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-ul
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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See also: Appendix:Variations of "ul"
Azerbaijani
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ul
- Form of -il after the vowels O / U and a consonant other than L.
Derived terms
See -il.
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Hungarian
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Suffix
-ul
- (verb-forming suffix) Added to a word to form an intransitive verb with a middle-voice meaning.
- csoportos (“collective”) + -ul → csoportosul (“to form a group”)
- azonos (“identical”) + -ul → azonosul (“to identify; to associate oneself with some group”)
- von (“to pull”) + -ul → vonul (“to go along, to stalk, to march”, literally “to pull oneself”)
- alak (“shape”) + -ul → alakul (“to take shape”)
Usage notes
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Suffix
-ul/-ül (essive-modal case suffix)
- (essive sense) as, with the intention of
- (modal sense, adverb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to form an adverb.
Usage notes
Derived terms
See also
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Middle English
Suffix
-ul
- alternative form of -el (“agentive suffix”)
Old English
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ul
Romanian
Alternative forms
Etymology
Identical to -l, from older *-lu, either from a clipping of Vulgar Latin *illu, or from Latin illum, accusative of Latin ille. Compare Aromanian -lu. Doublet of el.
Unlike Western Romance languages, the suffix came to be appended at the end of the respective noun as part of influence from nearby languages, a characteristic of the Balkan Sprachbund. The suffix then underwent aphaeresis and was subsequently degeminated.
In older Romanian (still dialectally attested, found in place names, in the word unu (“one”) and in Aromanian), masculine and neuter nouns ended in -u, a remnant of Latin -us/-um; for example foc, which used to be *focu. As such, the definite form of *focu was *foculu. Even though -ul is technically a variant of -l after nouns that used to end in -u, the tendency to drop word-final -u in the indefinite forms—which underwent reduction and was then dropped since it served no grammatical value (unlike the palatalization of modern Romanian, both possibly under influence from nearby Slavic languages; cf. Havlík's Law)—led to the rebracketing of the suffix, thus making it the new definite article suffix for the now consonant-final nouns. As a result, the definite form *foculu became the modern Romanian focul, making the -u- a vestige of the then-abundant -u suffix inherited from Latin.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ul m or n
Usage notes
This form of the definite article is used for both masculine and neuter singular nouns in the nominative and accusative cases which do not end in a vowel, except for -i (which is somewhat uncommon in Romanian):
- bărbatul (“the man”), from bărbat m
- visul (“the dream”), from vis n
- copilul (“the child”), from copil m
- arcul (“the bow”), from arc n
- războiul (“the war”), from război n
- tramvaiul (“the tram”), from tramvai n
- cotoiul (“the tomcat”), from cotoi m
The suffix is also used with masculine and neuter singular adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies:
- deșteptul om, from omul deștept (both meaning "the smart man")
- viteazul soldat, from soldatul viteaz (both meaning "the brave soldier")
In informal speech, the final -l is often not pronounced.
Related terms
See also
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Turkish
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ul
- Form of -il after the vowels O / U and a consonant other than L.
Derived terms
See -il.
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