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耳
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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See also: 目
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Translingual
Alternative forms
When part of a compound character, particularly as the left radical, the bottom horizontal stroke may not cross at bottom right. This is a script variant, found for example in Japanese 聴.
Han character
耳 (Kangxi radical 128, 耳+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 尸十 (SJ), four-corner 10400)
- Kangxi radical #128, ⽿.
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 965, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28999
- Dae Jaweon: page 1413, character 12
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2783, character 1
- Unihan data for U+8033
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Chinese
Glyph origin
Pictogram (象形) – an ear.
Etymology 1
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-nəʔ (“ear”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): er3
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): èr
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): ěr
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): эр (er, II)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ji5
- (Dongguan, Jyutping++): ngai5
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngei2 / ngi2
- Gan (Wiktionary): eo3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): er2
- Northern Min (KCR): nèng
- Eastern Min (BUC): ngê / ngī
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hi5 / zi3
- Southern Min
- Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): nji2
- Wu (Wugniu)
- Xiang
- (Changsha, Wiktionary): e3
- (Loudi, Wiktionary): eu3
- (Hengyang, Wiktionary): er3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: ěr
- Zhuyin: ㄦˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ěr
- Wade–Giles: êrh3
- Yale: ěr
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eel
- Palladius: эр (er)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ˀɤɻ²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: er3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: r
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɚ⁵³/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: èr
- Sinological IPA (key): /ər⁵³/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: ěr
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): er3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ər¹¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: эр (er, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɛɻ⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ji5
- Yale: yíh
- Cantonese Pinyin: ji5
- Guangdong Romanization: yi5
- Sinological IPA (key): /jiː¹³/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
- Jyutping++: ngai5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋɐi¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ngei2 / ngi2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡei⁵⁵/, /ᵑɡi⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note: ngi2 - variant pronunciation.
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: eo3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɵ²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngí
- Hakka Romanization System: ngiˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngi3
- Sinological IPA: /ŋi³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: ngiˊ
- Sinological IPA: /ŋi²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: er2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /əɻ⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nèng
- Sinological IPA (key): /neiŋ⁴²/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ngê / ngī
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋɛi²⁴²/, /ŋi³³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- ngê - vernacular;
- ngī - literary.
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: hi5
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hī
- Sinological IPA (key): /hi¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: hi5
- Sinological IPA (key): /hi²¹/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: zi3
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: cî
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡si⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: zi3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡si³³²/
- (Putian)
- hi5 - vernacular;
- zi3 - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai, Yongchun, Taipei, Sanxia, Hsinchu, Kinmen, Magong, Penang, Singapore, Klang)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Lukang, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǐ
- Tâi-lô: hǐ
- IPA (Jinjiang, Lukang, Philippines): /hi³³/
- IPA (Quanzhou, Nan'an, Hui'an): /hi²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangpu, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hīⁿ
- Tâi-lô: hīnn
- Phofsit Daibuun: hvi
- IPA (Zhangpu, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /hĩ³³/
- (Hokkien: Longyan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nǐ
- Tâi-lô: nǐ
- IPA (Longyan): /nĩ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Yongchun, Changtai, Longyan, General Taiwanese, Klang, Philippines)
- (Hokkien: Zhangpu, variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jí
- Tâi-lô: jí
- Phofsit Daibuun: jie
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /zi⁴¹/
- IPA (Zhangpu): /d͡zi⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jíⁿ
- Tâi-lô: jínn
- Phofsit Daibuun: jvie
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zĩ⁵³/
- hī/hǐ/hīⁿ/nǐ - vernacular;
- ní/jí/jíⁿ - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hin6 / re2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hĭⁿ / jṳ́
- Sinological IPA (key): /hĩ³⁵/, /d͡zɯ⁵²/
- (Teochew)
- hin6 - vernacular;
- re2 - literary.
- hi6 - vernacular;
- lu5 - literary.
- Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Jyutping++: nji2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɲi³³/
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading, Chongming, Suzhou, Yixing, Ningbo)
- (Northern: Changzhou)
- (Northern: Songjiang, Jiaxing, Shaoxing)
- (Northern: Zhoushan)
- (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading)
- (Northern: Suzhou, Yixing, Changzhou)
- (Northern: Jiaxing, Shaoxing, Zhoushan)
- (Northern: Songjiang, Hangzhou)
- (Northern: Ningbo)
- (Jinhua)
- gni/ng - vernacular;
- gher/er - literary.
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: e3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɤ̞⁴¹/
- (Loudi)
- Wiktionary: eu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɤ⁴²/
- (Hengyang)
- Wiktionary: er3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ə³³/
- (Changsha)
Note:
Note:
Note:
Note:
Note:
- Middle Chinese: nyiX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.nəʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*njɯʔ/
Definitions
耳
- ear
- ear-like object
- something on both sides
- 耳房 ― ěrfáng ― penthouse
- 耳門／耳门 ― ěrmén ― side door
- handle on both sides of an object
- (obsolete) to hear; to hear of
- a surname
- (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien, figurative) something that can be used to coerce or threaten someone
Synonyms
Etymology 2
According to Pulleyblank (1995), a contraction of 而已 (OC *njɯ lɯʔ).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: ěr
- Zhuyin: ㄦˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ěr
- Wade–Giles: êrh3
- Yale: ěr
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eel
- Palladius: эр (er)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ˀɤɻ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ji5
- Yale: yíh
- Cantonese Pinyin: ji5
- Guangdong Romanization: yi5
- Sinological IPA (key): /jiː¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: --ní
- Tâi-lô: --ní
