This is a list of state leaders in the 20th century (1901–1950) AD, such as the heads of state, heads of government, and the general secretaries of single-party states.
These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 20th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.
Leaders of constituent states within the British south Asia, are excluded, and found on this list of leaders in the 20th-century British south Asia.
Africa: Central
Angola
- Ngwangwa, King (1911–1912)
- vassal to Portugal: 1888–1914
- Colony, 1575–1951
- For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Cameroon
- Abumbi I, King (1852–1932)
- Achirimbi II, King (1932–1961, joined Cameroon)
- German colony, 1884–1916
- For details see the German Empire under central Europe
- League of Nations mandate, 1918–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1960
- For details see France under western Europe
- League of Nations mandate, 1922–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1961
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Central African Republic
- French colony, 1903–1958
- For details see France under western Europe
Chad
- vassal to France: from 1912
- Mahamat Abdelkader, Mbang (1918–1935)
- Ahmad Abu al-Ghazali ibn 'Ali, Kolak (1900–1901)
- Dud Murra, Kolak (1901–1909)
- 'Asil, Kolak (1909–1912)
- Colony, 1900–1960
- For details see France under western Europe
Congo: Belgian
-
- Colony, 1908–1960
- For details see the Belgium under Western Europe
Congo: French
- Colony, 1882–1910
- For details see France under western Europe
- Federation of colonies, 1910–1934; Colony, 1934–1958
- For details see France under western Europe
Equatorial Guinea
- Colony, 1778–1968
- For details see Spain in southwest Europe
Gabon
- Rogombé-Nwèntchandi, Agamwinboni (?–1927)
- Colony, 1882–1910
- For details see France under western Europe
São Tomé and Príncipe
- Colony, 1470–1951
- For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Africa: East
Great Lakes area
- Burundi
- League of Nations mandate of Belgium, 1922–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1962
- For details see Belgium under western Europe
- Kenya
- Fumo 'Umar ibn Ahmad, Mfalume (1891–1893, 1895–1923)
- British protectorate, 1895–1920
- British colony and protectorate, 1920–1963
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Rwanda
- Tanzania
- Colony, 1885–1919
- For details see the German Empire under central Europe
- League of Nations mandate of Britain, 1922–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1961
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Uganda
- Kahaya II, Omugabe (1895–1944)
- Gasyonga II, Omugabe (1944–1967)
- Kitahimbwa, Omukama (1898–1902)
- Duhaga III, Omukama (1902–1924)
- Winyi IV, Omukama (1925–1967)
- British protectorate, 1894–1962
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Horn of Africa area
- Djibouti
- Colony, 1896–1946; Overseas territory, 1946–1967
- For details see France under western Europe
- Eritrea
- Colony, 1890–1936
- For details see Italy under southcentral Europe
- Ethiopia
- Colony, 1936–1941
- For details see Italy under southcentral Europe
- Mahammad ibn Hanfere, Amoyta (1862–1902)
- Mahammad ibn Aydahis ibn Hanfere, Amoyta (1902–c.1910)
- Yayyo ibn Mahammad ibn Hanfere, Amoyta (c.1902–1927)
- Mahammad Yayyo, Amoyta (1927–1944)
- Somalia
- Colony, 1890–1936
- For details see Italy under southcentral Europe
- British Occupied territory, 1941–1949
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Protectorate, 1884–1940, 1941–1960
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- United Nations trust territory of Italy, 1950–1960
- For details see Italy under southcentral Europe
Indian Ocean
- Comoros
- Saidi Mohamed bin Saidi Omar, Sultan (1892–1912)
- French protectorate, 1887–1908; colony under French Madagascar, 1908–1946; Overseas territory, 1946–1961
- For details see France under western Europe
- Madagascar
- Colony, 1897–1958
- For details see France under western Europe
- Mauritius
- Colony, 1810–1968
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Seychelles
- Part of British Mauritius, 1811–1903; British colony, 1903–1976
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Africa: Northcentral
Libya
- Protectorate, 1912–1934; Colony, 1934–1943
- For details see Italy under southcentral Europe
- Ahmad Tahir al-Murayyid, Chairman (1918–1923)
- Allied military administration, 1942–1951
- Idris, Emir (1949–1951), King (1951–1969)
Tunisia
-
- Aziz Bouattour, Grand vizier (1882–1907)
- M'hamed Djellouli, Grand vizier (1907–1908)
- Youssef Djait, Grand vizier (1908–1915)
- Taïeb Djellouli, Grand vizier (1915–1922)
- Mustapha Dinguizli, Prime minister (1922–1926)
- Khelil Bouhageb, Prime minister (1926–1932)
- Hédi Lakhoua, Prime minister (1932–1942)
- Mohamed Chenik, Prime minister (1943)
- Slaheddine Baccouche, Prime minister (1943–1947)
- Mustapha Kaak, Prime minister (1947–1950)
- Mohamed Chenik, Prime minister (1950–1952)
- Protectorate, 1881–1956
- For details see France under western Europe
Africa: Northeast
Egypt
- Under British occupation since 1882
- British protectorate, 1914–1922
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
-
- Fuad I, Sultan (1917–1922), King (1922–1936)
- Farouk I, King (1936–1952)
- Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha, Prime minister (1922)
- Mohamed Tawfik Naseem Pasha, Prime minister (1922–1923)
- Yehya Ibrahim Pasha, Prime minister (1923–1924)
- Saad Zaghloul, Prime minister (1924)
- Ahmed Zeiwar Pasha, Prime minister (1924–1926)
- Adly Yakan Pasha, Prime minister (1926–1927)
- Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha, Prime minister (1927–1928)
- Mostafa El-Nahas, Prime minister (1928)
- Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha, Prime minister (1928–1929)
- Adly Yakan Pasha, Prime minister (1929–1930)
- Mostafa El-Nahas, Prime minister (1930)
- Ismail Sedky, Prime minister (1930–1933)
- Abdel Fattah Yahya Pasha, Prime minister (1933–1934)
- Mohamed Tawfik Naseem Pasha, Prime minister (1934–1936)
- Aly Maher Pasha, Prime minister (1936)
- Mostafa El-Nahas, Prime minister (1936–1937)
- Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha, Prime minister (1937–1939)
- Aly Maher Pasha, Prime minister (1939–1940)
- Hassan Sabry Pasha, Prime minister (1940)
- Hussein Serry Pasha, Prime minister (1940–1942)
- Mostafa El-Nahas, Prime minister (1942–1944)
- Ahmad Mahir Pasha, Prime minister (1944–1945)
- Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha, Prime minister (1945–1946)
- Ismail Sedky, Prime minister (1946)
- Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha, Prime minister (1946–1948)
- Ibrahim Abdel Hady Pasha, Prime minister (1948–1949)
- Hussein Serry Pasha, Prime minister (1949–1950)
- Mostafa El-Nahas, Prime minister (1950–1952)
Sudan
- Condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt, 1899–1956
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Africa: Northwest
Algeria
- French Départements, 1830–1962
- For details see France under western Europe
Morocco and Western Sahara
- French protectorate, 1912–1956; Spanish protectorate, 1912–1956; Tangier International Zone, 1924–1956
- Yusef, Sultan (1912–1927)
- Mohammed V, Sultan (1927–1953, 1955–1957), King (1957–1961)
- Overseas territory, 1884–1958; Overseas province, 1958–1975
- For details see Spain in southwest Europe
Africa: South
Botswana
- British protectorate, 1885–1966
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Eswatini/ Swaziland
-
- Labotsibeni Mdluli, Ndlovukati (1894–1925), Queen Regent (1899–1903) Queen Regent under British rule (1903–1921)
- British protectorate, 1906–1968
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Sobhuza II, Paramount Chief under British rule (1921–1968), King (1968–1982)
Lesotho
- British colony, 1884–1966
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Malawi
- British protectorate, 1893–1907
- British protectorate, 1907–1964
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Mozambique
- Umar Farelay (also known as Mahamuieva), Sultan (c.1890–1910)
- Colony, 1498–1972; Territory, 1972–1975
- For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Namibia
- Colony, 1884–1915
- For details see the German Empire under central Europe
- League of Nations mandate of South Africa, 1915–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1990
- For details see the South African Republic under southern Africa
South Africa
- Protectorate, 1893–1907
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- British colony, 1795–1910
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- British colony, 1843–1910
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- British colony, 1902–1910
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- British colony, 1877–1881, 1902–1910
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
-
Zambia
- Kanyembo Ntemena, Mwata (1883–1885, 1886–1904)
- Lubosi I, Mbumu wa Litunga (1885–1916)
- Mokamba–Regent, Mbumu wa Litunga (1916)
- Yeta III, Mbumu wa Litunga (1916–1945)
- Shemakone Kalonga Wina, Regent (1945–1946)
- Imwiko Lewanika, Mbumu wa Litunga (1946–1948)
- Shemakone Kalonga Wina, Regent (1948)
- Mwanawina III, Mbumu wa Litunga (1948–1968)
- Company rule, 1890–1924
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- British protectorate, 1924–1964
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Zimbabwe
- British protectorate, 1924–1964
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Africa: West
Benin
- State reconstituted under joint Franco-German colonial authority (1901)
- Abalo Bajavi, King (1901–1930)
- Kofi Titriwe, King (1930–1935)
- Augustino Olympio, King (1937–1945)
- Kponton II, King (1946–1949)
- French Protectorate, 1894–1904
- For details see France under western Europe
- Colony, 1904–1958
- For details see France under western Europe
Burkina Faso
- Yenkuaga, King (c.1878–1917)[4]
- Labidiedo, King (1918–1920)
- Yenkpaari, King (1920–1937)[7]
- Yempaabu, King (1941–1986)[7]
- Buricimba dynasty
- Yaaparigu, Bilanbedo (1887–1919)
- Boagri, Bilanbedo (1919)
- Hampandi, Bilanbedo (1919–1927)
- Banyikuba, Bilanbedo (1927–1970)
- Yenhamma, ruler (unknown date)
- Wurijuari, ruler (20th century)
- Yentagma, ruler (20th century)
- Hampandi, ruler (1899–1923)
- Baahamma, ruler (1892–1905)
- Hamicuuri, ruler (1905–1942)
- Yencabri, ruler (1942–1969)
- Pintyeba Wattara, ruler (1897–1909)
- Karamoko, ruler (1909–1915)
- Yenkuagu, ruler (1878–1917)
- Labidiedo, ruler (1918–1920)
- Yenkpaari, ruler (1920–1937)
- Interregnum, ruler (1937–1941)
- Yempaabu, ruler (1941–?)
- Brahima Usman, Almami (1891–1915)
- Bubakar bi Amadu Baba Gedal, Almami (1916–1918)
- Abdurahman Diko bi Amadu, Almami (1918–1932)
- Abdullahi Sandu bi Faruku, Almami (1932–1956)
- Huntani, Boopo (1897–1902)
- Yenmiama, Boopo (1902–1906)
- Haminari, Boopo (1906–1910)
- Simadari, Boopo (1910–1932)
- Hamicuuri, Boopo (1932–1932)
- Yensongu, Boopo (1932–1932)
- Wurabiari, Boopo (1932–1937)
- Yaaparigu, Boopo (1937–1943)
- Wuracaari, Boopo (1943–1945)
- Yendieri, Boopo (1945–1976)
- Bancandi, Nunbado (1892–1911)
- Baahamma, Jafuali (1878–1918)
- Hamicuuri, Jafuali (1918–1919)
- Yenkoari, Jafuali (1919–1929)
- Yenhamma, Jafuali (1929–1938)
- Huntani, Jafuali (1938–1952)
- Yentandi, Pielabedo (1856–1901)
- Kupiendieri, Pielabedo (1901–1932)
- Yentugri, Pielabedo (1932–1949)
- Yensongu, Pielabedo (1949–?)
