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-ere
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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See also: Appendix:Variations of "ere"
Afrikaans
Etymology
From Dutch -eren. Compare also the more native Afrikaans -ers.
Pronunciation
Audio: (file)
Suffix
-ere
- forms the plurals of six nouns
Usage notes
- In most of the above cases, either the word as such or the plural belongs to a more literary register.
- The noun blaar (“leaf”) is a backformation from a plural originally using this suffix (from Dutch blad > bladeren > blaren).
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Danish
Etymology
Borrowed as part of Latin, French or German verbs. Cognate to French -er, German -ieren, Swedish -era.
Suffix
-ere
- Used in verbs derived from Latin, French or German, indicating the action of doing the first part of the word; such as revolutionere (“to revolutionise”), from revolution.
References
- “-ere” in Den Danske Ordbog
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Italian
Etymology 1
Inherited from Latin -ēre (second conjugation).
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ére (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular past historic -étti or (traditional) -ètti or -éi, past participle -ùto, auxiliary avére or èssere)
- stem, to form the infinitive of some Italian verbs
Conjugation
1Traditional.
Etymology 2
Inherited from Latin -ere (third conjugation).
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ere (verb-forming suffix)
- stem, to form the infinitive of some Italian verbs
Usage notes
- See ricevere as an example of a regular -ere verb.
- There are two groups of irregular -ere verbs:
- Those in the first group have multiple irregularities (sometimes even in the infinitive), but several related verbs are conjugated in the same way.
- Those in the second group have irregular past participles and/or, in the past historic have an irregular stem in the first- and third-person singular and the third-person plural.
Conjugation
- Identical to above except for the root stress in the infinitive.
Derived terms
First group (see usage notes)
- assistere, radioassistere, servoassistere, consistere, desistere, esistere, coesistere, preesistere, insistere, persistere, resistere, subsistere, sussistere
- avere, benavere, riavere
- battere, abbattere, combattere, controbattere, dibattere, ribattere, sbattere
- bere, ebere, ribere, strabere, trabere
- cadere, accadere, riaccadere, decadere, discadere, ricadere, scadere
- calere
- cernere, concernere, decernere, discernere, scernere, secernere
- cogliere, accogliere, raccogliere, riaccogliere
- comburere
- competere, ripetere
- compiere (compire), ricompiere (ricompire), empiere (empire), adempiere (adempire), riempiere (riempire)
- credere, ricredere
- cuocere, concuocere, decuocere, incuocere, ricuocere, scuocere, stracuocere
- dire, addire, benedire, ribenedire, strabenedire, contradire, contraddire, disdire, indire, interdire, maledire, stramaledire, predire, ridire (despite ending in -ire, these verbs are conjugated similarly to verbs ending in -ere)
- dirimere, esimere
- dolere, ridolere, sdolere
- dovere, ridovere
- -durre, abdurre, addurre, circondurre, condurre, ricondurre, dedurre, edurre, indurre, introdurre, reintrodurre, rintrodurre, produrre, riprodurre, raddurre, redurre, ridurre, autoridurre, sedurre, tradurre, ritradurre, trasdurre (despite ending in -urre, these verbs are conjugated similarly to verbs ending in -ere)
- eccellere
- essere
- fare, assuefare, disassuefare, contraffare, disfare, sodisfare, soddisfare, liquefare, malfare, mansuefare, misfare, putrefare, rarefare, rifare, sfare, sopraffare, strafare, stupefare, tepefare, torrefare, tumefare (despite ending in -are, these verbs are conjugated similarly to verbs ending in -ere)
- fervere
- fottere, sfottere
- fremere
- gemere
- giacere, rigiacere, soggiacere, sottogiacere
- godere, rigodere, stragodere
- imbevere
- incombere, soccombere
- mescere
- mietere
- muovere, commuovere, promuovere, rimuovere, smuovere, sommuovere
- nuocere, rinuocere
- parere, sparere, trasparere
- pascere
- percuotere, ripercuotere, scuotere (escuotere), riscuotere (riscotere)
- permanere, rimanere
- piacere, compiacere, dispiacere, spiacere
- piovere, ripiovere, spiovere