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: re7
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jṳ̄
- Sinological IPA (key): /d͡zɯ¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Middle Chinese: nyiX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*nəʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*njɯʔ/
Definitions
耳
- (literary) Phrase-final particle: merely; only; that's all
- 二三子，偃之言是也！前言戲之耳。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Èrsānzǐ, Yǎn zhī yán shìyě! Qiányán xì zhī ěr. [Pinyin]
- My disciples, Yan's words are right. What I said was only in sport.
二三子，偃之言是也！前言戏之耳。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
Synonyms
Etymology 3
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: réng
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄥˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: réng
- Wade–Giles: jêng2
- Yale: réng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: reng
- Palladius: жэн (žɛn)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐɤŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: ěr
- Zhuyin: ㄦˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ěr
- Wade–Giles: êrh3
- Yale: ěr
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eel
- Palladius: эр (er)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ˀɤɻ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
耳
Compounds
- 一新耳目
- 不入耳
- 不堪入耳 (bùkānrù'ěr)
- 不絕於耳 / 不绝于耳 (bùjuéyú'ěr)
- 不順耳 / 不顺耳
- 中耳 (zhōng'ěr)
- 中耳炎 (zhōng'ěryán)
- 交口接耳
- 交耳
- 交頭接耳 / 交头接耳 (jiāotóujiē'ěr)
- 付耳
- 以耳為目 / 以耳为目
- 伏首貼耳 / 伏首贴耳
- 佯打耳睜 / 佯打耳睁
- 俛首帖耳 / 俯首帖耳
- 俯首帖耳
- 側耳 / 侧耳 (cè'ěr)
- 傾耳 / 倾耳 (qīng'ěr)
- 傾耳拭目 / 倾耳拭目
- 傾耳注目 / 倾耳注目
- 充耳
- 充耳不聞 / 充耳不闻 (chōng'ěrbùwén)
- 入耳 (rù'ěr)
- 內耳 / 内耳 (nèi'ěr)
- 內耳炎 / 内耳炎 (nèi'ěryán)
- 兩豆塞耳 / 两豆塞耳
- 公耳忘私
- 出口入耳
- 刺耳 (cì'ěr)
- 卷耳 (juǎn'ěr)
- 口耳之學 / 口耳之学
- 咬耳朵 (yǎo ěrduo)
- 圓面大耳 / 圆面大耳
- 土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí)
- 土耳其浴 (tǔ'ěrqí yù)
- 土耳其語 / 土耳其语 (tǔ'ěrqíyǔ)
- 執牛耳 / 执牛耳 (zhí niú'ěr)