- Koom, Naaba (?–1933)
- Yamba Sorgo, Naaba (1933–1957)
- Naaba Sigiri, Moogo-naaba (1897–1905)
- Naaba Koom II, Moogo-naaba (1905–1942)
- Naaba Saaga II, Moogo-naaba (1942–1957)
- Naaba Ligidi, Yatenga naaba (1899–1902)
- Naaba Kobga, Yatenga naaba (1902–1914)
- Naaba Tigre, Yatenga naaba (1914–1954)
- Colony, 1919–1932, 1947–1958
- For details see France under western Europe
Cape Verde
- Colony, 1462–1951
- For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Gambia
- British colony and protectorate, 1821–1965
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Ghana
- British colony, 1821–1957
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Guinea
- Colony, 1894–1958
- For details see France under western Europe
Guinea-Bissau
- Colony, 1474–1951
- For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Ivory Coast
- Colony, 1893–1960
- For details see France under western Europe
Liberia
Mali
- Colony, 1880–1958
- For details see France under western Europe
Mauritania
- French colony, 1903–1960
- For details see France under western Europe
Niger
- Malla, Askiya (1887–1901)[8]
- Igoumou, Askiya (1901)
- Zarmakoy Attikou, King (1897–1902)
- Zarmakoy Aoûta/Awta, King (1902–1913)
- Zarmakoy Moussa, King (1913–1924)
- Zarmakoy Saidou, King (1924–1938)
- Zarmakoy Moumouni, King (1938–1953)
- French colony, 1904–1921
- French colony, 1921–1960
- For details see France under western Europe
Nigeria
- Zubayru bi Adama, Baban-Lamido (1890–1901)
- Baba Ahmadu, Baban-Lamido (1901–1903)
- Eyo Etinyin, King (c.1896–c.1903)
- Sulaymanu dan Aliyu, Emir (1896–1914)
- Shuaybu Bawa dan Zubayru, Emir (1915–1919)
- Abdulkadir Dan Bawa, Emir (1920–1959)
-
- Ahmadu Mai Shahada, Grand Vizier (1889–1903)
- Abu Bakr dan Masaba, Etsu (1895–1897, 1899–1901)
- Obiesigha Jaja II (Frederick Sunday), King (1893–1915)
- Dipiri (Arthur Mac Pepple), King (1916–1936)
- Sodienye Jaja III (Douglas Mac Pepple), (1936–1942, 1952–1980)
- Stephen Ubogu Jaja IV, acting King (1942–1946)
-
- Muhammadu al-Bukhari, Grand Vizier (1890–1903)
- Ibrahim "Iyalai" "Dodon Gwari", Emir (1877–1902)
- Muhammad Gani, Emir (1902–1917)
- Musa Angulu, Emir (1917–1944)
- Sulaimanu Barau, Emir (1944–1979)
- Abd Allahi Abarshi dan 'Ali dan Yerima, Emir (1888–1904)
- British protectorate, 1884–1893/ 1893–1900
- British colony, 1821–1957
- British protectorate, 1900–1914
- British protectorate, 1900–1914
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Senegal
- Fode N'Gouye Joof, Maad Saloum (1935–c.1960)[11][10]
- French colony, 1902–1904
- French colony, 1904–1921
- French colony, 1848–1960
- For details see France under western Europe
- Federation of colonies, 1895–1958
- For details see France under western Europe
Sierra Leone
- British colony and protectorate, 1808–1961
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Togo
- Protectorate, 1884–1916
- For details see the German Empire under central Europe
- League of Nations Mandate Territory, 1916–1946; United Nations Trust Territory, 1946–1956
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- League of Nations Mandate Territory, 1916–1946; United Nations Trust Territory, 1946–1960
- For details see France under western Europe
Americas: Caribbean
Antigua
- British colony, 1632–1981
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
The Bahamas
- British colony, 1648–1973
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Barbados
- British colony, 1625–1966
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Cuba
-
- Tomás Estrada Palma, President (1902–1906)
- US occupation (1906–1909)
- José Miguel Gómez, President (1909–1913)
- Mario García Menocal, President (1913–1921)
- Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso, President (1921–1925)
- Gerardo Machado, President (1925–1933)
- Alberto Herrera y Franchi, Interim President (1933)
- Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada, President (1933)
- Pentarchy of 1933
- Ramón Grau, President (1933–1934)
- Carlos Hevia, Interim President (1934)
- Manuel Márquez Sterling, Interim President (1934)
- Carlos Mendieta, Interim President (1934–1935)
- José Agripino Barnet, Interim President (1935–1936)
- Miguel Mariano Gómez, President (1936)
- Federico Laredo Brú, President (1936–1940)
- Fulgencio Batista, President (1940–1944)
- Ramón Grau, President (1944–1948)
- Carlos Prío Socarrás, President (1948–1952)
Dominica
- British Colony, 1763–1978
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Dominican Republic
-
- Manuel Lamarche García, Emiliano Tejera, Andrés Julio Montolío, Francisco Leonte Vásquez Lajara, Carlos Ginebra, Eladio Victoria, Federico Velásquez y Hernández, Council of Secretaries of State (1905–1906)
- Jaime Mota, Bernardo Pichardo, José Manuel Jimenes, Federico Velásquez y Hernández, Council of Secretaries of State (1916)
Haiti
-
- Tirésias Simon Sam, President (1896–1902)
- Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, Provisional President (1902)
- Pierre Nord Alexis, President (1902–1908)
- François C. Antoine Simon, President (1908–1911)
- Cincinnatus Leconte, President (1911–1912)
- Tancrède Auguste, President (1912–1913)
- Michel Oreste, President (1913–1914)
- Oreste Zamor, President (1914)
- Joseph Davilmar Théodore, President (1914–1915)
- Vilbrun Guillaume Sam, President (1915)
- Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave, President (1915–1922)
- Louis Borno, President (1922–1930)
- Louis Eugène Roy, President (1930)
- Sténio Vincent, President (1930–1941)
- Élie Lescot, President (1941–1946)
- Franck Lavaud, Chairman of the Military Executive Committee (1946)
- Dumarsais Estimé, President (1946–1950)
- Franck Lavaud, Chairman of the Government Junta (1950)
- Paul Magloire, President (1950–1956)
Netherlands
- Dutch colony 1634–1828, 1845–1954
- For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Saint Kitts and Nevis
- British colony, 1882–1983
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Saint Lucia
- British colony, 1802–1979
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- British Colony, 1763–1979
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Trinidad and Tobago
- British colony, 1797–1962
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Americas: Central
Belize
- British colony, 1862–1981
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Costa Rica
- Rafael Yglesias Castro, President (1894–1902)
- Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra, President (1902–1906)
- Cleto González Víquez, President (1906–1910)
- Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno, President (1910–1914)
- Alfredo González Flores, President (1914–1917)
- Federico Tinoco Granados, President (1917–1919)
- Juan Quirós Segura, President (1919)
- Francisco Aguilar Barquero, President (1919–1920)
- Julio Acosta García, President (1920–1924)
- Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno, President (1924–1928)
- Cleto González Víquez, President (1928–1932)
- Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno, President (1932–1936)
- León Cortés Castro, President (1936–1940)
- Rafael Calderón Guardia, President (1940–1944)
- Teodoro Picado Michalski, President (1944–1948)
- Santos León Herrera, Interim President (1948)
El Salvador
- Tomás Regalado, President (1898–1903)
- Pedro José Escalón, President (1903–1907)
- Fernando Figueroa, President (1907–1911)
- Manuel Enrique Araujo, President (1911–1913)
- Carlos Meléndez Ramirez, Provisional President (1913–1914)
- Alfonso Quiñónez Molina, Provisional President (1914–1915)
- Carlos Meléndez Ramirez, President (1915–1918)
- Alfonso Quiñónez Molina, Acting President (1918–1919)
- Jorge Meléndez, President (1919–1923)
- Alfonso Quiñónez Molina, President (1923–1927)
- Pío Romero Bosque, President (1927–1931)
- Arturo Araujo, President (1931)
- Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, Acting President (1931–1934)
- Andrés Ignacio Menéndez, Provisional President (1934–1935)
- Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, President (1935–1944)
- Andrés Ignacio Menéndez, Provisional President (1944)
- Osmín Aguirre y Salinas, Provisional President (1944–1945)
- Salvador Castaneda Castro, President (1945–1948)
- Revolutionary Council of Government, (1948–1950)
- Óscar Osorio, President (1950–1956)
Guatemala
Honduras
- Terencio Sierra, President (1899–1903)
- Juan Ángel Arias Boquín, President (1903)
- Manuel Bonilla, President (1903–1907)
- Miguel Oquelí Bustillo, Chairman of the Provisional Government Junta (1907)
- Miguel R. Dávila, President (1907–1911)
- Francisco Bertrand, Acting President (1911–1912)
- Manuel Bonilla, President (1912–1913)
- Francisco Bertrand, President (1913–1919)
- Salvador Aguirre, Acting President (1919)
- Vicente Mejía Colindres, Acting President (1919)
- Francisco Bográn, Acting President (1919–1920)
- Rafael López Gutiérrez, President (1920–1924)
- Francisco Bueso, Acting President (1924)
- Tiburcio Carías Andino, President as First Chief of the Liberating Revolution (1924)
- Vicente Tosta, Provisional President (1924–1925)
- Miguel Paz Barahona, President (1925–1929)
- Vicente Mejía Colindres, President (1929–1933)
- Tiburcio Carías Andino, President (1933–1949)
- Juan Manuel Gálvez, President (1949–1954)
Nicaragua
- José Santos Zelaya, President (1893–1909)
- José Madriz, Acting President (1909–1910)
- José Dolores Estrada, Acting President (1910)
- Luis Mena, Acting President (1910)
- Juan José Estrada, Provisional President (1910–1911)
- Adolfo Díaz, President (1911–1917)
- Emiliano Chamorro Vargas, President (1917–1921)
- Diego Manuel Chamorro, President (1921–1923)
- Rosendo Chamorro, Acting President (1923)
- Bartolomé Martínez, President (1923–1925)
- Carlos José Solórzano, President (1925–1926)
- Emiliano Chamorro Vargas, de facto President (1926)
- Sebastián Uriza, Acting President (1926)
- Adolfo Díaz, President (1926–1929)
- José María Moncada, President (1929–1933)
- Juan Bautista Sacasa, President (1933–1936)
- Carlos Alberto Brenes, Acting President (1936–1937)
- Anastasio Somoza García, President (1937–1947)
- Leonardo Argüello Barreto, President (1947)
- Benjamín Lacayo Sacasa, Acting President (1947)
- Víctor Manuel Román y Reyes, President (1947–1950)
- Manuel Fernando Zurita, Acting President (1950)
- Anastasio Somoza García, President (1950–1956)
Panama
- Manuel Amador Guerrero, President (1904–1908)
- José Domingo de Obaldía, President (1908–1910)
- Carlos Antonio Mendoza, Acting President (1910)
- Federico Boyd, Acting President (1910)
- Pablo Arosemena, Acting President (1910–1912)
- Belisario Porras Barahona, President (1912–1916)
- Ramón Maximiliano Valdés, President (1916–1918)
- Ciro Luis Urriola, Acting President (1918)
- Pedro Antonio Díaz, Acting President (1918)
- Belisario Porras Barahona, President (1918–1920)
- Ernesto Tisdel Lefevre, Acting President (1920)
- Belisario Porras Barahona, President (1920–1924)
- Rodolfo Chiari, President (1924–1928)
- Florencio Harmodio Arosemena, President (1928–1931)
- Harmodio Arias Madrid, Acting President (1931)
- Ricardo Joaquín Alfaro Jované, President (1931–1932)
- Harmodio Arias Madrid, President (1932–1936)
- Juan Demóstenes Arosemena, President (1936–1939)
- Ezequiel Fernández, Acting President (1939)
- Augusto Samuel Boyd, Acting President (1939–1940)
- Arnulfo Arias, President (1940–1941)
- Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango, President (1941–1945)
- Enrique Adolfo Jiménez, Provisional President (1945–1948)
- Domingo Díaz Arosemena, President (1948–1949)
- Daniel Chanis Pinzón, President (1949)
- Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón, President (1949)
- Arnulfo Arias, President (1949–1951)
Americas: North
Canada
-
- British colony, 1610–1907
-
- Robert Bond, Prime minister (1907–1909)
- Edward Morris, Prime minister (1909–1917)
- John Chalker Crosbie, Prime minister (1917–1918)
- William F. Lloyd, Prime minister (1918–1919)
- Michael Patrick Cashin, Prime minister (1919)
- Richard Squires, Prime minister (1919–1923)
- William Warren, Prime minister (1923–1924)
- Albert Hickman, Prime minister (1924)
- Walter Stanley Monroe, Prime minister (1924–1928)
- Richard Squires, Prime minister (1928–1932)
- Frederick C. Alderdice, Prime minister (1928, 1932–1934)
Mexico
- Porfirio Díaz, President (1884–1911)
- Francisco León de la Barra, President (1911)
- Francisco I. Madero, President (1911–1913)
- Pedro Lascuráin, President (1913)
- Victoriano Huerta, President (1913–1914)
- Francisco S. Carvajal, President (1914)
- Eulalio Gutiérrez, President (1914–1915)
- Roque González Garza, President (1915)
- Francisco Lagos Cházaro, Provisional President (1915)
- Venustiano Carranza, First Chief of the Constitutional Army (1914–1917), President (1917–1920)
- Adolfo de la Huerta, President (1920)
- Álvaro Obregón, President (1920–1924)
- Plutarco Elías Calles, President (1924–1928)
- Emilio Portes Gil, Interim President (1928–1930)
- Pascual Ortiz Rubio, President (1930–1932)
- Abelardo L. Rodríguez, President (1932–1934)
- Lázaro Cárdenas, President (1934–1940)
- Manuel Ávila Camacho, President (1940–1946)
- Miguel Alemán Valdés, President (1946–1952)
United States
Americas: South
Argentina
- Julio Argentino Roca, President (1898–1904)
- Manuel Quintana, President (1904–1906)
- José Figueroa Alcorta, President (1906–1910)
- Roque Sáenz Peña, President (1910–1914)
- Victorino de la Plaza, President (1914–1916)
- Hipólito Yrigoyen, President (1916–1922)
- Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, President (1922–1928)
- Hipólito Yrigoyen, President (1928–1930)
- José Félix Uriburu, President (1930–1932)
- Agustín Pedro Justo, President (1932–1938)
- Roberto María Ortiz, President (1938–1942)
- Ramón Castillo, President (1942–1943)
- Arturo Rawson, de facto President (1943)
- Pedro Pablo Ramírez, de facto President (1943–1944)
- Edelmiro Julián Farrell, de facto President (1944–1946)
- Juan Perón, President (1946–1955)
Bolivia
- José Manuel Pando, President (1899–1904)
- Ismael Montes, President (1904–1909)
- Eliodoro Villazón, President (1909–1913)
- Ismael Montes, President (1913–1917)
- José Gutiérrez Guerra, President (1917–1920)
- Government Junta, Members: Bautista Saavedra, José María Escalier, José Manuel Ramírez (1920–1921)
- Bautista Saavedra, President (1921–1925)
- Felipe S. Guzmán, Provisional President (1925–1926)
- Hernando Siles Reyes, President (1926–1930)
- Council of Ministers, Members: Alberto Díez de Medina, Germán Antelo Arauz, Franklin Mercado, David Toro, José Aguirre Achá, Fidel Vega, Carlos Banzer, Ezequiel Romecín Calderón (1930)
- Carlos Blanco Galindo, Chairman of the Military Government Junta (1930–1931)
- Daniel Salamanca Urey, President (1931–1934)
- José Luis Tejada Sorzano, President (1934–1936)
- Germán Busch, Chairman of the Government Junta (1936)
- David Toro, Chairman of the Government Junta (1936–1937)
- Germán Busch, Chairman of the Government Junta (1937–1938), President (1938–1939)
- Carlos Quintanilla, Provisional President (1939–1940)
- Enrique Peñaranda, President (1940–1943)
- Gualberto Villarroel, Chairman of the Government Junta (1943–1944), President (1944–1946)
- Néstor Guillén, Chairman of the Provisional Government Junta (1946)
- Tomás Monje, Chairman of the Provisional Government Junta (1946–1947)
- Enrique Hertzog, President (1947–1949)
- Mamerto Urriolagoitía, President (1949–1951)
Brazil
- Campos Sales, President (1898–1902)