- porre, anteporre, apporre, comporre, decomporre, discomporre, fotocomporre, ricomporre, scomporre, contrapporre, deporre, ovideporre, diporre, disporre, indisporre, predisporre, ridisporre, esporre, riesporre, sottoesporre, sovresporre, sovraesporre, frapporre, infrapporre, giustapporre, imporre, sovrimporre, sovraimporre, interporre, opporre, posporre, preporre, proporre, controproporre, riproporre, riporre, sporre, sopporre, sopraporre, sottoporre, sovrapporre, supporre, presupporre, traporre, trapporre, transporre, trasporre, ritrasporre (despite ending in -orre, these verbs are conjugated similarly to verbs ending in -ere)
- potere, prepotere, ripotere
- premere, spremere
- prudere
- reddere
- sapere, presapere, risapere, soprassapere, strasapere
- scegliere, prescegliere, riscegliere, trascegliere
- sciogliere, disciogliere, ridisciogliere, prosciogliere, risciogliere
- sedere, ossedere, possedere, ripossedere, spossedere, presedere (presiedere), risedere (risiedere), soprassedere
- solere
- spegnere, dispegnere, rispegnere
- splendere, risplendere
- stridere
- tacere, sottacere
- temere
- tenere, appartenere, astenersi, attenere, contenere, detenere, intrattenere, mantenere, manutenere, ottenere, riottenere, ritenere, sostenere, autosostenere, trattenere
- tessere, intessere
- togliere, distogliere, ritogliere, stogliere
- trarre, astrarre, attrarre, contrarre, decontrarre, ricontrarre, detrarre, distrarre, estrarre, protrarre, ritrarre, sottrarre (despite ending in -arre, these verbs are conjugated similarly to verbs ending in -ere)
- urgere
- valere, contravvalere, disvalere, equivalere, invalere, prevalere, rivalersi
- vedere, antivedere, avvedersi, disvedere, intravedere, intravvedere, malvedere, prevedere, provedere, provvedere, riprovvedere, ravvedersi, rivedere, sopravvedere, sprovvedere, stravedere, transvedere, travedere
- vendere, rivendere, svendere
- vertere, controvertere
- vivere, convivere, rivivere, sopravvivere
- volere, disvolere, rivolere, svolere, stravolere
Second group (see usage notes)
- See conjugation tables for details
- accendere, raccendere, riaccendere, incendere
- accidere, ancidere, circoncidere, decidere, incidere, coincidere, intercidere, occidere, precidere, recidere, succidere, uccidere
- accludere, concludere, disconcludere, sconcludere, escludere, includere, intercludere, occludere, precludere, recludere
- accorgersi, scorgere
- affliggere, confliggere, infliggere
- allidere, elidere, collidere
- annettere, connettere, disconnettere, interconnettere, riconnettere, sconnettere
- ardere
- ascondere, disascondere, nascondere, rinascondere
- assidere
- cedere, accedere, antecedere, concedere, riconcedere, decedere, eccedere, incedere, intercedere, precedere, procedere, recedere, retrocedere, ricedere, succedere
- chiedere, dischiedere, inchiedere, rinchiedere, richiedere
- chiudere, conchiudere, dischiudere, racchiudere, richiudere, rinchiudere, schiudere, socchiudere
- cingere, accingere, circoncingere, circumcingere, discingere, incingere, rincingere, precingere, recingere, ricingere, scingere, semicingere, succingere
- comprimere, decomprimere, precomprimere, ricomprimere, deprimere, esprimere, imprimere, disimprimere, rimprimere, opprimere, reprimere, sopprimere
- conoscere (cognoscere), anticonoscere, disconoscere, misconoscere, preconoscere, riconoscere, sconoscere
- convergere
- correre, accorrere, concorrere, decorrere, discorrere, incorrere, rincorrere, intercorrere, occorrere, percorrere, ripercorrere, precorrere, ricorrere, scorrere, soccorrere, trascorrere
- crescere, accrescere, concrescere, decrescere, discrescere, increscere, rincrescere, ricrescere, screscere, sopraccrescere
- depellere, espellere, riespellere, impellere*, propellere, repellere
- detrudere, estrudere, intrudere, protrudere
- diligere, prediligere, negligere
- dirigere, indirigere, erigere (ergere)
- discutere, ridiscutere, escutere, incutere
- distinguere, contraddistinguere, ridistinguere, suddistinguere, estinguere, stinguere
- distruggere (destruggere), ristruggere, struggere
- divellere, evellere, svellere
- dividere, condividere, ridividere, sottodividere, suddividere
- ducere
- esigere, redigere, transigere
- espandere, spandere
- esplodere, riesplodere, implodere
- evadere, invadere, pervadere
- fendere, difendere, offendere, rioffendere, rifendere, sfendere
- figgere, affiggere, configgere, disconfiggere, sconfiggere, crocefiggere, crocifiggere, ricrocifiggere, crucifiggere, defiggere, infiggere, prefiggere, rifiggere, suffiggere, trafiggere
- fingere, confingere, effingere, infingere