- 塞耳
- 塞耳偷鈴 / 塞耳偷铃 (sāi'ěrtōulíng)
- 塞耳盜鐘 / 塞耳盗钟
- 外耳 (wài'ěr)
- 外耳道 (wài'ěrdào)
- 多耳麻鞋
- 大耳朵
- 天耳 (tiān'ěr)
- 如雷灌耳 (rúléiguàněr)
- 如雷貫耳 / 如雷贯耳 (rúléiguàn'ěr)
- 如風過耳 / 如风过耳
- 小耳朵
- 屬垣有耳 / 属垣有耳
- 屬耳目 / 属耳目
- 布耳
- 帖耳
- 帕耳美拉
- 帽耳 (mào'ěr)
- 弭耳
- 徹耳 / 彻耳
- 心跳耳熱 / 心跳耳热
- 忤耳
- 忠言逆耳 (zhōngyánnì'ěr)
- 悅耳 / 悦耳 (yuè'ěr)
- 想當然耳 / 想当然耳
- 扇風耳朵 / 扇风耳朵
- 扎耳朵
- 打耳光 (dǎ ěrguāng)
- 打耳刮子
- 打耳喑
- 打耳祭
- 抓耳搔腮
- 抓耳撓腮 / 抓耳挠腮
- 抓頭挖耳 / 抓头挖耳
- 拂耳
- 拊耳
- 拜耳公司
- 招風耳 / 招风耳 (zhāofēng'ěr)
- 拭目傾耳 / 拭目倾耳
- 挖耳當招 / 挖耳当招
- 掩人耳目 (yǎnrén'ěrmù)
- 接耳
- 掩耳
- 接耳交頭 / 接耳交头
- 掩耳偷鈴 / 掩耳偷铃
- 掩耳盜鈴 / 掩耳盗铃 (yǎn'ěrdàolíng)
- 掩耳盜鐘 / 掩耳盗钟
- 掩耳而走
- 提耳
- 搔耳抓腮
- 搔耳捶胸
- 搔頭摸耳 / 搔头摸耳
- 搔首抓耳
- 摑耳光 / 掴耳光 (guāi'érguāng)
- 撧耳撓腮 / 𪮖耳挠腮
- 撧耳頓足 / 𪮖耳顿足
- 撾耳揉腮 / 挝耳揉腮
- 撾耳撓腮 / 挝耳挠腮
- 斝耳
- 方面大耳
- 暖耳
- 木耳 (mù'ěr)
- 李耳
- 植耳
- 棉花耳朵
- 歐耳 / 欧耳
- 沒耳性 / 没耳性
- 波耳
- 泯耳攢蹄 / 泯耳攒蹄
- 洗耳
- 洗耳恭聽 / 洗耳恭听 (xǐ'ěrgōngtīng)
- 洗耳拱聽 / 洗耳拱听
- 洗耳諦聽 / 洗耳谛听
- 清耳悅心 / 清耳悦心
- 濯纓洗耳 / 濯缨洗耳
- 焦耳 (jiāo'ěr)
- 爬耳搔腮
- 牆風壁耳 / 墙风壁耳
- 牛耳
- 略有耳聞 / 略有耳闻
- 白木耳 (báimù'ěr)
- 盈耳
- 盜鈴掩耳 / 盗铃掩耳 (dàolíngyǎn'ěr)
- 盜鐘掩耳 / 盗钟掩耳
- 盥耳山棲 / 盥耳山栖
- 目擊耳聞 / 目击耳闻
- 目擩耳染 (mùrù'ěrrǎn)
- 目染耳濡 (mùrǎn'ěrrú)
- 目睹耳聞 / 目睹耳闻
- 目見耳聞 / 目见耳闻
- 目駭耳回 / 目骇耳回
- 眩目震耳
- 眼花耳熱 / 眼花耳热
- 眼餳耳熱 / 眼饧耳热
- 石耳 (shí'ěr)
- 秋風過耳 / 秋风过耳
- 穿耳 (chuān'ěr)
- 竊鐘掩耳 / 窃钟掩耳
- 綠耳 / 绿耳
- 耳下腺 (ěrxiàxiàn)
- 耳仔
- 耳光 (ěrguāng)
- 耳刀兒 / 耳刀儿
- 耳刮子 (ěrguāzi)
- 耳力 (ěrlì)
- 耳卜
- 耳咽管 (ěryānguǎn)
- 耳垂 (ěrchuí)
- 耳垢 (ěrgòu)
- 耳報神 / 耳报神
- 耳塞
- 耳墜子 / 耳坠子 (ěrzhuìzi)
- 耳子 (ěrzi)
- 耳孔 (ěrkǒng)
- 耳孫 / 耳孙
- 耳學 / 耳学
- 耳小骨
- 耳尖
- 耳屏
- 耳屎 (ěrshǐ)
- 耳性 (ěrxìng)
- 耳房
- 耳挖勺兒 / 耳挖勺儿 (ěrwāsháor)
- 耳挖子 (ěrwāzi)
- 耳提面命 (ěrtímiànmìng)
- 耳提面訓 / 耳提面训
- 耳摑子 / 耳掴子 (ěrguāizi)
- 耳旁風 / 耳旁风 (ěrpángfēng)
- 耳朵
- 耳朵尖
- 耳朵帽
- 耳朵底子
- 耳朵眼兒 / 耳朵眼儿
- 耳朵裡響 / 耳朵里响
- 耳朵軟 / 耳朵软 (ěrduoruǎn)
- 耳杯
- 耳染目濡 (ěrrǎnmùrú)
- 耳根 (ěrgēn)
- 耳根子
- 耳根廂 / 耳根厢
- 耳根清淨 / 耳根清净
- 耳根軟 / 耳根软 (ěrgēnruǎn)
- 耳機 / 耳机 (ěrjī)
- 耳殼 / 耳壳
- 耳毫
- 耳沉 (ěrchén)
- 耳消耳息
- 耳滿鼻滿 / 耳满鼻满
- 耳濡目染 (ěrrúmùrǎn)
- 耳熱 / 耳热
- 耳熟 (ěrshú)
- 耳熱眼跳 / 耳热眼跳
- 耳熟能詳 / 耳熟能详 (ěrshúnéngxiáng)
- 耳環 / 耳环 (ěrhuán)
- 耳璫 / 耳珰
- 耳生 (ěrshēng)