- Rodrigues Alves, President (1902–1906)
- Afonso Pena, President (1906–1909)
- Nilo Peçanha, President (1909–1910)
- Hermes da Fonseca, President (1910–1914)
- Venceslau Brás, President (1914–1918)
- Delfim Moreira, President (1918–1919)
- Epitácio Pessoa, President (1919–1922)
- Artur Bernardes, President (1922–1926)
- Washington Luís, President (1926–1930)
Chile
- Arturo Alessandri, President (1925)
- Emiliano Figueroa, President (1925–1927)
- Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, President (1927–1931)
- Juan Esteban Montero, President (1931–1932)
- Arturo Puga, President of Government Junta (1932)
- Carlos Dávila, Provisional President (1932)
- Bartolomé Blanche, Provisional President (1932)
- Abraham Oyanedel, Acting President (1932)
- Arturo Alessandri, President (1932–1938)
- Pedro Aguirre Cerda, President (1938–1941)
- Juan Antonio Ríos, President (1942–1946)
- Gabriel González Videla, President (1946–1952)
Colombia
- José Manuel Marroquín, President (1900–1904)
- Rafael Reyes Prieto, President (1904–1909)
- Ramón González Valencia, President (1909–1910)
- Carlos Eugenio Restrepo Restrepo, President (1910–1914)
- José Vicente Concha Ferreira, President (1914–1918)
- Marco Fidel Suárez, President (1918–1921)
- Jorge Holguín, President (1921–1922)
- Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez, President (1922–1926)
- Miguel Abadía Méndez, President (1926–1930)
- Enrique Olaya Herrera, President (1930–1934)
- Alfonso López Pumarejo, President (1934–1938)
- Eduardo Santos Montejo, President (1938–1942)
- Alfonso López Pumarejo, President (1942–1946)
- Mariano Ospina Pérez, President (1946–1950)
- Laureano Gómez Castro, President (1950–1953)
Ecuador
- Eloy Alfaro, Jéfe Supremo (1895–1896), Interim President (1896–1897), President (1897–1901)
- Leónidas Plaza, President (1901–1905)
- Lizardo García, President (1905–1906)
- Eloy Alfaro, Jéfe Supremo (1906), Interim President (1906–1907), President (1907–1911)
- Carlos Freile Zaldumbide, Acting President (1911)
- Emilio Estrada, President (1911)
- Carlos Freile Zaldumbide, Acting President (1911–1912)
- Francisco Andrade Marín, Acting President (1912)
- Alfredo Baquerizo, Acting President (1912)
- Leónidas Plaza, President (1912–1916)
- Alfredo Baquerizo, President (1916–1920)
- José Luis Tamayo, President (1920–1924)
- Gonzalo Córdova, President (1924–1925)
- Provisional Government (1925–1926)
- Isidro Ayora, Interim President (1926–1929), President (1929–1931)
- Luis Larrea Alba, Minister of Government (1931)
- Alfredo Baquerizo, President of the Senate (1931–1932)
- Carlos Freile Larrea, Minister of Government (1932)
- Alberto Guerrero Martínez, President of the Senate (1932)
- Juan de Dios Martínez, President (1932–1933)
- Abelardo Montalvo, Acting President (1933–1934)
- José María Velasco Ibarra, President (1934–1935)
- Antonio Pons, Acting President (1935)
- Federico Páez, Jéfe Supremo (1935–1937)
- Alberto Enríquez Gallo, Jéfe Supremo (1937–1938)
- Manuel María Borrero, Interim President (1938)
- Aurelio Mosquera, President (1938–1939)
- Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río, Acting President (1939)
- Andrés Córdova, Acting President (1939–1940)
- Julio Enrique Moreno, Acting President (1940)
- Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río, President (1940–1944)
- Julio Teodoro Salem, Acting President (1944)
- José María Velasco Ibarra, President of the Republic (1944), Constitutional President (1944–1946), President of the Republic (1946), Constitutional President (1946–1947)
- Carlos Mancheno Cajas, Jéfe Supremo (1947)
- Mariano Suárez Veintimilla, President (1947)
- C.J. Arosemena Tola, President (1947–1948)
- Galo Plaza, President (1948–1952)
Guyana
- British colony, 1814–1966
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Paraguay
- Emilio Aceval, President (1898–1902)
- Andrés Héctor Carvallo, President (1902)
- Juan Antonio Escurra, President (1902–1904)
- Juan Bautista Gaona, President (1904–1905)
- Cecilio Báez, President (1905–1906)
- Benigno Ferreira, President (1906–1908)
- Emiliano González Navero, President (1908–1910)
- Manuel Gondra, President (1910–1911)
- Albino Jara, President (1911)
- Liberato Marcial Rojas, President (1911–1912)
- Pedro Peña, President (1912)
- Emiliano González Navero, President (1912)
- Eduardo Schaerer, President (1912–1916)
- Manuel Franco, President (1916–1919)
- José Pedro Montero, President (1919–1920)
- Manuel Gondra, President (1920–1921)
- Eusebio Ayala, President (1921–1923)
- Eligio Ayala, President (1923–1924)
- Luis Alberto Riart, President (1924)
- Eligio Ayala, President (1924–1928)
- José Guggiari, President (1928–1932)
- Eusebio Ayala, President (1932–1936)
- Rafael Franco, President (1936–1937)
- Félix Paiva, President (1937–1939)
- José Estigarribia, President (1939–1940)
- Higinio Moríñigo, President (1940–1948)
- Juan Manuel Frutos, President (1948)
- Juan González, President (1948–1949)
- Raimundo Rolón, President (1949)
- Felipe Molas, President (1949)
- Federico Chávez, President (1949–1954)
Peru
- Eduardo López de Romaña, Constitutional President (1899–1903)
- Manuel Candamo, Constitutional President (1903–1904)
- Serapio Calderón, President of the Government Junta (1904)
- José Pardo y Barreda, Constitutional President (1904–1908)
- Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo, Constitutional President (1908–1912)
- Guillermo Billinghurst, Constitutional President (1912–1914)
- Óscar R. Benavides, Interim President (1914–1915)
- José Pardo y Barreda, Constitutional President (1915–1919)
- Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo, Constitutional President (1919–1930)
- Manuel María Ponce Brousset, Interim President (1930)
- Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1930–1931)
- Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1931)
- Gustavo Jiménez, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1931)
- David Samanez Ocampo, President of the Southern Junta (1931)
- Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, Constitutional President (1931–1933)
- Óscar Benavides, Constitutional President (1933–1939)
- Manuel Prado y Ugarteche, Constitutional President (1939–1945)
- José Bustamante y Rivero, Constitutional President (1945–1948)
- Manuel A. Odría, President (1948–1950)
- Zenón Noriega Agüero, President (1950)
- Manuel A. Odría, Constitutional President (1950–1956)
Suriname
- Dutch colony 1667–1954
- For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Uruguay
- Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, President (1899–1903)
- José Batlle y Ordóñez, President (1903–1907)
- Claudio Williman, President (1907–1911)
- José Batlle y Ordóñez, President (1911–1915)
- Feliciano Viera, President (1915–1919)
- Baltasar Brum, President (1919–1923)
- José Serrato, President (1923–1927)
- Juan Campisteguy, President (1927–1931)
- Gabriel Terra, President (1931–1939)
- Alfredo Baldomir, President (1939–1943)
- Juan José de Amézaga, President (1943–1947)
- Tomás Berreta, President (1947)
- Luis Batlle Berres, President (1947–1951)
Venezuela
- Cipriano Castro, President (1899–1908)
- Juan Vicente Gómez, President (1908–1913)
- José Gil Fortoul, Interim President (1913–1914)
- Victorino Márquez Bustillos, President (1914–1922)
- Juan Vicente Gómez, President (1922–1929)
- Juan Bautista Pérez, President (1929–1931)
- Juan Vicente Gómez, President (1931–1935)
- Eleazar López Contreras, President (1935–1941)
- Isaías Medina Angarita, President (1941–1945)
- Rómulo Betancourt, President (1945–1948)
- Rómulo Gallegos, President (1948)
- Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, President (1948–1950)
- Germán Suárez Flamerich, Interim President (1950–1952)
Asia: Central
Kazakhstan
Tibet
- Manchu overlordship, 1720-1912
- For details see the Qing dynasty under Eastern Asia
Uzbekistan
- Hoji Pahlavon Niyoz Yusuf, Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee (1920)
- Jumaniyoz Sulton Muradoghli, Chairman of the Provisional Government (1920)
- Hoji Pahlavon Niyoz Yusuf, Chairmen of the Presidium (1920–1921)
- Qoch Qoroghli, Chairmen of Provisional Revolutionary Committee (1921)
- Khudoybergan Divanoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921)
- Mulla Nozir, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921)
- Allabergan, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921)
- Ata Maqsum Madrahimoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921)
- Jangibay Murodoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921–1922)
- Abdulla Abdurahmon Khojaoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1922–1923)
- K. Safaroghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1923–1924)
- Sultonkari Jumaniyoz, Chairmen of the Presidium (1924)
- Temurkhoja Yaminoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1924–1925)
- Russian protectorate, 1873–1917
- Mirzo Abduqodir Mansurovich Mukhitdinov, Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Committee (1920–1921)
- Polat Usmon Khodzhayev, Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Committee (1921), of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee (1921–1922)
- Muin Jon Aminov, Chairmen of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee (1922)
- Porsa Khodzhayev, Chairmen of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee (1922–1925)
- Russian Krai, 1867–1918
- For details see the Russian Empire under Eastern Europe
Asia: East
China: Qing dynasty
China: Since 1912
-
-
-
- Yuan Shikai, President (1916)
- Li Yuanhong, President (1916–1917)
- Feng Guozhang, President (1917–1918)
- Xu Shichang, President (1918–1922)
- Zhou Ziqi, Acting President (1922–1922)
- Li Yuanhong, President (1922–1923)
- Gao Lingwei, Acting President (1923)
- Cao Kun, President (1923–1924)
- Huang Fu, Acting President (1924)
- Duan Qirui, President (1924–1926)
- Hu Weide, Acting President (1926)
- Yan Huiqing, Acting President (1926)
- Du Xigui, Acting President (1926)
- Wellington Koo, Acting President (1926–1927)
- Zhang Zuolin, Generalissimo of the Military Government (1927–1928)
- Tan Yankai, President (1928)
- Chiang Kai-shek, Chairmen (1928–1931)
- Lin Sen, Chairmen (1931–1943)
- Chiang Kai-shek, Chairmen (1943–1948), President (1948–1949)
- Xu Shichang, Premier: Secretary of State (1916)
- Duan Qirui, Premier (1916–1917)
- Wang Daxie, Acting Premier (1917)
- Wang Shizhen, Acting Premier (1917–1918)
- Qian Nengxun, Acting Premier (1918–1919)
- Gong Xinzhan, Acting Premier (1919)
- Jin Yunpeng, Premier (1919–1920)
- Sa Zhenbing, Premier (1920)
- Jin Yunpeng, Premier (1920–1921)
- Yan Huiqing, Acting Premier (1921)
- Liang Shiyi, Premier (1921–1922)
- Yan Huiqing, Acting Premier (1922)
- Zhou Ziqi, Acting Premier (1922)
- Yan Huiqing, Acting Premier (1922)
- Wang Chonghui, Acting Premier (1922)
- Wang Daxie, Acting Premier (1922)
- Wang Zhengting, Acting Premier (1922–1923)
- Zhang Shaozeng, Premier (1923)
- Gao Lingwei, Premier (1923–1924)
- Sun Baoqi, Premier (1924)
- Wellington Koo, Acting Premier (1924)
- Yan Huiqing, Acting Premier (1924)
- Huang Fu, Acting Premier (1924)
- Xu Shiying, Premier (1925–1926)
- Jia Deyao, Acting Premier (1926)
- Hu Weide, Acting Premier (1926)
- Yan Huiqing, Acting Premier (1926)
- Du Xigui, Acting Premier (1926)
- Wellington Koo, Acting Premier (1926–1927)
- Pan Fu, Premier (1927–1928)
- Tan Yankai, Premier (1928–1930)
- T. V. Soong, Premier (1930)
- Chiang Kai-shek, Premier (1930–1931)
- Chen Mingshu, Premier (1931–1932)
- Sun Fo, Premier (1932–1932)
- Wang Jingwei, Premier (1932–1935)
- Chiang Kai-shek, Premier (1935–1938)
- H. H. Kung, Premier (1938–1939)
- Chiang Kai-shek, Premier (1939–1945)
- T. V. Soong, Premier (1945–1947)
- Chiang Kai-shek, Premier (1947)
- Chang Ch'ün, Premier (1947–1948)
- Weng Wenhao, Premier (1948)
- Sun Fo, Premier (1948–1949)
- He Yingqin, Premier (1949)
-
- People's Republic of China
-
- Mao Zedong, Chairman (1945–1976), paramount leader (1949–1976)
- Puppet state of Japan
- Yin Ju-keng, Chairman (1935–1937)
- Chi Zongmo, Chairman (1937–1938)
-
- Puyi, Chief Executive (1932–1934), Emperor (1934–1945)
Japan
-
- Itō Hirobumi, Prime minister (1900–1901)
- Saionji Kinmochi, Acting Prime minister (1901–1901)
- Katsura Tarō, Prime minister (1901–1906)
- Saionji Kinmochi, Prime minister (1906–1908)
- Katsura Tarō, Prime minister (1908–1911)
- Saionji Kinmochi, Prime minister (1911–1912)
- Katsura Tarō, Prime minister (1912–1913)
- Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, Prime minister (1913–1914)
- Ōkuma Shigenobu, Prime minister (1914–1916)
- Terauchi Masatake, Prime minister (1916–1918)
- Hara Takashi, Prime minister (1918–1921)
- Uchida Kosai, Acting Prime minister (1921–1921)
- Takahashi Korekiyo, Prime minister (1921–1922)
- Katō Tomosaburō, Prime minister (1922–1923)
- Uchida Kosai, Acting Prime minister (1923–1923)
- Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, Prime minister (1923–1924)
- Kiyoura Keigo, Prime minister (1924–1924)
- Katō Takaaki, Prime minister (1924–1926)
- Wakatsuki Reijirō, Prime minister (1926–1927)
- Tanaka Giichi, Prime minister (1927–1929)
- Osachi Hamaguchi, Prime minister (1929–1931)
- Kijūrō Shidehara, Acting Prime minister (1931–1931)
- Osachi Hamaguchi, Prime minister (1931–1931)
- Wakatsuki Reijirō, Prime minister (1931–1931)
- Inukai Tsuyoshi, Prime minister (1931–1932)
- Takahashi Korekiyo, Acting Prime minister (1932–1932)
- Saitō Makoto, Prime minister (1932–1934)
- Keisuke Okada, Prime minister (1934–1936)
- Fumio Gotō, Acting Prime minister (1936–1936)
- Keisuke Okada, Prime minister (1936–1936)
- Kōki Hirota, Prime minister (1936–1937)
- Senjūrō Hayashi, Prime minister (1937–1937)
- Fumimaro Konoe, Prime minister (1937–1939)
- Hiranuma Kiichirō, Prime minister (1939–1939)
- Nobuyuki Abe, Prime minister (1939–1940)
- Mitsumasa Yonai, Prime minister (1940–1940)
- Fumimaro Konoe, Prime minister (1940–1941)
- Hideki Tojo, Prime minister (1941–1944)
- Kuniaki Koiso, Prime minister (1944–1945)
- Kantarō Suzuki, Prime minister (1945–1945)
- Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni, Prime minister (1945–1945)
- Kijūrō Shidehara, Prime minister (1945–1946)
- Shigeru Yoshida, Prime minister (1946–1947)
-
Korea
- Gojong, King (1863–1897), Emperor (1897–1907)
- Sunjong, Emperor (1907–1910)
- Colony, 1910–1945
- For details see the Japan under Eastern Asia
-
-
Mongolia
-
-
Russia
-
Asia: Southeast
Brunei
- British protectorate, 1888–1984
Cambodia
- Protectorate, 1863–1984, part of French Indochina 1887–1953
- Japanese occupation of Cambodia 1941–1945
- Norodom Sihanouk, Prime minister (1945, 1950, 1952)
- Son Ngoc Thanh, Prime minister (1945)
- Sisowath Monireth, Prime minister (1945–1946)
- Sisowath Youtevong, Prime minister (1946–1947)
- Sisowath Watchayavong, Prime minister (1947–1948)
- Chhean Vam, Prime minister (1948)
- Penn Nouth, Prime minister (1948–1949, 1953)
- Yem Sambaur, Prime minister (1949, 1949–1950)
- Ieu Koeus, Prime minister (1949)
- Sisowath Monipong, Prime minister (1950–1951)
- Oum Chheang Sun, Prime minister (1951)
- Huy Kanthoul, Prime minister (1951–1952)
Indonesia
- Dutch colony 1800–1811, 1816–1949
- For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
- Indonesia: Java
- Pangeran Pakunataningrat, Regent (1883–1901)[12]
- Pangeran Arya Prataming Kusuma, Regent (1901–1926)
- Tumenggung Arya Prabuwinata, Regent (1926–1929)
- Mangkunegara VI, Sultan (1896–1916)[13]