- flettere, circonflettere, complettere, deflettere, inflettere, reflettere, riflettere
- fondere, circonfondere, confondere, riconfondere, sconfondere, diffondere, radiodiffondere, telediffondere, effondere, infondere, rinfondere, profondere, soffondere, suffondere, transfondere, trasfondere
- frangere, affrangere, diffrangere, infrangere, rinfrangere, refrangere, rifrangere
- friggere, rifriggere, sfriggere, soffriggere
- fulgere*, circonfulgere*, refulgere*, rifulgere*
- fungere, defungere
- giungere, aggiungere, congiungere, discongiungere, ricongiungere, digiungere, disgiungere, ingiungere, raggiungere, rigiungere, soggiungere, risoggiungere, sopraggiungere, sorgiungere, sovraggiungere
- indigere*
- indulgere
- ledere
- leggere, eleggere, preeleggere, rieleggere, rileggere
- lucere, rilucere, tralucere
- ludere*, alludere, colludere, deludere, eludere, illudere, disilludere, preludere, proludere
- mergere, demergere, emergere, immergere, reimmergere, sommergere, risommergere
- mettere, ammettere, riammettere, commettere, discommettere, fedecommettere, fidecommettere, ricommettere, scommettere, riscommettere, compromettere, dimettere, dismettere, emettere, estromettere, framettere, frammettere, immettere, reimmettere, inframettere, inframmettere, intermettere, intramettere, intromettere, malmettere, manimettere, manomettere, marimettere, omettere, permettere, premettere, pretermettere, promettere, dispromettere, impromettere, ripromettere, spromettere, rimettere, smettere, sommettere, soprammettere, sottomettere, risottomettere, tramettere, trasmettere, radiotrasmettere, ritrasmettere, ricetrasmettere, teletrasmettere, teleradiotrasmettere, videotrasmettere
- mingere
- mordere, demordere, rimordere
- mungere, dimungere, emungere, rimungere, smungere
- nascere, rinascere
- pendere, appendere, riappendere, dipendere, dispendere, propendere, spendere, sopraspendere, sospendere, risospendere, vilipendere
- perdere, disperdere, riperdere, sperdere, straperdere
- piangere, compiangere, rimpiangere, ripiangere
- pingere, depingere, dipingere, ridipingere, dispingere, impingere, ripingere, spingere, respingere, rispingere, sospingere, risospingere
- porgere, riporgere, sporgere
- prendere, apprendere, disapprendere, riapprendere, comprendere, imprendere, intraprendere, misprendere, rapprendere, riprendere, soprapprendere, sorprendere
- proteggere, sproteggere
- pungere, compungere, espungere, interpungere, ripungere, trapungere
- radere, abradere, eradere, sorradere
- redimere
- reggere, correggere, ricorreggere, scorreggere, direggere, ereggere, sorreggere
- rendere, arrendere, arrendersi, rirendere
- ridere, arridere, deridere, intridere, irridere, sorridere, sottoridere
- rispondere (respondere), controrispondere, corrispondere
- rodere, corrodere, erodere
- rompere, corrompere, dirompere, disrompere, erompere*, interrompere, irrompere*, prorompere, rirompere, trarompere
- scendere, ascendere, riascendere, discendere, condiscendere (condescendere), accondiscendere, ridiscendere, riscendere, scoscendere, discoscendere, trascendere, transcendere
- scindere, prescindere, rescindere
- scrivere, ascrivere, circoscrivere, circonscrivere, coscrivere, dattiloscrivere, descrivere, discrivere, inscrivere, reinscrivere, iscrivere, prescrivere, proscrivere, riscrivere, soprascrivere, soscrivere, sottoscrivere, transcrivere, trascrivere, ritrascrivere
- solvere, assolvere, dissolvere, resolvere, risolvere
- sorgere (surgere), assorgere (assurgere), insorgere, risorgere (resurgere, risurgere)
- spargere (dispargere, espargere), cospargere, ricospargere, conspargere, rispargere
- spegnere, dispegnere, rispegnere
- spergere, aspergere, cospergere, conspergere, dispergere, rispergere
- stringere, astringere, costringere, ricostringere, constringere, distringere, restringere, ristringere
- suadere, dissuadere, persuadere
- sumere, assumere, reassumere, riassumere, consumere*, desumere, presumere, prosumere, rassumere, resumere, sussumere
- tangere
- tendere, attendere, disattendere, riattendere, contendere, distendere, ridistendere, estendere, riestendere, intendere, disintendere, fraintendere, rintendere, soprintendere, sopraintendere, sottintendere, sovrintendere, sovraintendere, portendere, pretendere, ripretendere, protendere, ritendere, stendere, prostendere, ristendere, sottendere
- tergere, astergere, detergere, ritergere
- tingere, attingere, riattingere, contingere, intingere, ritingere, stingere