- 耳目 (ěrmù)
- 耳目一新 (ěrmùyīxīn)
- 耳目之娛 / 耳目之娱
- 耳目之欲
- 耳目昏眩
- 耳目聰明 / 耳目聪明
- 耳矣
- 耳石 (ěrshí)
- 耳視目聽 / 耳视目听
- 耳福 (ěrfú)
- 耳穴 (ěrxué)
- 耳空 (hīⁿ-khang) (Min Nan)
- 耳紅面赤 / 耳红面赤
- 耳耳
- 耳聞 / 耳闻 (ěrwén)
- 耳聞目擊 / 耳闻目击
- 耳聞目睹 / 耳闻目睹 (ěrwénmùdǔ)
- 耳聞目見 / 耳闻目见 (ěrwénmùjiàn)
- 耳聰 / 耳聪
- 耳聰目明 / 耳聪目明 (ērcōngmùmíng)
- 耳聾 / 耳聋 (ěrlóng)
- 耳聽八方 / 耳听八方 (ěrtīngbāfāng)
- 耳聾目花 / 耳聋目花
- 耳背 (ěrbèi)
- 耳脖子
- 耳膜 (ěrmó)
- 耳蝸 / 耳蜗 (ěrwō)
- 耳衣
- 耳語 / 耳语 (ěryǔ)
- 耳護子 / 耳护子
- 耳軟 / 耳软
- 耳軟心活 / 耳软心活
- 耳輪 / 耳轮 (ěrlún)
- 耳返 (ěrfǎn)
- 耳邊風 / 耳边风 (ěrbiānfēng)
- 耳郭 (ěrguō)
- 耳重
- 耳針 / 耳针
- 耳鏡 / 耳镜
- 耳鑒 / 耳鉴
- 耳門 / 耳门
- 耳閉 / 耳闭
- 耳際 / 耳际
- 耳順 / 耳顺
- 耳順之年 / 耳顺之年 (ěrshùnzhīnián)
- 耳風 / 耳风
- 耳食 (ěrshí)
- 耳食之聞 / 耳食之闻
- 耳食之言
- 耳食之談 / 耳食之谈
- 耳飾 / 耳饰 (ěrshì)
- 耳餘 / 耳余
- 耳鬢交接 / 耳鬓交接
- 耳鬢廝磨 / 耳鬓厮磨 (ěrbìnsīmó)
- 耳鳴 / 耳鸣 (ěrmíng)
- 耳麥 / 耳麦 (ěrmài)
- 耳鼻喉科 (ěrbíhóukē)
- 聊復爾耳 / 聊复尔耳
- 聒耳 (guō'ěr)
- 股肱耳目
- 肥頭大耳 / 肥头大耳 (féitóudà'ěr)
- 臉紅耳赤 / 脸红耳赤
- 舌弊耳聾 / 舌弊耳聋
- 莫耳 (mò'ěr)
- 蒼耳 / 苍耳 (cāng'ěr)
- 虎耳草 (hǔ'ěrcǎo)
- 褎如充耳
- 言猶在耳 / 言犹在耳 (yányóuzài'ěr)
- 許由洗耳 / 许由洗耳
- 護耳 / 护耳
- 貓耳朵 / 猫耳朵
- 貫耳 / 贯耳
- 貴耳賤目 / 贵耳贱目
- 躡足附耳 / 蹑足附耳
- 軟耳朵 / 软耳朵 (ruǎn'ěrduo)
- 轟雷貫耳 / 轰雷贯耳
- 逆耳 (nì'ěr)
- 逆耳之言
- 逆耳利行
- 逆耳忠言
- 過耳秋風 / 过耳秋风
- 遮人耳目
- 遮耳目
- 避人耳目
- 酒酣耳熱 / 酒酣耳热
- 里耳
- 重耳
- 銀耳 / 银耳 (yín'ěr)
- 長耳公 / 长耳公
- 長耳鴞 / 长耳鸮
- 防蔽耳目
- 附耳 (fù'ěr)
- 附耳低言
- 隔牆有耳 / 隔墙有耳 (géqiángyǒu'ěr)
- 隔窗有耳
- 雪菲耳
- 震耳
- 震耳欲聾 / 震耳欲聋 (zhèn'ěryùlóng)
- 面命耳提
- 面圓耳大 / 面圆耳大
- 面紅耳熱 / 面红耳热
- 面紅耳赤 / 面红耳赤 (miànhóng'ěrchì)
- 面紅過耳 / 面红过耳
- 順耳 / 顺耳 (shùn'ěr)
- 順風耳 / 顺风耳 (Shùnfēng'ěr)
- 飛耳 / 飞耳
- 馬耳東風 / 马耳东风 (mǎ'ěrdōngfēng)
- 駭人耳目 / 骇人耳目
- 騄耳 / 𫘧耳
- 驚耳 / 惊耳 (jīng'ěr)
- 黃耳傳書 / 黄耳传书
References
- “耳”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “耳”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
- 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “耳”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 263.
- 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “耳”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 61.
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