- Mangkunegara VII, Sultan (1916–1944)
- Mangkunegara VIII, Sultan (1944–1946)
- Indonesia: Sumatra
- Abdul Aziz Abdul Jalil Rakhmat Shah, Sultan (1893–1927)
- Mahmud Abdul Jalil Rakhmat Shah, Sultan (1927–1946)
- Al-Sayyid al-Sharif Hashim Abdul Jalil Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1889–1908)
- Syarif Kasim II, Sultan (1915–1946)
- Abdul Rahman II Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1883–1911)
- Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)
- Pengian Kesuma, Queen (1899–1901)
- Kasimuddin, Sultan (20th century)
- Datu Mansyur, Acting Sultan (1925–1930)
- Maulana Ahmad Sulaimanuddin, Sultan (1930–1931)
- Maulana Muhammad Jalaluddin, Sultan (1931–1950)
- Syarif Muhammad Alkadrie, Sultan (1895–1944)
- Syarif Hamid II, Sultan (1945–1950)
- Muhammad Shafi ud-din II, Sultan (1866–1924)
- Muhammad 'Ali Shafi ud-din II, Sultan (1924–1926)
- Muhammad Tayeb, Chief of the Assembly Council (1926–1931)
- Muhammad Ibrahim Shafi ud-din, Sultan (1931–1943)
- Indonesia: Sulawesi
- Husain, Sultan (1895–1906)
- Muhammad Tahur Muhibuddin, Sultan (1936–1945)
- Iskandar Opu Daeng Pali', Datu (1883–1901)
- Andi Kambo, Datu (1901–1935)
- Andi DJemma, Datu (1935–1965)
- Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands
- Lorenzo II, Raja (c.1886–1904)
- Ibrahim, Sultan (1881–1915)
- Muhammad Salahuddin, Sultan (1915–1949)
- Indonesia: West Timor
- Muti Banu Naek, Raja (c.1899–1915)
- Kusa Banu Naek, Raja (1916–1919)
- Kolo Banu Naek, Raja (1920–1946)
- Lodeweyk Lourens Don Louis Banu Naek, Raja (1946–1962)
- Rasi Koroh, Raja (1872–1887, 1892–1914)[citation needed]
- Isaac Koroh, Raja (1914–1923)
- Alexander Koroh, Raja (1923–1925)
- Hendrik Arnold Koroh, Raja (1925–1949)
- Kusa, Raja (1895–1901)
- Arnoldus, Raja (1901)
- Junus Amtaran, Raja (1901–1903)
- Kase Kome, Raja (1903–1912)
- Jacob Ch. Amabi, Raja (1912–1917)
- Nai Sobe Sonbai III, Emperor (1885–1906)[15]
- Said Meis Nisnoni, Raja (1890–1902)[15]
- Baki Bastian Meis Nisnoni, Raja (1905–1911)
- Nicolaas Nisnoni, Raja (1911–1917)
- Bil Nope, Raja (c.1870–1910)
- Noni Nope, Raja (1910–1920)
- Pae Nope, Raja (1920–1946)
- Paulus Nope, Raja (1946–1949)
- Kusa Nope, Raja (1946–1958)
- Indonesia: Maluku Islands
- Muhammad Usman, Sultan (1900–1935)[16]
- Muhammad Muhsin, Sultan (1935–1950)
- Dutch protectorate 1657–1905
- Iskandar Sahajuhan, Sultan (1893–1905)[17]
- Zainal Abidin Alting, Sultan (1947–1950)
- Dutch protectorate 1683–1915
- Muhammad Ilham/ Kolano Ara Rimoi, Sultan (1900–1902)[citation needed]
- Haji Muhammad Usman Shah, Sultan (1902–1915)
- Iskandar Muhammad Jabir Shah, Sultan (1929–1950)
- Indonesia: All
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-
Laos
- Ratsadanay, King (1900–1904), Regional Governor (1904–1934)
- Protectorate and constituent of French Indochina (1893–1953)
-
- Sisavang Vong, King of Luang Phrabang (1904–1945), King of Laos (1946–1953)
Malaysia
- Peninsular Malaysia
- Syed Saffi Jamalullail, Raja (1887–1905)[18]
- Syed Alwi Jamalullail, Raja (1905–1943)
- Syed Hamzah Jamalullail, Raja (1943–1945)
- Syed Harun Putra Jamalullail, Raja (1945–1957)
- British protectorate, 1895–1942, 1945–1946
- British protectorate, 1826–1942, 1945–1946
- British protectorate, 1826–1942, 1945–1946
- British colony, 1946–1948
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Malaysian Borneo
- British colony, 1946–1963
- British colony, 1848–1890, 1904–1906, 1907–1941, 1945–1946
- British colony, 1888–1941, 1945–1946; Crown colony, 1946–1963
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Myanmar / Burma
- British colony, 1824–1948
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- Puppet state of Japan
- Ba Maw, Naingandaw Adipadi and Prime Minister (1943–1945)
-
- U Nu, Prime minister (1948–1956)
Philippines
- Mangigin, Sultan (1896–1926)
- Colony, 1565–1901
- For details see Spain in southwest Europe
- Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Revolutionary Government (1898–1899), President of the First Republic (1899–1901)
- United States territory, 1901–1935
- For details see the United States in North America
-
- First Philippine Republic
- Commonwealth of the Philippines
- Second Philippine Republic: Japanese puppet state
- Third Philippine Republic
- Commonwealth of the Philippines
- Jorge B. Vargas, Presiding Officer of Executive Commission, de facto head of government (1942–1943)
Singapore
- British crown colony as part of the Straits Settlements, 1867–1963
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Thailand
-
- Phraya Manopakorn Nititada, Prime minister (1932–1933)
- Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena, Prime minister (1933–1938)
- Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Prime minister (1938–1944)
- Khuang Aphaiwong, Prime minister (1944–1945)
- Tawee Boonyaket, Prime minister (1945)
- Seni Pramoj, Prime minister (1945–1946)
- Khuang Aphaiwong, Prime minister (1946)
- Pridi Banomyong, Prime minister (1946)
- Thawan Thamrongnawasawat, Prime minister (1946–1947)
- Khuang Aphaiwong, Prime minister (1947–1948)
- Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Prime minister (1948–1957)
- Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin Syah, Sultan (?–1902)
Timor
- Colony, 1702–1975
- For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
Vietnam
- French Protectorate, 1883–1945, 1945–1948
- Colony, 1887–1946
- Vietnamese constituents are below; for details see France under western Europe
- French Colony, 1862–1949
- French Protectorate, 1883–1945, 1945–1948
- French Protectorate, 1884–1949
- For details see France under western Europe
- Puppet state of Japan, 1945
-
-
Asia: West
Bahrain
- Protectorate of the United Kingdom, 1861–1971
Cyprus
- Colony, 1878–1960
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Iran
-
-
Iraq
-
- Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gillani, Prime minister (1920–1922)
- Abdul-Muhsin Al-Saadoun, Prime minister (1922–1923, 1925–1926, 1928–1929, 1929)
- Jaafar Al-Askari, Prime minister (1923–1924, 1926–1928)
- Yasin al-Hashimi, Prime minister (1924–1925, 1935–1936)
- Tawfeeq Al-Suwaidi, Prime minister (1929, 1946, 1950)
- Naji Al-Suwaidi, Prime minister (1929–1930)
- Nuri al-Said, Prime minister (1930–1932, 1938–1940, 1941–1944, 1946–1947, 1949, 1950–1952, 1954–1957, 1958)
-
- Naji Shawkat, Prime minister (1932–1933)
- Rashid Ali al-Gaylani, Prime minister (1933, 1940–1941, 1941)
- Jameel Al-Madfaai, Prime minister (1933–1934, 1935, 1937–1938, 1941, 1953)
- Ali Jawdat Al-Ayyubi, Prime minister (1934–1935, 1949–1950, 1957)
- Yasin al-Hashimi, Prime minister (1924–1925, 1935–1936)
- Hikmat Sulayman, Prime minister (1936–1937)
- Nuri al-Said, Prime minister (1930–1932, 1938–1940, 1941–1944, 1946–1947, 1949, 1950–1952, 1954–1957, 1958)
- Taha al-Hashimi, Prime minister (1941)
- Hamdi al-Pachachi, Prime minister (1944–1946)
- Tawfeeq Al-Suwaidi, Prime minister (1929, 1946, 1950)
- Arshad al-Umari, Prime minister (1946, 1954)
- Salih Jabr, Prime minister (1947–1948)
- Mohammad Al-Sadr, Prime minister (1948)
- Muzahim al-Pachachi, Prime minister (1948–1949)
Israel
-
Jordan
-
- Rashid Tali’a, Prime minister (1921)
- Mazhar Raslan, Prime minister (1921–1922)
- Rida Pasha al-Rikabi, Prime minister (1922–1923)
- Mazhar Raslan, Acting Prime minister (1923)
- Hasan Khalid Abu al-Huda, Prime minister (1923–1924)
- Rida Pasha al-Rikabi, Prime minister (1924–1926)
- Hasan Khalid Abu al-Huda, Prime minister (1926–1931)
- Abd Allah Siraj, Prime minister (1931–1933)
- Ibrahim Hashem, Prime minister (1933–1938)
- Tawfik Abu al-Huda, Prime minister (1938–1944)
- Samir al-Rifai, Prime minister (1944–1945)
- Ibrahim Hashem, Prime minister (1945–1946)
-
Kuwait
Lebanon
-
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
- Abdul-Aziz bin Mitab, Emir (1897–1906)
- Mutʿib bin ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, Emir (1906)
- Sultān bin Ḥammūd, Emir (1906-1907)
- Saʿūd bin Ḥammūd, Emir (1907-1908)
- Saud bin Abdulaziz, Emir (1908–1920)
- ʿAbdullah bin Mutʿib, Emir (1920–1921)
- Muḥammad bin Ṭalāl, Emir (1921)
- Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1927), King (1926–1953)
- Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1927), King (1926–1953)
- Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1927), King (1926–1953)
- Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1927), King (1926–1953)
Syria
-
-
-
Turkey
-
- Halil Rifat Pasha, Grand Vizier (1895–1901)
- Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1901–1903)
- Mehmed Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1903–1908)
- Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1908)
- Kâmil Pasha, Grand Vizier (1908–1909)
- Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1909)
- Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, Grand Vizier (1909)
- Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1909–1910)
- Ibrahim Hakki Pasha, Grand Vizier (1910–1911)
- Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1911–1912)
- Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, Grand Vizier (1912)
- Kâmil Pasha, Grand Vizier (1912–1913)
- Mahmud Shevket Pasha, Grand Vizier (1913)
- Said Halim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1913–1917)
- Mehmed Talat Pasha, Grand Vizier (1917–1918)
- Ahmed Izzet Pasha, Grand Vizier (1918)
- Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, Grand Vizier (1918–1919)
- Damat Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1919)
- Ali Rıza Pasha, Grand Vizier (1919–1920)
- Salih Hulusi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1920)
- Damat Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1920)
- Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, Grand Vizier (1920–1922)
-
- İsmet İnönü, Prime minister (1923–1924)
- Fethi Okyar, Prime minister (1924–1925)
- İsmet İnönü, Prime minister (1925–1937)
- Celâl Bayar, Prime minister (1937–1939)
- Refik Saydam, Prime minister (1939–1942)
- Ahmet Fikri Tüzer, Acting Prime minister (1942)
- Şükrü Saracoğlu, Prime minister (1942–1946)
- Recep Peker, Prime minister (1946–1947)
- Hasan Saka, Prime minister (1947–1949)
- Şemsettin Günaltay, Prime minister (1949–1950)
- Adnan Menderes, Prime minister (1950–1960)
United Arab Emirates: Trucial States
Yemen: North
-
- Ibrahim bin Yahya Hamid al-Din, Prime minister (1948)
- Ali ibn Abdullah al-Wazir, Prime minister (1948)
- Hassan ibn Yahya, Prime minister (1948–1955)
Yemen: South
- British Colony, 1937–1963
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- 'Amm Rassas ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-'Awlaqi, Amir (1890–1902)
- Muhsin ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-'Awlaqi, Amir (1902–1959)
- Salih ibn 'Abd Allah, Sultan (1887–1935)
- 'Awad ibn Salih al-'Awlaqi, Sultan (1935–1967)
- Salih ibn 'Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1893–1904)
- Muhsin ibn Salih al-Wahidi (2nd time), Sultan (1904–1919)
- 'Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Wahidi, Sultan (1919–1948)
- 'Ali ibn Muhsin al-Wahidi (uncertain), Sultan (1948)
- Nasir ibn 'Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1948–1967)
- Muhsin, Amir (?–1903)
- Sharif Ahmad Muhsin Al Habieli, Amir (1903–1935)
- Sha´if ibn Sayf al-'Amiri, Emir (1886–1911)
- Nasir ibn Sha'if al-'Amiri, Emir (1911–1920, 1928–1947)
- Haydara ibn Nasir al-'Amiri, Emir (1920–1928)
- 'Ali ibn 'Ali al-'Amiri, Emir (1947–1954)
- Nasir ibn Salih al-Wahidi, Sultan (1885–1919)
- al-Husayn ibn 'Ali al-Wahidi, Sultan (1919–?)
- al-Mansur ibn Ghalib al-Kathir, Sultan (1880–1929)
- 'Ali ibn al-Mansur al-Kathir, Sultan (1929–1938)
- Dscha'far ibn al-Mansur al-Kathir, Sultan (1938–1949)
- al-Husain ibn 'Ali al-Kathir, Sultan (1949–1967)
- Ahmad III ibn al-Fadl al-'Abdali, Sultan (1898–1914)
- 'Ali II ibn Ahmad al-'Abdali, Sultan (1914–1915)
- 'Abd al-Karim II ibn al-Fadl al-'Abdali, Sultan (1915–1947)
- al-Fadl V ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1947–1952)
- 'Ali ibn 'Abd Allah Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (late-19th century–1907)
- 'Abd Allah ibn 'Isa Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (1907–early-20th century)
- Ahmad ibn 'Abd Allah Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (mid-20th century–1952)
- Abd Allah ibn Muhsin al-Afifi, ruler (1899–1916)
- Muhsin II ibn Ali al-Afifi, ruler (1916–1925)
- Aydarus ibn Muhsin al-Afifi, ruler (1925–1958)
- Qahtan ibn 'Umar ibn al-Husayn Al Harhara, Sultan (1895–1903)
- Salih ibn 'Umar ibn al-Husayn Al Harhara, Sultan (1903–1913, 1919–1927)
- 'Umar ibn Qahtan ibn 'Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (1913–1919)
- Umar ibn Salih ibn 'Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (1927–1948)
- Muhammad ibn Salih ibn 'Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (1948–1967)
Europe: Balkans
Albania
-
-
- Turhan Përmeti, Prime minister (1914)
- Essad Pasha Toptani, Prime minister (1914–1916)
- Turhan Përmeti, Prime minister (1918–1920)
- Sulejman Delvina, Prime minister (1920)
- Iliaz Vrioni, Prime minister (1920–1921)
- Pandeli Evangjeli, Prime minister (1921)
- Qazim Koculi, Interim Prime minister (1921)
- Hasan Prishtina, Prime minister (1921)
- Idhomene Kosturi, Interim Prime minister (1921)
- Omer Pasha Vrioni II, Prime minister (1921)
- Xhafer Bej Ypi, Prime minister (1921–1922)
- Ahmet Zogu, Prime Minister (1922–1924)
- Shefqet Vërlaci, Prime Minister (1924)
- Iliaz Vrioni, Prime Minister (1924)
- Fan S. Noli, Prime Minister (1924)
- Iliaz Vrioni, Prime Minister (1924–1925)
- Ahmet Zogu, Prime minister (1925)
-
-
-
-
Bulgaria
-
- Todor Ivanchov, Prime minister (1899–1901)
- Racho Petrov, Prime minister (1901)
- Petko Karavelov, Prime minister (1880–1881, 1884–1886, 1886, 1901–1902)
- Stoyan Danev, Prime minister (1902–1903)
- Racho Petrov, Prime minister (1903–1906)
- Dimitar Petkov, Prime minister (1906–1907)
- Dimitar Stanchov, Interim Prime minister (1907)
- Petar Gudev, Prime minister (1907–1908)
-
- Aleksandar Malinov, Prime minister (1908–1911)
- Ivan Evstratiev Geshov, Prime minister (1911–1913)
- Stoyan Danev, Prime minister (1913)
- Vasil Radoslavov, Prime minister (1886–1887, 1913–1918)
- Aleksandar Malinov, Prime minister (1918)
- Teodor Teodorov, Prime minister (1918–1919)
- Aleksandar Stamboliyski, Prime minister (1919–1923)
- Aleksandar Tsankov, Prime minister (1923–1926)
- Andrey Lyapchev, Prime minister (1926–1931)
- Aleksandar Malinov, Prime minister (1931)
- Nikola Mushanov, Prime minister (1931–1934)
- Kimon Georgiev, Prime minister (1934–1935)
- Pencho Zlatev, Prime minister (1935)
- Andrey Toshev, Prime minister (1935)
- Georgi Kyoseivanov, Prime minister (1935–1940)
- Bogdan Filov, Prime minister (1940–1943)
- Petur Gabrovski, Interim Prime minister (1943)
- Dobri Bozhilov, Prime minister (1943–1944)
- Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov, Prime minister (1944)
- Konstantin Muraviev, Prime minister (1944)
- Kimon Georgiev, Prime minister (1944–1946)
-
- Vasil Kolarov, Chairman of the Provisional Presidency of Bulgaria (1946–1947)
- Mincho Neychev, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1947–1950)
- Georgi Damyanov, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1950–1958)
Greece
-
- Georgios Theotokis, Prime minister (1899–1901)
- Alexandros Zaimis, Prime minister (1897–1899, 1901–1902)
- Theodoros Diligiannis, Prime minister (1902–1903)
- Georgios Theotokis, Prime minister (1903)
