • 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to be put down”) is an exopassive derivation (ibid.);
    • 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to descend, to fall”) is a later, general departing tone derivative (ibid.).

    Pronunciation 1

    Note:
    • ha4 - vernacular;
    • xia4 - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    More information Variety, Location ...
    More information Rime, Character ...
    More information Character, Reading # ...
    More information Zhengzhang system (2003), Character ...
    This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
    Particularly: “Taishanese”

    Definitions

    下

    1. lower part of; under
      樹下／树下  ―  shùxià  ―  under the tree
      樓下／楼下  ―  lóuxià  ―  downstairs
    2. under the influence of; with
      在這些條件下／在这些条件下  ―  zài zhèxiē tiáojiàn xià  ―  under these conditions
      在朋友的幫助下／在朋友的帮助下  ―  zài péngyǒu de bāngzhù xià  ―  with help from friends
      在藥師指導下／在药师指导下  ―  zài yàoshī zhǐdǎo xià  ―  under the instruction of a pharmacist
    3. lower; located below
      下層／下层  ―  xiàcéng  ―  lower level
    4. later; next
      下個世紀／下个世纪  ―  xià ge shìjì  ―  the next century
      下卷  ―  xiàjuǎn  ―  Volume II
      下一站  ―  xià yī zhàn  ―  The next station is... (used in public transport announcements)
    5. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) inferior, poor
      下人  ―  xiàrén  ―  servant
      下品  ―  xiàpǐn  ―  inferior products
    6. (literary or Xiang) low
    Antonyms
    Compounds

    Pronunciation 2

    Note:
    • hâ/ha1 - "to descend", "to go to", "to leave (work)";
    • ha/ha4 - "to issue (orders)".
    • Dialectal data
    More information Variety, Location ...
    More information Rime, Character ...
    More information Character, Reading # ...
    More information Zhengzhang system (2003), Character ...
    Definitions

    下

    1. to go down; to descend (as complement) downwards; down
      你快下來。／你快下来。  ―  Nǐ kuài xià lái.  ―  Come down here.
      下海  ―  xiàhǎi  ―  to go to sea
      下樓／下楼  ―  xiàlóu  ―  to go downstairs
      下山  ―  xiàshān  ―  to go down the mountain
      走下  ―  zǒuxià  ―  to walk down
      落下  ―  luòxià  ―  to fall down
      跳下深淵／跳下深渊  ―  tiàoxià shēnyuān  ―  to jump down to an abyss
      1. (as complement) completely, thoroughly
        拿下  ―  náxià  ―  to capture; to arrest
        打下基礎／打下基础  ―  dǎxià jīchǔ  ―  to lay the foundation
    2. to get out of; to leave; to alight; to get off
      下船  ―  xiàchuán  ―  to disembark from a boat
      下床  ―  xiàchuáng  ―  to get out of bed
      1. to finish, to complete
        下班  ―  xiàbān  ―  to get off work
        下課／下课  ―  xiàkè  ―  to finish class
    3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to go to somewhere considered poor or inferior
      下鄉／下乡  ―  xiàxiāng  ―  to go to the countryside
      下館子／下馆子  ―  xiàguǎnzǐ  ―  to go to the restaurant
      下野  ―  xiàyě  ―  to be forced to step down
    4. to give or issue something to an inferior person
      下令  ―  xiàlìng  ―  to issue an order
      1. to send an invitation
        下戰書／下战书  ―  xià zhànshū  ―  to send a letter of challenge
    5. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to stay the night
      下榻  ―  xiàtà  ―  to stay the night
    6. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to conquer
      連下三城／连下三城  ―  lián xià sān chéng  ―  to achieve three goals successively (lit. "to conquer three forts successively")
    7. (colloquial) short for 下載 (“to download”)
      先去下個軟件。／先去下个软件。  ―  Xiān qù xià ge ruǎnjiàn.  ―  Download the software first.
    8. (colloquial) short for 下線 (“to log out”)
    Synonyms
    Dialectal synonyms of 下 (“to go down; to descend”) [map]
    More information Variety, Location ...
    See also
    Compounds

    Pronunciation 3

    Note:
    • ha/ha4 - "to put in (an effort)";
    • há/ha3 - "to take off", "to reproduce".
    Definitions

