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敢

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

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敢 U+6562, 敢
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6562
← 敡
[U+6561] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 散 →
[U+6563]

Translingual

Stroke order
Mainland China
Thumb

Alternative forms

  • In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing 新字形), the upper left component is written 乛 (one stroke).
  • In other regions, the upper left component is written 丅 (two strokes) which is the orthodox form found in the Kangxi dictionary.

Han character

敢 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+8, 12 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 11 strokes in mainland China, cangjie input 弓十人大 (NJOK) or 一十人大 (MJOK), four-corner 18140 or 18440, composition ⿰⿱乛耳攵(G) or ⿰⿱丅耳攵(HTJKV))

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 472, character 26
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13260
  • Dae Jaweon: page 825, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1463, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+6562
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Chinese

More information trad., simp. # ...

Glyph origin

More information Historical forms of the character 敢, Western Zhou ...
Characters in the same phonetic series (敢) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
More information Old Chinese ...

In oracle bone script, ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): Two hands 廾 holding a weapon 干 hunting a wild boar 豕.

In the Zhou dynasty one of the hands was removed and a phonetic component 甘 (OC *kaːm) was added. The boar shape got progressively corrupted until it looked like a hand 彐, thus obtaining the very old and rather conservative variant 𢼿.

The sound component 甘 and the weapon 干 stylized and merged into 古, leading to the seal script form 𢽤. Then, the wild boar on top stylized into 爫, thus obtaining 𠭖.

Eventually, the left half corrupted further into the traditional version ⿱丅耳, which was then stylized.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-wam (“to dare”), which Schuessler reconstructs as *k-wam to account for the initial velar in the Chinese form. Compare Burmese ဝံ့ (wam., “to dare”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

Pronunciation

Note: Southern Sixian kam - variant used for the rhetorical/interrogative adverb.
Note:
  • káⁿ - vernacular (including the rhetorical adverb and "perhaps" in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou);
  • kám - literary (including the rhetorical adverb and "perhaps" in Xiamen, as well as the rhetorical/interrogative adverb in Taiwan);
  • kiám/kán - variants used for the rhetorical adverb.
  • Dialectal data
More information Variety, Location ...
More information Rime, Character ...
More information Character, Reading # ...
More information Zhengzhang system (2003), Character ...

Definitions

敢

  1. bold; brave; daring
  2. to dare (to); to venture (to)
    我們必須敢想，敢說，敢幹。 [MSC, trad.]
    我们必须敢想，敢说，敢干。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒmen bìxū gǎn xiǎng, gǎn shuō, gǎn gàn. [Pinyin]
    We must dare to think, speak up and act.
    他不敢正眼看她。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    Tā bù gǎn zhèng yǎnkàn tā. [Pinyin]
    He didn't dare to look at her in the face.
    在那個風雨交加的夜晚，很少有人敢出去。 [MSC, trad.]
    在那个风雨交加的夜晚，很少有人敢出去。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zài nà ge fēngyǔ jiāojiā de yèwǎn, hěn shào yǒurén gǎn chūqù. [Pinyin]
    Very few people ventured to go out on that stormy night.
  3. to be sure; to be certain; to bet; to presume
    敢肯定  ―  gǎn kěndìng  ―  to be sure, to be certain
    敢說／敢说  ―  gǎn shuō  ―  to be sure, to be certain
    我敢說你解決不了這個難題。 [MSC, trad.]
    我敢说你解决不了这个难题。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ gǎn shuō nǐ jiějuébuliǎo zhè ge nántí. [Pinyin]
    I bet you can't do this puzzle.
  4. (polite) may I venture
    敢問／敢问  ―  gǎn wèn  ―  may I ask
  5. (literary or Hokkien, Teochew, Taiwanese Hakka, rhetorical question) can it be possible that; how
    Alternative form: (Hokkien) 豈 / 岂
    敢通按呢？ [Taiwanese Hokkien]  ―  Kám thang án-ne? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  How could it be like this?
  6. (archaic or Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) perhaps
  7. (Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) Interrogative adverb, placed before the verb to create a yes-no question.
    Alternative forms: 咁, 甘, 干
    你敢有閒？／你敢有闲？ [Taiwanese Hokkien]  ―  Lí kám ū-êng? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  Are you free?

Synonyms

  • (can it be possible that):
Dialectal synonyms of 難道 (“could it be that; is it possible that”) [map]
More information Variety, Location ...

See also

Compounds

Descendants

  • → Zhuang: gamj

Further reading

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Japanese

Kanji

敢

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. daring, brave, bold
  2. sad, tragic, pitiful

Readings

  • Go-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)←かむ (kamu, historical)
  • Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)←かむ (kamu, historical)
  • Kun: あえて (aete, 敢えて)、あえない (aenai, 敢えない)、あえず (aezu, 敢えず)

Etymology

More information Kanji in this term ...

From Middle Chinese 敢 (MC kamX).

Pronunciation

Affix

敢(かん) • (kan) 

  1. daring; brave; bold

Derived terms

Korean

Hanja

敢 (eumhun 감히 감 (gamhi gam))

  1. hanja form? of 감 (“dare”)

Vietnamese

Han character

敢: Hán Nôm readings: cám, cảm, dám

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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