- Dimitrios Rallis, Prime minister (1903)
- Georgios Theotokis, Prime minister (1903–1904)
- Theodoros Diligiannis, Prime minister (1904–1905)
- Dimitrios Rallis, Prime minister (1905)
- Georgios Theotokis, Prime minister (1905–1909)
- Dimitrios Rallis, Prime minister (1909)
- Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis, Prime minister (1909–1910)
- Stephanos Dragoumis, Prime minister (1910)
- Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime minister (1910–1915)
- Dimitrios Gounaris, Prime minister (1915)
- Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime minister (1915)
- Alexandros Zaimis, Prime minister (1915)
- Stephanos Skouloudis, Prime minister (1915–1916)
- Alexandros Zaimis, Prime minister (1916)
- Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos, Prime minister (1916)
- Spyridon Lambros, Prime minister (1916–1917)
- Alexandros Zaimis, Prime minister (1917)
- Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime minister (1917–1920)
- Dimitrios Rallis, Prime minister (1920–1921)
- Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos, Prime minister (1921)
- Dimitrios Gounaris, Prime minister (1921–1922)
- Nikolaos Stratos, Prime minister (1922)
- Petros Protopapadakis, Prime minister (1922)
- Nikolaos Triantafyllakos, Prime minister (1922)
- Anastasios Charalambis, Prime minister (1922)
- Sotirios Krokidas, Prime minister (1922)
- Stylianos Gonatas, Prime minister (1922–1924)
- Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime minister (1924)
- Georgios Kafantaris, Prime minister (1924)
- Autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire, establishment by the Great Powers, 1898–1913
-
- Alexandros Papanastasiou, Prime minister (1924)
- Themistoklis Sofoulis, Prime minister (1924)
- Andreas Michalakopoulos, Prime minister (1924–1925)
- Theodoros Pangalos, Prime minister (1925–1926)
- Athanasios Eftaxias, Prime minister (1926)
- Georgios Kondylis, Caretaker Prime minister (1926)
- Alexandros Zaimis, Prime minister (1926–1928)
- Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime minister (1928–1932)
- Alexandros Papanastasiou, Prime minister (1932)
- Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime minister (1932)
- Panagis Tsaldaris, Prime minister (1932–1933)
- Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime minister (1933)
- Alexandros Othonaios, Interim Prime minister (1933)
- Panagis Tsaldaris, Prime minister (1933–1935)
-
- Georgios Kondylis, Prime minister (1935)
- Konstantinos Demertzis, Prime minister (1935–1936)
- Ioannis Metaxas, Prime minister (1936–1941)
- Alexandros Koryzis, Prime minister (1941)
- Emmanouil Tsouderos, Prime minister (1941), government-in-exile Prime minister (1941–1944)
- Sofoklis Venizelos, government-in-exile Prime minister (1944)
- Evripidis Bakirtzis, head of government (1944) Mountain Government
- Alexandros Svolos, head of government (1944) Mountain Government
- Georgios Papandreou, Prime minister (1944–1945)
- Nikolaos Plastiras, Prime minister (1945)
- Petros Voulgaris, Prime minister (1945)
- Damaskinos of Athens, Prime minister (1945)
- Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, Prime minister (1945)
- Themistoklis Sofoulis, Prime minister (1945–1946)
- Panagiotis Poulitsas, Interim Prime minister (1946)
- Konstantinos Tsaldaris, Prime minister (1946–1947)
- Dimitrios Maximos, Prime minister (1947)
- Konstantinos Tsaldaris, Prime minister (1947)
- Themistoklis Sofoulis, Prime minister (1947–1949)
- Alexandros Diomidis, Prime minister (1949–1950)
- Ioannis Theotokis, caretaker Prime minister (1950)
- Sofoklis Venizelos, Prime minister (1950)
- Nikolaos Plastiras, Prime minister (1950)
- Sofoklis Venizelos, Prime minister (1950–1951)
Yugoslavia
- Serbia & Yugoslavia
-
- Aleksa Jovanović, President of the ministry (1900–1901)
- Mihailo Vujić, President of the ministry (1901–1902)
- Petar Velimirović, President of the ministry (1902)
- Dimitrije Cincar-Marković, President of the ministry (1902–1903)
- Jovan Avakumović, President of the ministerial council (1903)
- Sava Grujić, Prime minister (1903–1904)
- Nikola Pašić, Prime minister (1904–1905)
- Ljubomir Stojanović, Prime minister (1905–1906)
- Sava Grujić, Prime minister (1906)
- Nikola Pašić, Prime minister (1906–1908)
- Petar Velimirović, Prime minister (1908–1909)
- Stojan Novaković, Prime minister (1909)
- Nikola Pašić, Prime minister (1909–1911)
- Milovan Milovanović, Prime minister (1911–1912)
- Marko Trifković, Prime minister (1912)
- Nikola Pašić, Prime minister (1912–1918)
- Nikola Pašić, Acting Prime minister (1918)
- Stojan Protić, Prime minister (1918–1919)
- Ljubomir Davidović, Prime minister (1919–1920)
- Stojan Protić, Prime minister (1920)
- Milenko Radomar Vesnić, Prime minister (1920–1921)
- Nikola Pašić, Prime minister (1921–1924)
- Ljubomir Davidović, Prime minister (1924)
- Nikola Pašić, Prime minister (1924–1926)
- Nikola Uzunović, Prime minister (1926–1927)
- Velimir Vukićević, Prime minister (1927–1928)
- Anton Korošec, Prime minister (1928–1929)
- Petar Živković, Prime minister (1929–1932)
- Vojislav Marinković, Prime minister (1932)
- Milan Srškić, Prime minister (1932–1934)
- Nikola Uzunović, Prime minister (1934)
- Bogoljub Jevtić, Prime minister (1934–1935)
- Milan Stojadinović, Prime minister (1935–1939)
- Dragiša Cvetković, Prime minister (1939–1941)
- Chairman of the Presidency of the National Assembly/ AVNOJ (complete list) –
- Ivan Ribar, Chairman of the Presidency (1945–1953)
-
- Josip Broz Tito, General Secretary (1945–1964), President of the Presidium (1964–1980)
- Ivan Ribar, Chairman of the Presidency (1945–1953)
- Croatia
- part of the Habsburg monarchy, also part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown
- part of the Austrian Empire
- Puppet state of Nazi Germany and Italy within occupied Yugoslavia
- Ante Pavelić, Prime Minister/President of the Government (1941–1943)
- Nikcorrectedola Mandić, Prime Minister/President of the Government (1943–1945)
- Kosovo
- administrative division of the Ottoman Empire, under Austro-Hungarian occupation 1878–1913
- Reshad Bey Pasha, Governor (1900–1902)
- Abeddin Pasha, Governor (1902–1903)
- Shakir Pasha Numan, Governor (1903–1904)
- Mahmud Shevket Pasha, Governor (1905–1907)
- Hadi Pasha, Governor (1908)
- Mazhar Bey Pasha, Governor (1909–1910)
- Halil Bey Pasha, Governor (1911)
- Ghalib Pasha, Governor (1912)
- Montenegro
-
- Nikola I, Sovereign prince (1860–1910), King (1910–1918)
-
- Nikola I, Sovereign prince (1860–1910), King (1910–1918)
- Lazar Tomanović, President (1910–1912)
- Mitar Martinović, President (1912–1913)
- Janko Vukotić, President (1913–1915)
- Milo Matanović, President (1915–1916)
- Lazar Mijušković, President in-exile (1916)
- Andrija Radović, President in-exile (1916–1917)
- Milo Matanović, President in-exile (1917)
- Evgenije Popović, President in-exile (1917–1919)
- Anto Gvozdenović, President in-exile (1919–1921)
- Jovan Plamenac, President in-exile (1921–1922)
- Milutin Vučinić, President in-exile (1922)
- Anto Gvozdenović, President in-exile (1922)
Europe: Baltic states
Estonia
-
-
- Ants Piip, State Elder (1920–1921)
- Konstantin Päts, State Elder (1921–1922)
- Juhan Kukk, State Elder (1922–1923)
- Konstantin Päts, State Elder (1923–1924)
- Friedrich Akel, State Elder (1924)
- Jüri Jaakson, State Elder (1924–1925)
- Jaan Teemant, State Elder (1925–1927)
- Jaan Tõnisson, State Elder (1927–1928)
- August Rei, State Elder (1928–1929)
- Otto Strandman, State Elder (1929–1931)
- Konstantin Päts, State Elder (1931–1932)
- Jaan Teemant, State Elder (1932)
- Kaarel Eenpalu, State Elder (1932)
- Konstantin Päts, State Elder (1932–1933)
- Jaan Tõnisson, State Elder (1933)
- Konstantin Päts, State Elder (1933–1934)
- Prime ministers in Duties of the State Elder (1934–1937)
- Konstantin Päts, President-Regent (1937–1938)
- Konstantin Päts, President (1938–1940)
Latvia
-
- Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime minister (1918–1921)
- Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, Prime minister (1921–1923)
- Jānis Pauļuks, Prime minister (1923)
- Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, Prime minister (1923–1924)
- Voldemārs Zāmuēls, Prime minister (1924)
- Hugo Celmiņš, Prime minister (1924–1925)
- Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime minister (1925–1926)
- Arturs Alberings, Prime minister (1926)
- Marģers Skujenieks, Prime minister (1926–1928)
- Pēteris Juraševskis, Prime minister (1928)
- Hugo Celmiņš, Prime minister (1928–1931)
- Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime minister (1931)
- Marģers Skujenieks, Prime minister (1931–1933)
- Ādolfs Bļodnieks, Prime minister (1933–1934)
- Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime minister (1934–1940)
Lithuania
- Puppet state of the Second Polish Republic
-
- Augustinas Voldemaras, Prime minister (1918)
- Mykolas Sleževičius, Prime minister (1918–1919)
- Pranas Dovydaitis, Prime minister (1919)
- Mykolas Sleževičius, Prime minister (1919)
- Ernestas Galvanauskas, Prime minister (1919–1920)
- Kazys Grinius, Prime minister (1920–1922)
- Ernestas Galvanauskas, Prime minister (1922–1924)
- Antanas Tumėnas, Prime minister (1924–1925)
- Vytautas Petrulis, Prime minister (1925)
- Leonas Bistras, Prime minister (1925–1926)
- Mykolas Sleževičius, Prime minister (1926)
- Augustinas Voldemaras, Prime minister (1926–1929)
- Juozas Tūbelis, Prime minister (1929–1938)
- Vladas Mironas, Prime minister (1938–1939)
- Jonas Černius, Prime minister (1939)
- Antanas Merkys, Prime minister (1939–1940)
Europe: British Isles
Ireland
-
-
United Kingdom
-
-
Europe: Central
Austria
-
- Ernest von Koerber, Ministers-President (1900–1904)
- Paul Gautsch von Frankenthurn, Ministers-President (1904–1906)
- Konrad of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Ministers-President (1906)
- Max Wladimir von Beck, Ministers-President (1906–1908)
- Richard von Bienerth-Schmerling, Ministers-President (1908–1911)
- Paul Gautsch von Frankenthurn, Ministers-President (1911)
- Karl von Stürgkh, Ministers-President (1911–1916)
- Ernest von Koerber, Ministers-President (1916)
- Heinrich Clam-Martinic, Ministers-President (1916–1917)
- Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg, Ministers-President (1917–1918)
- Max Hussarek von Heinlein, Ministers-President (1918)
- Heinrich Lammasch, Ministers-President (1918)
- Kálmán Széll, Prime Minister (1899–1903)
- Károly Khuen-Héderváry, Prime Minister (1903)
- István Tisza, Prime Minister (1903–1905)
- Géza Fejérváry, Prime Minister (1905–1906)
- Sándor Wekerle, Prime Minister (1906–1910)
- Károly Khuen-Héderváry, Prime Minister (1910–1912)
- László Lukács, Prime Minister (1912–1913)
- István Tisza, Prime Minister (1913–1917)
- Móric Esterházy, Prime Minister (1917)
- Sándor Wekerle, Prime Minister (1917–1918)
- János Hadik, Prime Minister (1918)
- Mihály Károlyi, Prime Minister (1918)
- Habsburg-Lorraine monarchs ruled under numerous simultaneous titles
-
-
- Karl Renner, Chancellor (1919–1920)
- Michael Mayr, Chancellor (1920–1921)
- Johann Schober, Chancellor (1921–1922)
- Walter Breisky, Acting Chancellor (1922)
- Johann Schober, Chancellor (1922)
- Ignaz Seipel, Chancellor (1922–1924)
- Rudolf Ramek, Chancellor (1924–1926)
- Ignaz Seipel, Chancellor (1926–1929)
- Ernst Streeruwitz, Chancellor (1929)
- Johann Schober, Chancellor (1929–1930)
- Carl Vaugoin, Chancellor (1930)
- Otto Ender, Chancellor (1930–1931)
- Karl Buresch, Chancellor (1931–1932)
- Engelbert Dollfuss, Chancellor (1932–1934)
- Kurt Schuschnigg, Chancellor (1934–1938)
- Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Chancellor (1938)
-
-
Czechoslovakia
-
- Karel Kramář, Prime minister (1918–1919)
- Vlastimil Tusar, Prime Minister (1919–1920)
- Jan Černý, Prime Minister (1920–1921)
- Edvard Beneš, Prime Minister (1921–1922)
- Antonín Švehla, Prime Minister (1922–1926)
- Jan Černý, Prime Minister (1926)
- Antonín Švehla, Prime Minister (1926–1929)
- František Udržal, Prime Minister (1929–1932)
- Jan Malypetr, Prime Minister (1932–1935)
- Milan Hodža, Prime Minister (1935–1938)
- Jan Syrový, Prime Minister (1938)
-
-
- Nazi German Protectorate, 1939–1945
-
-
-
Germany: Small states
Bavarian
Prussia
Upper Rhenish
Lower Saxon
- Wilhelm Brehmer [de], Mayor (1901–1902)
- Heinrich Klug [de], Mayor (1903–1904)
- Johann Georg Eschenburg [de], Mayor (1905–1906)
- Ernst Christian Johannes Schön [de], Mayor (1907–1908)
- Johann Georg Eschenburg [de], Mayor (1909–1916)
- Emil Ferdinand Fehling [de], Mayor (1917–1920)
- Johann Martin Andreas Neumann [de], Mayor (1920–1926)
- Paul Löwigt [de], Mayor (1926–1933)
- Otto-Heinrich Drechsler, Mayor (1933–1937)
Upper Saxon
Swabian
- Anselm Ritter, Prince-abbot (1784–1803)
Germany: Unified states
-
-
- Philipp Scheidemann, Chancellor (1919)
- Gustav Bauer, Chancellor (1919–1920)
- Hermann Müller, Chancellor (1920)
- Constantin Fehrenbach, Chancellor (1920–1921)
- Joseph Wirth, Chancellor (1921–1922)
- Wilhelm Cuno, Chancellor (1922–1923)
- Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor (1923)
- Wilhelm Marx, Chancellor (1923–1925)
- Hans Luther, Chancellor (1925–1926)
- Wilhelm Marx, Chancellor (1926–1928)
- Hermann Müller, Chancellor (1928–1930)
- Heinrich Brüning, Chancellor (1930–1932)
- Franz von Papen, Chancellor (1932)
- Kurt von Schleicher, Chancellor (1932–1933)
-
-
-
-
Hungary
-
-
-
-
- Sándor Simonyi-Semadam, Prime minister (1920)
- Pál Teleki, Prime minister (1920–1921)
- István Bethlen, Prime minister (1921–1931)
- Gyula Károlyi, Prime minister (1931–1932)
- Gyula Gömbös, Prime minister (1932–1936)
- Kálmán Darányi, Prime minister (1936–1938)
- Béla Imrédy, Prime minister (1938–1939)
- Pál Teleki, Prime minister (1939–1941)
- Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer, Acting Prime minister (1941)
- László Bárdossy, Prime minister (1941–1942)
- Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer, Acting Prime minister (1942)
- Miklós Kállay, Prime minister (1942–1944)
- Döme Sztójay, Prime minister (1944)
- Géza Lakatos, Prime minister (1944)
- Ferenc Szálasi, de facto Prime minister (1944–1945)
- Béla Miklós, Prime minister (1945)
- Zoltán Tildy, Prime minister (1945–1946)
- Puppet government of Nazi Germany, 1944–1945
-
-
Liechtenstein
-
- Carl von In der Maur, Governor (1897–1913)
- Leopold Freiherr von Imhof, Governor (1914–1918)
- Martin Ritter, Chairman of the Provisional Executive Committee (1918)
- Prince Karl Aloys, Governor (1918–1920)
- Josef Peer, Governor (1920–1921)
- Josef Ospelt, Governor (1921), Prime Minister (1922)
- Alfons Feger, acting Prime Minister (1922)
- Felix Gubelmann, acting Prime Minister (1922)
- Prince Alfred Roman, acting Prime Minister (1928)
- Gustav Schädler, Prime Minister (1922–1928)
- Josef Hoop, Prime Minister (1928–1945)
- Alexander Frick, Prime Minister (1945–1962)
Poland
-
- Ignacy Daszyński, Prime minister (1918)
- Jędrzej Moraczewski, Prime minister (1918–1919)
- Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Prime minister (1919)
- Leopold Skulski, Prime minister (1919–1920)
- Władysław Grabski, Prime minister (1920)
- Wincenty Witos, Prime minister (1920–1921)
- Antoni Ponikowski, Prime minister (1921–1922)
- Artur Śliwiński, Prime minister (1922)
- Julian Nowak, Prime minister (1922)
- Władysław Sikorski, Prime minister (1922–1923)
- Wincenty Witos, Prime minister (1923)
- Władysław Grabski, Prime minister (1923–1925)