    下

    1. (transitive) (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down
      1. to use; to start doing something; to put in an effort
        下手  ―  xiàshǒu  ―  to start doing (lit., "to put the hands")
        下筆／下笔  ―  xiàbǐ  ―  to start writing (lit., "to put the inkbrush down")
        下腳／下脚  ―  xiàjiǎo  ―  to have a small place to stand in (lit., "to put the feet down")
        下藥／下药  ―  xiàyào  ―  1) to prescribe medicine; 2) to drug someone
        下毒  ―  xiàdú  ―  to poison someone
        下力  ―  xiàlì  ―  to make an effort
        下命 [Hokkien]  ―  hē-miā [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to go all out
        下心神 [Hokkien]  ―  hē sim-sîn [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to concentrate (on doing something)
      2. to sow; to plant
        下種／下种  ―  xiàzhǒng  ―  to sow seeds
      3. to give money; to put in capital
        下本錢／下本钱  ―  xià běnqián  ―  to put in capital
      4. (chiefly Mandarin, Jin) to rain or snow
        Synonym: 落
        下雪  ―  xiàxuě  ―  to snow
        下雨  ―  xiàyǔ  ―  to rain
      5. (chiefly Mandarin, Jin) to give birth (as an animal)
        Synonym: 生
        下豬仔／下猪仔  ―  xià zhūzaǐ  ―  to have piglets
        下蛋  ―  xiàdàn  ―  to lay eggs
      6. (Mandarin) to move (in chess)
      7. (chiefly Mandarin, Wu) to put food into boiling water
        下麵條／下面条  ―  xià miàntiáo  ―  to put noodles into boiling water
        下餃子／下饺子  ―  xià jiǎozǐ  ―  to put dumplings into boiling water
      8. (Hokkien) to bribe
        下賂／下赂 [Hokkien]  ―  hē-lō͘ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to give a bribe
      9. (Min, Taishanese) to put in; to add (a condiment, etc.)
        下鹽／下盐 [Hokkien]  ―  hē-iâm [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to put salt (in food)
      10. (Hokkien) to load; to ship
      11. (Hokkien) to make a vow
        下願／下愿 [Hokkien]  ―  hē-goān [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to make a vow (to a god)
        下神下佛 [Hokkien]  ―  hē-sîn hē-pu̍t [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to vow to spirits and buddhas
      12. (Hokkien, Ningbonese) to fertilize
      13. (Ningbonese) to fill (ammunition)
      14. (Hakka) to remove, to take off (especially a hat)
        下帽仔 [Sixian Hakka]  ―  há mo-é [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]  ―  to take off the hat
        窗簾下下來洗撇知 [Meixian Hakka, trad.]
        窗帘下下来洗撇知 [Meixian Hakka, simp.]
        cung1 liam2 ha3 ha1 loi2 sê3 pêd5 di1 [Hakka Transliteration Scheme]
        Take down the curtains and wash them.
    Compounds

    Pronunciation 4

    More information simp. and trad., alternative forms ...
    • Dialectal data
    More information Variety, Location ...
    Definitions

    下

    1. Classifier for the number of occurrences: time
      敲三下門。／敲三下门。  ―  Qiāo sān xià mén.  ―  Knock at the door three times.
    2. (colloquial) (as complement) short for 一下
      1. for a short time; for one moment
        等下  ―  děng xià  ―  wait a moment
      2. give something a go
        看下  ―  kàn xià  ―  take a look
        睇下 [Cantonese]  ―  tai2 haa5 [Jyutping]  ―  take a look
        聞下／闻下 [Cantonese]  ―  man4 haa5 [Jyutping]  ―  try smelling it
      3. the first time to do something
        開始做下工／开始做下工  ―  hoi1 ci2 zou6 haa5 gung1  ―  start to work
        學下乖啲／学下乖啲  ―  hok6 haa5 gwaai1 di1  ―  learn to be more well-behaved
    3. (historical, obsolete) synonym of 點 / 点 (diǎn): an ancient unit of time, equal to 24 minutes
    Synonyms
    Dialectal synonyms of 一下 (“give something a go; give something a try”) [map]
    More information Variety, Location ...
    • (Cantonese) 吓
    Compounds

    Descendants

    Sino-Xenic (下):
    • → Japanese: 下(か) (ka); 下(げ) (ge)
    • → Korean: 하(下) (ha)
    • → Vietnamese: hạ (下)

    Etymology 2

    More information simp. and trad., alternative forms ...

    Pronunciation

    Definitions

    下 (Eastern Min, Southern Min)

    1. low; short

    Synonyms

    Dialectal synonyms of 低 (“low”) [map]
    More information Variety, Location ...

    Compounds

    References

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    Korean

    Okinawan

    Old Japanese

    Vietnamese

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