- Aleksander Skrzyński, Prime minister (1925–1926)
- Wincenty Witos, Prime minister (1926)
- Kazimierz Bartel, Prime minister (1926)
- Józef Piłsudski, Prime minister (1926–1928)
- Kazimierz Bartel, Prime minister (1928–1929)
- Kazimierz Świtalski, Prime minister (1929)
- Kazimierz Bartel, Prime minister (1929–1930)
- Walery Sławek, Prime minister (1930)
- Józef Piłsudski, Prime minister (1930)
- Walery Sławek, Prime minister (1930–1931)
- Aleksander Prystor, Prime minister (1931–1933)
- Janusz Jędrzejewicz, Prime minister (1933–1934)
- Leon Kozłowski, Prime minister (1934–1935)
- Walery Sławek, Prime minister (1935)
- Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski, Prime minister (1935–1936)
- Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, Prime minister (1936–1939)
- Free City under League of Nations protection, 1920–1939
-
Switzerland
- Ernst Brenner, President of the Confederation (1901)
- Josef Zemp, President of the Confederation (1902)
- Adolf Deucher, President of the Confederation (1903)
- Robert Comtesse, President of the Confederation (1904)
- Marc-Emile Ruchet, President of the Confederation (1905)
- Ludwig Forrer, President of the Confederation (1906)
- Eduard Müller, President of the Confederation (1907)
- Ernst Brenner, President of the Confederation (1908)
- Adolf Deucher, President of the Confederation (1909)
- Robert Comtesse, President of the Confederation (1910)
- Marc-Emile Ruchet, President of the Confederation (1911)
- Ludwig Forrer, President of the Confederation (1912)
- Eduard Müller, President of the Confederation (1913)
- Arthur Hoffmann, President of the Confederation (1914)
- Giuseppe Motta, President of the Confederation (1915)
- Camille Decoppet, President of the Confederation (1916)
- Edmund Schulthess, President of the Confederation (1917)
- Felix Calonder, President of the Confederation (1918)
- Gustave Ador, President of the Confederation (1919)
- Giuseppe Motta, President of the Confederation (1920)
- Edmund Schulthess, President of the Confederation (1921)
- Robert Haab, President of the Confederation (1922)
- Karl Scheurer, President of the Confederation (1923)
- Ernest Chuard, President of the Confederation (1924)
- Jean-Marie Musy, President of the Confederation (1925)
- Heinrich Häberlin, President of the Confederation (1926)
- Giuseppe Motta, President of the Confederation (1927)
- Edmund Schulthess, President of the Confederation (1928)
- Robert Haab, President of the Confederation (1929)
- Jean-Marie Musy, President of the Confederation (1930)
- Heinrich Häberlin, President of the Confederation (1931)
- Giuseppe Motta, President of the Confederation (1932)
- Edmund Schulthess, President of the Confederation (1933)
- Marcel Pilet-Golaz, President of the Confederation (1934)
- Rudolf Minger, President of the Confederation (1935)
- Albert Meyer, President of the Confederation (1936)
- Giuseppe Motta, President of the Confederation (1937)
- Johannes Baumann, President of the Confederation (1938)
- Philipp Etter, President of the Confederation (1939)
- Marcel Pilet-Golaz, President of the Confederation (1940)
- Ernst Wetter, President of the Confederation (1941)
- Philipp Etter, President of the Confederation (1942)
- Enrico Celio, President of the Confederation (1943)
- Walther Stampfli, President of the Confederation (1944)
- Eduard von Steiger, President of the Confederation (1945)
- Karl Kobelt, President of the Confederation (1946)
- Philipp Etter, President of the Confederation (1947)
- Enrico Celio, President of the Confederation (1948)
- Ernst Nobs, President of the Confederation (1949)
- Max Petitpierre, President of the Confederation (1950)
Europe: East
Moldova
-
Romania
-
-
- Petre P. Carp, Prime minister (1900–1901)
- Dimitrie Sturdza, Prime minister (1901–1906)
- Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, Prime minister (1906–1907)
- Dimitrie Sturdza, Prime minister (1907–1909)
- Ion I. C. Brătianu, Prime minister (1909–1910)
- Petre P. Carp, Prime minister (1910–1912)
- Titu Maiorescu, Prime minister (1912–1914)
- Ion I. C. Brătianu, Prime minister (1914–1918)
- Alexandru Averescu, Prime minister (1918)
- Alexandru Marghiloman, Prime minister (1918)
- Constantin Coandă, Prime minister (1918)
- Ion I. C. Brătianu, Prime minister (1918–1919)
- Artur Văitoianu, Prime minister (1919)
- Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, Prime minister (1919–1920)
- Alexandru Averescu, Prime minister (1920–1921)
- Take Ionescu, Prime minister (1921–1922)
- Ion I. C. Brătianu, Prime minister (1922–1926)
- Alexandru Averescu, Prime minister (1926)
- Barbu Știrbey, Prime minister (1926–1927)
- Ion I. C. Brătianu, Prime minister (1927)
- Vintilă Brătianu, Prime minister (1927–1928)
- Iuliu Maniu, Prime minister (1928–1930)
- Gheorghe Mironescu, Prime minister (1930)
- Iuliu Maniu, Prime minister (1930)
- Gheorghe Mironescu, Prime minister (1930–1931)
- Nicolae Iorga, Prime minister (1931–1932)
- Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, Prime minister (1932)
- Iuliu Maniu, Prime minister (1932–1933)
- Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, Prime minister (1933)
- Ion G. Duca, Prime minister (1933)
- Constantin Angelescu, Acting Prime minister (1933–1934)
- Gheorghe Tătărescu, Prime minister (1934–1937)
- Octavian Goga, Prime minister (1937–1938)
- Miron Cristea, Prime minister (1938–1939)
- Armand Călinescu, Prime minister (1939)
- Gheorghe Argeșanu, Prime minister (1939)
- Constantin Argetoianu, Prime minister (1939)
- Gheorghe Tătărescu, Prime minister (1939–1940)
- Ion Gigurtu, Prime minister (1940)
- Ion Antonescu, Prime minister (1940–1944)
- Constantin Sănătescu, Prime minister (1944)
- Nicolae Rădescu, Prime minister (1944–1945)
- Petru Groza, Prime minister (1945–1947)
-
- Constantin Ion Parhon, President of the Provisional Presidium (1947–1948), President of the Presidium (1948–1952)
Russia
-
- Ivan Durnovo, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1895–1903)
- Sergei Witte, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1903–1905), Chairman of council of ministers (1905–1906)
- Ivan Goremykin, Chairman of council of ministers (1906)
- Pyotr Stolypin, Chairman of council of ministers (1906–1911)
- Vladimir Kokovtsov, Chairman of council of ministers (1911–1914)
- Ivan Goremykin, Chairman of council of ministers (1914–1916)
- Boris Stürmer, Chairman of council of ministers (1916)
- Alexander Trepov, Chairman of council of ministers (1916)
- Nikolay Golitsyn, Chairman of council of ministers (1916–1917)
-
-
-
- Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets (1922–1938), Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1938–1946)
- Nikolay Shvernik, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1946–1953)
- Vladimir Lenin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1922–1924)
- Alexei Rykov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1924–1930)
- Vyacheslav Molotov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1930–1941)
- Joseph Stalin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1941–1946), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1953)
- Pyotr Krasnov, Ataman (1918–1919)
- Afrikan Bogaevsky, Ataman (1919–1921)
- Uzun Hajji Saltinsky, Emir (1919–1920)
- Santeri Termonen, Chairmen (1919)
- Juho Pekka Kokko, Chairmen (1919)
- Georg Elfvengren, Chairmen (1919–1920)
- Jukka Tirranen, Chairmen (1920)
-
Ukraine
- 1804–1918, crownland of the Austrian Empire
-
- Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Prime minister (1917–1918)
- Vsevolod Holubovych, Prime minister (1918)
- Mykola Vasylenko, Acting Prime minister (1918)
- Fedir Lyzohub, Prime minister (1918)
- Serhii Gerbel, Prime minister (1918)
- Volodymyr Chekhivsky, Prime minister (1918–1919)
- Serhii Ostapenko, Prime minister (1919)
- Borys Martos, Prime minister (1919)
- Isaak Mazepa, Prime minister (1919–1920)
- Vyacheslav Prokopovych, Prime minister (1920)
Europe: Nordic
Denmark
-
- Hannibal Sehested, Council president (1900–1901)
- Johan Henrik Deuntzer, Council president (1901–1905)
- Jens Christian Christensen, Council president (1905–1908)
- Niels Neergaard, Council president (1908–1909)
- Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg, Council president (1909)
- Carl Theodor Zahle, Council president (1909–1910)
- Klaus Berntsen, Council president (1910–1913)
- Carl Theodor Zahle, Council president (1913–1918), Prime minister (1918–1920)
- Otto Liebe, Prime minister (1920)
- Michael Pedersen Friis, Prime minister (1920)
- Niels Neergaard, Prime minister (1920–1924)
- Thorvald Stauning, Prime minister (1924–1926)
- Thomas Madsen-Mygdal, Prime minister (1926–1929)
- Thorvald Stauning, Prime minister (1929–1942)
- Vilhelm Buhl, Prime minister (1942)
- Erik Scavenius, Prime minister (1942–1943)
- Vilhelm Buhl, Prime minister (1945)
- Knud Kristensen, Prime minister (1945–1947)
- Hans Hedtoft, Prime minister (1947–1950)
- Erik Eriksen, Prime minister (1950–1953)
Finland
-
-
- Kaarlo Castrén, Prime minister (1919)
- Juho Vennola, Prime minister (1919–1920)
- Rafael Erich, Prime minister (1920–1921)
- Juho Vennola, Prime minister (1921–1922)
- Aimo Cajander, Prime minister (1922)
- Kyösti Kallio, Prime minister (1922–1924)
- Aimo Cajander, Prime minister (1924)
- Lauri Ingman, Prime minister (1924–1925)
- Antti Tulenheimo, Prime minister (1925)
- Kyösti Kallio, Prime minister (1925–1926)
- Väinö Tanner, Prime minister (1926–1927)
- Juho Sunila, Prime minister (1927–1928)
- Oskari Mantere, Prime minister (1928–1929)
- Kyösti Kallio, Prime minister (1929–1930)
- Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Prime minister (1930–1931)
- Juho Sunila, Prime minister (1931–1932)
- Toivo Mikael Kivimäki, Prime minister (1932–1936)
- Kyösti Kallio, Prime minister (1936–1937)
- Aimo Cajander, Prime minister (1937–1939)
- Risto Ryti, Prime minister (1939–1940)
- Johan Wilhelm Rangell, Prime minister (1941–1943)
- Edwin Linkomies, Prime minister (1943–1944)
- Antti Hackzell, Prime minister (1944)
- Urho Castrén, Prime minister (1944)
- Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Prime minister (1944–1946)
- Mauno Pekkala, Prime minister (1946–1948)
- Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime minister (1948–1950)
- Urho Kekkonen, Prime minister (1950–1953)
- Puppet state of the Soviet Union
Iceland
-
- Jón Magnússon, Prime minister (1917–1922)
- Sigurður Eggerz, Prime minister (1922–1924)
- Jón Magnússon, Prime minister (1924–1926)
- Magnús Guðmundsson, Acting Prime minister (1926)
- Jón Þorláksson, Prime minister (1926–1927)
- Tryggvi Þórhallsson, Prime minister (1927–1932)
- Ásgeir Ásgeirsson, Prime minister (1932–1934)
- Hermann Jónasson, Prime minister (1934–1942)
- Ólafur Thors, Prime minister (1942)
- Björn Þórðarson, Prime minister (1942–1944)
-
Sweden and Norway
-
- Oscar II, King of Norway (1872–1905), King of Sweden (1872–1907)
Norway
-
- Christian Michelsen, Prime minister (1905–1907)
- Jørgen Løvland, Prime minister (1907–1908)
- Gunnar Knudsen, Prime minister (1908–1910)
- Wollert Konow, Prime minister (1910–1912)
- Jens Bratlie, Prime minister (1912–1913)
- Gunnar Knudsen, Prime minister (1913–1920)
- Otto Bahr Halvorsen, Prime minister (1920–1921)
- Otto Blehr, Prime minister (1921–1923)
- Otto Bahr Halvorsen, Prime minister (1923)
- Abraham Berge, Prime minister (1923–1924)
- Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, Prime minister (1924–1926)
- Ivar Lykke, Prime minister (1926–1928)
- Christopher Hornsrud, Prime minister (1928)
- Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, Prime minister (1928–1931)
- Peder Kolstad, Prime minister (1931–1932)
- Jens Hundseid, Prime minister (1932–1933)
- Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, Prime minister (1933–1935)
- Johan Nygaardsvold, Prime minister (1935–1940), Prime Minister in exile (1940–1942)
- Vidkun Quisling, Prime minister (1940)
- Ingolf Elster Christensen, Chairman of the Administrative Council (1940)
- Josef Terboven, German Commissioner for Norway (1940–1945)
- Vidkun Quisling, Minister President (1942–1945)
- Einar Gerhardsen, Prime minister (1945–1951)
- Puppet state of Germany
Sweden
-
- Fredrik von Otter, Prime minister (1900–1902)
- Erik Gustaf Boström, Prime minister (1902–1905)
- Johan Ramstedt, Prime minister (1905)
- Christian Lundeberg, Prime minister (1905)
- Karl Staaff, Prime minister (1905–1906)
- Arvid Lindman, Prime minister (1906–1911)
- Karl Staaff, Prime minister (1911–1914)
- Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, Prime minister (1914–1917)
- Carl Swartz, Prime minister (1917)
- Nils Edén, Prime minister (1917–1920)
- Hjalmar Branting, Prime minister (1920)
- Gerhard Louis De Geer, Prime minister (1920–1921)
- Oscar von Sydow, Prime minister (1921)
- Hjalmar Branting, Prime minister (1921–1923)
- Ernst Trygger, Prime minister (1923–1924)
- Hjalmar Branting, Prime minister (1924–1925)
- Rickard Sandler, Prime minister (1925–1926)
- Carl Gustaf Ekman, Prime minister (1926–1928)
- Arvid Lindman, Prime minister (1928–1930)
- Carl Gustaf Ekman, Prime minister (1930–1932)
- Felix Hamrin, Prime minister (1932)
- Per Albin Hansson, Prime minister (1932–1936)
- Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp, Prime minister (1936)
- Per Albin Hansson, Prime minister (1936–1946)
- Tage Erlander, Prime minister (1946–1969)
Europe: Southcentral
Italy
-
- Giuseppe Saracco, Prime minister (1900–1901)
- Giuseppe Zanardelli, Prime minister (1901–1903)
- Giovanni Giolitti, Prime minister (1903–1905)
- Tommaso Tittoni, Prime minister (1905)
- Alessandro Fortis, Prime minister (1905–1906)
- Sidney Sonnino, Prime minister (1906)
- Giovanni Giolitti, Prime minister (1906–1909)
- Sidney Sonnino, Prime minister (1909–1910)
- Luigi Luzzatti, Prime minister (1910–1911)
- Giovanni Giolitti, Prime minister (1911–1914)
- Antonio Salandra, Prime minister (1914–1916)
- Paolo Boselli, Prime minister (1916–1917)
- Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Prime minister (1917–1919)
- Francesco Saverio Nitti, Prime minister (1919–1920)
- Giovanni Giolitti, Prime minister (1920–1921)
- Ivanoe Bonomi, Prime minister (1921–1922)
- Luigi Facta, Prime minister (1922)
- Benito Mussolini, Prime minister (1922–1943)
- Pietro Badoglio, Prime minister (1943–1944)
- Ivanoe Bonomi, Prime minister (1944–1945)
- Ferruccio Parri, Prime minister (1945)
- Alcide De Gasperi, Prime minister (1945–1946)
- Puppet state of Germany
-
- UN Security Council-controlled temporary military government, 1947–1954
-
Malta
- British colony, 1813–1964
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
San Marino
-
- Domenico Fattori, Antonio Righi, Captains Regent (1900)
- Giovanni Bonelli, Pietro Ugolini, Captains Regent (1900–1901)
- Luigi Tonnini, Marino Nicolini, Captains Regent (1901)
- Antonio Bellucci, Pasquale Busignani, Captains Regent (1901–1902)
- Onofrio Fattori, Egidio Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1902)
- Gemino Gozi, Giacomo Marcucci, Captains Regent (1902–1903)
- Federico Gozi, Nullo Balducci, Captains Regent (1903)
- Marino Borbiconi, Francesco Marcucci, Captains Regent (1903–1904)
- Menetto Bonelli, Vincenzo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1904)
- Luigi Tonnini, Gustavo Babboni, Captains Regent (1904–1905)
- Antonio Bellucci, Pasquale Busignani, Captains Regent (1905)
- Onofrio Fattori, Piermatteo Carattoni, Captains Regent (1905–1906)
- Giovanni Belluzzi, Pietro Francini, Captains Regent (1906)
- Alfredo Reffi, Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent (1906–1907)
- Ciro Belluzzi, Francesco Pasquali, Captains Regent (1907)
- Giuseppe Angeli, Francesco Valli, Captains Regent (1907–1908)
- Menetto Bonelli, Gustavo Babboni, Captains Regent (1908)
- Olinto Amati, Raffaele Michetti, Captains Regent (1908–1909)
- Luigi Tonnini, Domenico Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent (1909)
- Marino Borbiconi, Giacomo Marcucci, Captains Regent (1909–1910)
- Alfredo Reffi, Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent (1910)
- Giovanni Belluzzi, Luigi Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1910–1911)
- Moro Morri, Cesare Stacchini, Captains Regent (1911)
- Onofrio Fattori, Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Captains Regent (1911–1912)
- Gustavo Babboni, Francesco Pasquali, Captains Regent (1912)
- Menetto Bonelli, Vincenzo Marcucci, Captains Regent (1912–1913)
- Giuseppe Angeli, Ignazio Grazia, Captains Regent (1913)
- Cirro Belluzzi, Domenico Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent (1913–1914)
- Domenico Fattori, Ferruccio Martelli, Captains Regent (1914)
- Olinto Amati, Cesare Stacchini, Captains Regent (1914–1915)
- Moro Morri, Antonio Burgagni, Captains Regent (1915)
- Alfredo Reffi, Luigi Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1915–1916)
- Onofrio Fattori, Ciro Francini, Captains Regent (1916)
- Gustavo Babboni, Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent (1916–1917)
- Egisto Morri, Vincenzo Marcucci, Captains Regent (1917)
- Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Giuseppe Balducci, Captains Regent (1917–1918)
- Ferruccio Martelli, Ermenegildo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1918)
- Protogene Belloni, Francesco Morri, Captains Regent (1918–1919)
- Domenico Vicini, Pietro Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent (1919)
- Moro Morri, Francesco Pasquali, Captains Regent (1919–1920)
- Marino Rossi, Ciro Francini, Captains Regent (1920)
- Carlo Balsimelli, Simone Michelotti, Captains Regent (1920–1921)
- Marino Della Balda, Vincenzo Francini, Captains Regent (1921)
- Egisto Morri, Giuseppe Lanci, Captains Regent (1921–1922)
- Eugenio Reffi, Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent (1922)
- Onofrio Fattori, Giuseppe Balducci, Captains Regent (1922–1923)
- Giuliano Gozi, Filippo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1923)
- Marino Borbiconi, Mario Michetti, Captains Regent (1923–1924)
- Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Francesco Mularoni, Captains Regent (1924)
- Francesco Morri, Girolamo Gozi, Captains Regent (1924–1925)
- Marino Fattori, Augusto Mularoni, Captains Regent (1925)
- Valerio Pasquali, Marco Marcucci, Captains Regent (1925–1926)
- Manlio Gozi, Giuseppe Mularoni, Captains Regent (1926)
- Giuliano Gozi, Ruggero Morri, Captains Regent (1926–1927)
- Gino Gozi, Marino Morri, Captains Regent (1927)
- Marino Rossi, Nelson Burgagni, Captains Regent (1927–1928)
- Domenico Suzzi Valli, Francesco Pasquali, Captains Regent (1928)
- Francesco Morri, Melchiorre Filippi, Captains Regent (1928–1929)
- Girolamo Gozi, Filippo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1929)
- Ezio Balducci, Aldo Busignani, Captains Regent (1929–1930)
- Manlio Gozi, Marino Lonfernini, Turiddu Foschi, Captains Regent (1930)
- Valerio Pasquali, Gino Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1930–1931)
- Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Francesco Mularoni, Captains Regent (1931)
- Domenico Suzzi Valli, Marino Morri, Captains Regent (1931–1932)
- Giuliano Gozi, Pompeo Righi, Captains Regent (1932)
- Gino Gozi, Ruggero Morri, Captains Regent (1932–1933)
- Francesco Morri, Settimio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1933)
- Carlo Balsimelli, Melchiorre Filippi, Captains Regent (1933–1934)
- Marino Rossi, Giovanni Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1934)
- Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Marino Michelotti, Captains Regent (1934–1935)
- Federico Gozi, Salvatore Foschi, Captains Regent (1935)
- Pompeo Righi, Marino Morri, Captains Regent (1935–1936)
- Gino Gozi, Ruggero Morri, Captains Regent (1936)
- Francesco Morri, Gino Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1936–1937)
- Giuliano Gozi, Settimio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1937)
- Marino Rossi, Giovanni Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1937–1938)
- Manlio Gozi, Luigi Mularoni, Captains Regent (1938)
- Carlo Balsimelli, Celio Gozi, Captains Regent (1938–1939)
- Pompeo Righi, Marino Morri, Captains Regent (1939)
- Marino Michelotti, Orlando Reffi, Captains Regent (1939–1940)
- Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Filippo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1940)
- Federico Gozi, Salvatore Foschi, Captains Regent (1940–1941)
- Gino Gozi, Secondo Menicucci, Captains Regent (1941)
- Giuliano Gozi, Giovanni Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1941–1942)
- Settimio Belluzzi, Celio Gozi, Captains Regent (1942)
- Carlo Balsimelli, Renato Martelli, Captains Regent (1942–1943)
- Marino Michelotti, Bartolomeo Manzoni Borghesi, Captains Regent (1943)
- Marino Della Balda, Sante Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1943–1944)
- Francesco Balsimelli, Sanzio Valentini, Captains Regent (1944)
- Teodoro Lonfernini, Leonida Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent (1944–1945)
- Alvaro Casali, Vittorio Valentini, Captains Regent (1945)
- Ferruccio Martelli, Secondo Fiorini, Captains Regent (1945–1946)
- Giuseppe Forcellini, Vincenzo Pedini, Captains Regent (1946)
- Filippo Martelli, Luigi Montironi, Captains Regent (1946–1947)
- Marino Della Balda, Luigi Zafferani, Captains Regent (1947)
- Domenico Forcellini, Mariano Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1947–1948)
- Arnaldo Para, Giuseppe Renzi, Captains Regent (1948)
- Giordano Giacomini, Domenico Tomassoni, Captains Regent (1948–1949)
- Ferruccio Martelli, Primo Bugli, Captains Regent (1949)
- Vincenzo Pedini, Agostino Biordi, Captains Regent (1949–1950)
- Giuseppe Forcellini, Primo Taddei, Captains Regent (1950)
- Marino Della Balda, Luigi Montironi, Captains Regent (1950–1951)
Vatican
-
Europe: Southwest
Andorra
-
- Salvador Casañas y Pagés, Episcopal Co-Prince (1879–1901)
- Ramon Riu i Cabanes, Episcopal Co-Prince (1901)
- Toribio Martín, Interim Episcopal Co-Prince (1902)
- Joan Josep Laguarda i Fenollera, Episcopal Co-Prince (1902–1906)
- Josep Pujargimzú, Interim Episcopal Co-Prince (1907)
- Juan Benlloch i Vivó, Episcopal Co-Prince (1907–1919)
- Jaume Viladrich i Gaspa, Interim Episcopal Co-Prince (1919–1920)
- Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince (1920–1940)
- Ricard Fornesa i Puigdemasa (Vicar capitular), Interim Episcopal Co-Prince (1940–1943)
- Ramon Iglesias i Navarri, Episcopal Co-Prince (1943–1969)
- Émile Loubet, French Co-Prince (1899–1906)
- Armand Fallières, French Co-Prince (1906–1913)
- Raymond Poincaré, French Co-Prince (1913–1920)
- Paul Deschanel, French Co-Prince (1920)
- Alexandre Millerand, French Co-Prince (1920–1924)
- Frédéric François-Marsal, Acting French Co-Prince (1924)
- Gaston Doumergue, French Co-Prince (1924–1931)
- Paul Doumer, French Co-Prince (1931–1932)
- André Tardieu, Acting French Co-Prince (1932)
- Albert François Lebrun, French Co-Prince (1932–1940)
- Philippe Pétain, French Co-Prince (1940–1944)[dubious – discuss]
- Charles de Gaulle, French Co-Prince (1944–1946)
- Félix Gouin, French Co-Prince (1946)
- Georges Bidault, French Co-Prince (1946)
- Vincent Auriol, Interim French Co-Prince (1946)
- Léon Blum, French Co-Prince (1946–1947)[dubious – discuss]
- Vincent Auriol, French Co-Prince (1947–1954)
Portugal
-
- Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro, President of the Council of Ministers (1900–1904)
- Luciano de Castro, President of the Council of Ministers (1904–1906)
- Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro, President of the Council of Ministers (1906)
- João Franco, President of the Council of Ministers (1906–1908)
- Francisco Ferreira do Amaral, President of the Council of Ministers (1908)
- Artur de Campos Henriques, President of the Council of Ministers (1908–1909)
- Sebastião Teles, President of the Council of Ministers (1909)
- Venceslau de Lima, President of the Council of Ministers (1909)
- Francisco da Veiga Beirão, President of the Council of Ministers (1909–1910)
- António Teixeira de Sousa, President of the Council of Ministers (1910)
-
- Teófilo Braga, President of Provisional Government (1910–1911)
- Manuel de Arriaga, President (1911–1915)
- Teófilo Braga, President (1915)
- Bernardino Machado, President (1915–1917)
- Ministry: Sidónio Pais (President of the Ministry), António Machado Santos, Alberto de Moura Pinto, António dos Santos Viegas, António Aresta Branco, Francisco Xavier Esteves, João Tamagnini Barbosa, Alfredo Magalhães, Feliciano da Costa, Acting head of state (1917)
- Sidónio Pais, President (1917–1918)
- Government: António Bernardino Ferreira, Jorge Couceiro da Costa, João Tamagnini Barbosa, Álvaro de Mendonça, João do Canto e Castro (Acting President of the Government), António Egas Moniz, João Alberto Azevedo Neves, Alexandre de Vasconcelos e Sá, Alfredo Magalhães, Henrique Forbes de Bessa, José João da Cruz Azevedo, Eduardo Fernandes de Oliveira, Acting head of state (1918)
- João do Canto e Castro, President (1918–1919)
- António José de Almeida, President (1919–1923)
- Manuel Teixeira Gomes, President (1923–1925)
- Bernardino Machado, President (1925–1926)
- Teófilo Braga, President of the Ministry (1910–1911)
- João Chagas, President of the Ministry (1911)
- Augusto de Vasconcelos, President of the Ministry (1911–1912)
- Duarte Leite, President of the Ministry (1912)
- Augusto de Vasconcelos, Acting President of the Ministry (1912)
- Duarte Leite, President of the Ministry (1912–1913)
- Afonso Costa, President of the Ministry (1913–1914)
- Bernardino Machado, President of the Ministry (1914)
- Vítor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho, President of the Ministry (1914–1915)
- Joaquim Pimenta de Castro, President of the Ministry (1915)
- Constitutional Junta: José Norton de Matos, António Maria da Silva, José de Freitas Ribeiro, Alfredo de Sá Cardoso, Álvaro de Castro, Acting head of government (1915)
- João Chagas, President of the Ministry designate (1915)
- José de Castro, Acting President of the Ministry and President of the Ministry (1915)
- Afonso Costa, President of the Ministry (1915–1916)
- António José de Almeida, President of the Ministry (1916)
- Afonso Costa, Acting President of the Ministry (1916)
- António José de Almeida, President of the Ministry (1916–1917)
- Afonso Costa, President of the Ministry (1917)
- José Norton de Matos, Acting President of the Ministry (1917)
- Afonso Costa, President of the Ministry (1917)
- José Norton de Matos, Acting President of the Ministry (1917)
- Revolutionary Junta: Sidónio Pais (President), António Machado Santos (Member), Feliciano da Costa (Member), Acting head of government (1917)
- Sidónio Pais, Acting head of government (1917–1918)
- Government: António Bernardino Ferreira, Jorge Couceiro da Costa, João Tamagnini Barbosa, Álvaro de Mendonça, João do Canto e Castro, António Egas Moniz, João Alberto Azevedo Neves, Alexandre de Vasconcelos e Sá, Alfredo Magalhães, Henrique Forbes de Bessa, José João da Cruz Azevedo, Eduardo Fernandes de Oliveira, Acting head of government (1918)
- João do Canto e Castro, Acting President of the Government (1918)
- João Tamagnini Barbosa, President of the Ministry (1918–1919)
- José Relvas, President of the Ministry (1919)
- Domingos Pereira, President of the Ministry (1919)
- Alfredo de Sá Cardoso, President of the Ministry (1919–1920)
- Francisco Fernandes Costa, President of the Ministry designate (1920)
- Alfredo de Sá Cardoso, President of the Ministry (1920)
- Domingos Pereira, President of the Ministry (1920)
- António Maria Baptista, President of the Ministry (1920)
- José Ramos Preto, Acting President of the Ministry and President of the Ministry (1920)
- António Maria da Silva, President of the Ministry (1920)
- António Granjo, President of the Ministry (1920)
- Álvaro de Castro, President of the Ministry (1920)
- Liberato Pinto, President of the Ministry (1920–1921)
- Bernardino Machado, President of the Ministry (1921)
- Tomé de Barros Queirós, President of the Ministry (1921)
- António Granjo, President of the Ministry (1921)
- Ministry: Raul Lelo Portela, António Vicente Ferreira, António Maria de Freitas Soares, Ricardo Pais Gomes, João de Melo Barreto, António Curson, Manuel Ferreira da Rocha, António Ginestal Machado, Júlio Ernesto de Lima Duque, António Aboim Inglês, Acting head of government (1921)
- Manuel Maria Coelho, President of the Ministry (1921)
- Carlos Maia Pinto, President of the Ministry (1921)
- Francisco Cunha Leal, President of the Ministry (1921–1922)
- António Maria da Silva, President of the Ministry (1922–1923)
- António Ginestal Machado, President of the Ministry (1923)
- Álvaro de Castro, President of the Ministry (1923–1924)
- Alfredo Rodrigues Gaspar, President of the Ministry (1924)
- José Domingues dos Santos, President of the Ministry (1924–1925)
- Vitorino Guimarães, President of the Ministry (1925)
- António Maria da Silva, President of the Ministry (1925)
- Domingos Pereira, President of the Ministry (1925)
- António Maria da Silva, President of the Ministry (1925–1926)
-
- José Mendes Cabeçadas, President (1926)
- Ministry: Manuel Gomes da Costa (President of the Ministry), António Claro, Filomeno da Câmara, Artur Ricardo Jorge, Armando da Gama Ochoa, Acting head of state (1926)
- Manuel Gomes da Costa, President (1926)
- Ministry: Óscar Carmona (President of the Ministry), José Ribeiro Castanho, Manuel Rodrigues, João Sinel de Cordes, Jaime Afreixo, António Maria de Bettencourt Rodrigues, Abílio Passos e Sousa, João Belo, Artur Ricardo Jorge, Alfredo Magalhães, Felisberto Pedrosa, Acting head of state (1926)
- Óscar Carmona, President (1926–1935)
- Public Salvation Junta: José Mendes Cabeçadas, Armando da Gama Ochoa, Jaime Baptista, Carlos Vilhena, Acting head of government (1926)
- José Mendes Cabeçadas, President of Ministry (1926)
- Manuel Gomes da Costa, President of Ministry (1926)
- Óscar Carmona, President of Ministry (1926–1928)
- José Vicente de Freitas, President of Ministry (1928–1929)
- Artur Ivens Ferraz, President of Ministry (1929)
- Luís Maria Lopes da Fonseca, Acting President of Ministry (1929)
- Artur Ivens Ferraz, President of Ministry (1929–1930)
- Domingos Oliveira, President of Ministry (1930–1932)
- António de Oliveira Salazar, President of Ministry (1932–1933)
-
Spain
-
- Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero, Prime minister (1900–1901)
- Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, Prime minister (1901–1902)
- Francisco Silvela, Prime minister (1902–1903)
- Raimundo Fernández-Villaverde, Prime minister (1903)
- Antonio Maura, Prime minister (1903–1904)
- Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero, Prime minister (1904–1905)
- Francisco Silvela, Prime minister (1905–1905)
- Eugenio Montero Ríos, Prime minister (1905)
- Segismundo Moret, Prime minister (1905–1906)
- José López Domínguez, Prime minister (1906)
- Antonio González de Aguilar, Prime minister (1906–1907)
- Antonio Maura, Prime minister (1907–1909)
- Segismundo Moret, Prime minister (1909–1910)
- José Canalejas, Prime minister (1910–1912)
- Manuel García-Prieto, Prime minister (1912)
- Álvaro de Figueroa, Prime minister (1912–1913)
- Eduardo Dato, Prime minister (1913–1915)
- Álvaro de Figueroa, Prime minister (1915–1917)
- Manuel García-Prieto, Prime minister (1917)
- Eduardo Dato, Prime minister (1917)
- Manuel García-Prieto, Prime minister (1917–1918)
- Antonio Maura, Prime minister (1918)
- Manuel García-Prieto, Prime minister (1918)
- Álvaro de Figueroa, Prime minister (1918–1919)
- Antonio Maura, Prime minister (1919)
- Joaquín Sánchez de Toca, Prime minister (1919)
- Manuel Allendesalazar y Muñoz de Salazar, Prime minister (1919–1920)
- Eduardo Dato, Prime minister (1920–1921)
- Gabino Bugallal Araújo, Acting Prime minister (1921)
- Manuel Allendesalazar y Muñoz de Salazar, Prime minister (1921)
- Antonio Maura, Prime minister (1921–1922)
- José Sánchez-Guerra y Martínez, Prime minister (1922)
- Miguel Primo de Rivera, Prime minister (1922–1923)
- Miguel Primo de Rivera, Prime minister (1923–1930)
- Dámaso Berenguer, Prime minister (1930–1931)
- Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas, Prime minister (1931)
-
- Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, Prime minister (1931)
- Manuel Azaña, Prime minister (1931–1933)
- Alejandro Lerroux, Prime minister (1933)
- Diego Martínez Barrio, Prime minister (1933)
- Alejandro Lerroux, Prime minister (1933–1934)
- Ricardo Samper, Prime minister (1934)
- Alejandro Lerroux, Prime minister (1934–1935)
- Joaquín Chapaprieta, Prime minister (1935)
- Manuel Portela Valladares, Prime minister (1935–1936)
- Manuel Azaña, Prime minister (1936)
- Augusto Barcía Trelles, Prime minister (1936)
- Santiago Casares Quiroga, Prime minister (1936)
- Diego Martínez Barrio, Prime minister (1936)
- José Giral, Prime minister (1936)
- Francisco Largo Caballero, Prime minister (1936–1937)
- Juan Negrín, Prime minister (1937–1939)
-
Europe: West
Belgium
-
- Paul de Smet de Naeyer, Prime minister (1899–1907)
- Jules de Trooz, Prime minister (1907)
- Frans Schollaert, Prime minister (1908–1911)
- Charles de Broqueville, Prime minister (1911–1918)
- Gérard Cooreman, Prime minister (1918)
- Léon Delacroix, Prime minister (1918–1920)
- Henri Carton de Wiart, Prime minister (1920–1921)
- Georges Theunis, Prime minister (1921–1925)
- Aloys Van de Vyvere, Prime minister (1925)
- Prosper Poullet, Prime minister (1925–1926)
- Henri Jaspar, Prime minister (1926–1931)
- Jules Renkin, Prime minister (1931–1932)
- Charles de Broqueville, Prime minister (1932–1934)
- Georges Theunis, Prime minister (1934–1935)
- Paul van Zeeland, Prime minister (1935–1937)
- Paul-Émile Janson, Prime minister (1937–1938)
- Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime minister (1938–1939)
- Hubert Pierlot, Prime minister (1939–1945)
- Achille Van Acker, Prime minister (1945–1946)
- Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime minister (1946)
- Achille Van Acker, Prime minister (1946)
- Camille Huysmans, Prime minister (1946–1947)
- Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime minister (1947–1949)
- Gaston Eyskens, Prime minister (1949–1950)
- Jean Duvieusart, Prime minister (1950)
- Joseph Pholien, Prime minister (1950–1952)
France
-
- Émile Loubet, President (1899–1906)
- Armand Fallières, President (1906–1913)
- Raymond Poincaré, President (1913–1920)
- Paul Deschanel, President (1920)
- Alexandre Millerand, President (1920–1924)
- Frédéric François-Marsal, Acting President (1924)
- Gaston Doumergue, President (1924–1931)
- Paul Doumer, President (1931–1932)
- André Tardieu, Acting President (1932)
- Albert François Lebrun, President (1932–1940)
- Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, President of the Council of ministers (1899–1902)
- Émile Combes, President of the Council of ministers (1902–1905)
- Maurice Rouvier, President of the Council of ministers (1905–1906)
- Ferdinand Sarrien, President of the Council of ministers (1906)
- Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council of ministers (1906–1909)
- Aristide Briand, President of the Council of ministers (1909–1911)
- Ernest Monis, President of the Council of ministers (1911)
- Joseph Caillaux, President of the Council of ministers (1911–1912)
- Raymond Poincaré, President of the Council of ministers (1912–1913)
- Aristide Briand, President of the Council of ministers (1913)
- Louis Barthou, President of the Council of ministers (1913)
- Gaston Doumergue, President of the Council of ministers (1913–1914)
- Alexandre Ribot, President of the Council of ministers (1914)
- René Viviani, President of the Council of ministers (1914–1915)
- Aristide Briand, President of the Council of ministers (1915–1917)
- Alexandre Ribot, President of the Council of ministers (1917)
- Paul Painlevé, President of the Council of ministers (1917)
- Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council of ministers (1917–1920)
- Alexandre Millerand, President of the Council of ministers (1920)
- Georges Leygues, President of the Council of ministers (1920–1921)
- Aristide Briand, President of the Council of ministers (1921–1922)
- Raymond Poincaré, President of the Council of ministers (1922–1924)
- Frédéric François-Marsal, President of the Council of ministers (1924)
- Édouard Herriot, President of the Council of ministers (1924–1925)
- Paul Painlevé, President of the Council of ministers (1925)
- Aristide Briand, President of the Council of ministers (1925–1926)
- Édouard Herriot, President of the Council of ministers (1926)
- Raymond Poincaré, President of the Council of ministers (1926–1929)
- Aristide Briand, President of the Council of ministers (1929)
- André Tardieu, President of the Council of ministers (1929–1930)
- Camille Chautemps, President of the Council of ministers (1930)
- André Tardieu, President of the Council of ministers (1930)
- Théodore Steeg, President of the Council of ministers (1930–1931)
- Pierre Laval, President of the Council of ministers (1931–1932)
- André Tardieu, President of the Council of ministers (1932)
- Édouard Herriot, President of the Council of ministers (1932)
- Joseph Paul-Boncour, President of the Council of ministers (1932–1933)
- Édouard Daladier, President of the Council of ministers (1933)
- Albert Sarraut, President of the Council of ministers (1933)
- Camille Chautemps, President of the Council of ministers (1933–1934)
- Édouard Daladier, President of the Council of ministers (1934)
- Gaston Doumergue, President of the Council of ministers (1934)
- Pierre-Étienne Flandin, President of the Council of ministers (1934–1935)
- Fernand Bouisson, President of the Council of ministers (1935)
- Pierre Laval, President of the Council of ministers (1935–1936)
- Albert Sarraut, President of the Council of ministers (1936)
- Léon Blum, President of the Council of ministers (1936–1937)
- Camille Chautemps, President of the Council of ministers (1937–1938)
- Léon Blum, President of the Council of ministers (1938)
- Édouard Daladier, President of the Council of ministers (1938–1940)
- Paul Reynaud, President of the Council of ministers (1940)
- Philippe Pétain, President of the Council of ministers (1940)
-
-
-
-
Luxembourg
-
Monaco
-
- Émile Flach, Minister of state (1911–1917)
- Georges Jaloustre, Minister of state (1918–1919)
- Raymond Le Bourdon, Minister of state (1919–1923)
- Maurice Piette, Minister of state (1923–1932)
- Henry Mauran, Acting Minister of state (1932)
- Maurice Bouilloux-Lafont, Minister of state (1932–1937)
- Henry Mauran, Acting Minister of state (1937)
- Émile Roblot, Minister of state (1937–1944)
- Pierre Blanchy, Acting Minister of state (1944)
- Pierre de Witasse, Minister of state (1944–1949)
- Pierre Blanchy, Acting Minister of state (1949)
- Jacques Rueff, Minister of state (1949–1950)
- Pierre Voizard, Minister of state (1950–1953)
Netherlands
-
- Nicolaas Pierson, Prime minister (1897–1901)
- Abraham Kuyper, Prime minister (1901–1905)
- Theo de Meester, Prime minister (1905–1908)
- Theo Heemskerk, Prime minister (1908–1913)
- Pieter Cort van der Linden, Prime minister (1913–1918)
- Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Prime minister (1918–1925)
- Hendrikus Colijn, Prime minister (1925–1926)
- Dirk Jan de Geer, Prime minister (1926–1929)
- Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Prime minister (1929–1933)
- Hendrikus Colijn, Prime minister (1933–1939)
- Dirk Jan de Geer, Prime minister (1939–1940)
- Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy, Prime minister (1940–1945)
- Willem Schermerhorn, Prime minister (1945–1946)
- Louis Beel, Prime minister (1946–1948)
- Willem Drees, Prime minister (1948–1958)
-
- Leader of the Dutch People –
Eurasia: Caucasus
Armenia
-
Azerbaijan
-
Georgia
-
Australia and Papua New Guinea
Australia
-
- Edmund Barton, Prime minister (1901–1903)
- Alfred Deakin, Prime minister (1903–1904)
- Chris Watson, Prime minister (1904–1904)
- George Reid, Prime minister (1904–1905)
- Alfred Deakin, Prime minister (1905–1908)
- Andrew Fisher, Prime minister (1908–1909)
- Alfred Deakin, Prime minister (1909–1910)
- Andrew Fisher, Prime minister (1910–1913)
- Joseph Cook, Prime minister (1913–1914)
- Andrew Fisher, Prime minister (1914–1916)
- Billy Hughes, Prime minister (1916–1923)
- Stanley Bruce, Prime minister (1923–1929)
- James Scullin, Prime minister (1929–1932)
- Joseph Lyons, Prime minister (1932–1939)
- Sir Earle Page, Prime minister (1939–1939)
- Robert Menzies, Prime minister (1939–1941)
- Arthur Fadden, Prime minister (1941–1941)
- John Curtin, Prime minister (1941–1945)
- Frank Forde, Prime minister (1945–1945)
- Ben Chifley, Prime minister (1945–1949)
- Sir Robert Menzies, Prime minister (1949–1966)
Papua New Guinea
- German colony, 1884–1919
- For details see the German Empire under central Europe
- League of Nations Mandate of Australia, 1920–1946
- United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1946–1975
- For details see Australia
- British colony, 1888–1902
- League of Nations Mandate of Australia, 1920–1946
- United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1946–1975
- For details see Australia or the United Kingdom under the British Isles, Europe
- New Guinea: United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1949–1975
- Papua: Australian external territory (1949–1975)
- For details see Australia
Pacific
Chile
- Nga'ara, King (c.1835–pre-1860)
- Maurata, King (1859–1862)
- Kai Mako'i 'Iti, King (?–1863)
- Tepito,[24] King (?)
- Gregorio,[24] King (?)
- Atamu Tekena, King (?–pre-1892)[25]
Fiji
- British colony, 1874–1970
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
French Polynesia
- Protectorate of France, 1887/1888–1959
- Soane Malia Musulamu, King (c.1887–1929)
- Mateo Tamole, King
- Toviko Keletaona, King
- Tamasi Tamole, King
- Toviko Keletaona, King
- Sui Tamole, King
- Ligareto Falemaa, King (?–1929)
- Keletaona Keletaona, King (1929–1932)
- Vito Lavelua II, King (1895–1904)
- Lusiano Aisake, King (1904–1906)
- Sosefo Mautāmakia I, King (1906–1910)
- Soane-Patita Lavuia, King (1910–1916)
- Sosefo Mautāmakia II, King (1916–1918)
- Vitolo Kulihaapai, King (1918–1924)
- Tomasi Kulimoetoke I, King (1924–1928)
- Mikaele Tufele II, King (1928–1931, 1933)
- Sosefo Mautāmakia I, King (1931–1933)
- Petelo Kahofuna, King (1933)
- Council of Ministers (1933–1941)
- Leone Mahikitoga, King (1941–1947)
- Pelenato Fuluhea "Pulufegu", King (1947–1950)
- Kapeliele Tufele III "Setu", King (1950–1953)
New Zealand
- British colony, 1891–1901
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- British colony, 1841–1907
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
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-
- British protectorate, 1900–1907
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
- New Zealand protectorate, 1907–present
- For details see the New Zealand under Oceania
- British protectorate, 1888–1901
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Samoa and American Samoa
- German colony, 1900–1914
- For details see the German Empire under central Europe
Solomon Islands
- British protectorate, 1893–1978
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Tuvalu
- British colony, 1892–1976
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Tonga
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-
United States
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- United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United States, 1947–1994
Vanuatu
- British-French Protectorate, 1887–1889, 1890–1906
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles and France under western Europe
- Ferdinand Chevillard, President (1889)
- R. D. Polk, President (c.1890)[26]
- British-French Condominium, 1906–1980
- For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles and France under western Europe
The social structure of southern Somali tribes, Virginia Luling, pg. 204
Madiéga, Y. Georges (1982). Contribution à L'Histoire Précoloniale du Gulma (Haute Volta). Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 123, 133. ISBN 978-3-515-03222-3.
Madiéga, Y. Georges (1988). "Les Koarima de Koarimadeni: un groupe Kurumba en milieu gulmance". Tribus (in French) (37): 53–62.
Tilho, J. (1911), Documents Scientifiques de la Mission Tilho (1906–1909) (in French), vol. 2, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, pp. 505–510 Volume 2
Sheridan, Michael J. et Nyamweru, Celia, African sacred groves: ecological dynamics & social change, James Currey, 2008, p. 141 ISBN 0821417894
Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal. Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press, 1968, p. XV
Nagtegaal (1995); Werdisastra (1996).
De Graaf (1949), p. 483; Truhart (2003), p. 1233–4.
De Graaf (1949), p. 483; Selayang pandang (1990); Truhart (2003), p. 1234.
Coolhaas, W.Ph. (1923) "Kronijk van het rijk Batjan", Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 63.
Katoppo, Elvianus (1957) Nuku, Sulthan Sadul Djehad Muhammad el Mabus Amirudin Sjah, Kaitjili Paparangan, Sulthan Tidore. Kilatmadju Bina Budhaja; Widjojo, Muridan (2009) The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780–1810. Leiden: Brill. The exact genealogy of the rulers before the mid-17th century is not known by the local historical tradition; for the known details, see Clercq, F.S.A. de (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill.
(in Turkish) Emin Karaca, Ağrı Eteklerinde İsyan: Bir Kürt Ayaklanmasının Anatomisi, 3. Baskı, Karakutu Yayınları, 2003, ISBN 975-8658-38-7, s. 23.
Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005). From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition. London: Motivate. p. 73. ISBN 1860631673. OCLC 64689681.
Said., Zahlan, Rosemarie (2016). The Origins of the United Arab Emirates : a Political and Social History of the Trucial States. Taylor and Francis. p. 239. ISBN 9781317244653. OCLC 945874284.{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Rodogno, Davide; Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War; p.95; Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-84515-7
"Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government", Hawaiian Gazette, 1 November 1895, p. 1