- torcere, attorcere, contorcere, scontorcere, detorcere, distorcere, estorcere, rattorcere, ritorcere, storcere
- ungere
- vincere, avincere, avvincere, riavvincere, convincere, riconvincere, evincere, rivincere, sopravvincere, stravincere
- volgere, avvolgere, ravvolgere, riavvolgere, capivolgere, capovolgere, convolgere, sconvolgere, risconvolgere, divolgere, disvolgere, involgere, coinvolgere, disinvolgere, rinvolgere, rivolgere, svolgere, risvolgere, stravolgere, travolgere, trasvolgere
- volvere, avvolvere, convolvere, devolvere, evolvere, rivolvere, svolvere, travolvere
See also
Etymology 3
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ere m (noun-forming suffix, plural -eri, feminine -era)
- alternative form of -iere
Usage notes
- Used in particular after stems ending in -gn-, e.g. ingegnere.
Anagrams
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Latin
Etymology 1
Etymology tree
From Proto-Italic *-ezi, from Proto-Indo-European *-esi, locative case of action nouns, which end in *-os in the nominative. Similar to Ancient Greek -ειν (-ein) < *-ehen, which comes from an alternative locative case form, *-esen.
Note adverbial temere.
Pronunciation
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈɛ.rɛ]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈɛː.re]
Suffix
-ere
- present active infinitive of -ō (third conjugation)
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Proto-Italic *-ēzi, in which z changed into r due to rhotacism. Formed by analogy with the short-vowel ending -ere for the Proto-Italic and Latin second conjugation (Etymology 1 above).
Pronunciation
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈeː.rɛ]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈɛː.re]
Suffix
-ēre
- present active infinitive of -eō (second conjugation)
Etymology 3
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈeː.rɛ]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈɛː.re]
Suffix
-ēre
- second-person singular present passive subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)
- second-person singular present passive indicative of -eō (second conjugation)
Etymology 4
From Proto-Italic -ēri, third person plural perfect active ending.
Suffix
-ere
- Used for the third person present perfect plural form of any regular verb.
Usage notes
- This form is obsolete, having been superseded by -ērunt.
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Middle Dutch
Etymology
From Old Dutch *-āri, -ere, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz (masc. agent suffix).
Suffix
-ere m
- Forms agent nouns from verbs.
Derived terms
Descendants
Middle English
Etymology 1
Inherited from Old English -ere, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, usually held to be from Latin -ārius, though Gąsiorowski instead suggests a native origin.
The demonymic sense may continue Old English -ware, from Proto-West Germanic *-wari, from Proto-Germanic *-warjaz, though a semantic extension of the agentive sense is perhaps more likely given the lack of demonstrable continuity between Old English formations in -ware and this suffix.
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ere
- Forms agent nouns from other nouns or verbs, especially occupational; -er
- (Late Middle English, rare) Forms nouns denoting a inhabitant or resident of a location; -er
Usage notes
Derived terms
Descendants
References
- “-ē̆r(e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Etymology 2
Inherited from Old English -ra, from Proto-West Germanic *-iʀō, *-ōʀō, from Proto-Germanic *-izô or Proto-Germanic *-ōzô; related to superlative -est.
The change from -ra to -ere is probably due to analogy with apocopated forms of this suffix with an anaptyctic vowel (i.e. -er).
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ere
- Used to form the comparative degree of adjectives; more, -er.
- Used to form the comparative degree of adverbs; more, -er.
Usage notes
- Unlike in the modern English standard, this suffix may be appended to adjectives or adverbs of any length; in fact, periphrastic comparison with more or mest, most is rather uncommon. Like in Early Modern English and nonstandard modern English, this periphrastic comparative may be combined with the synthetic comparative to form a pleonastic "double comparative"; more grettere (“larger”, literally “more larger”).
- Irregular comparatives formed with this suffix may induce umlaut or shortening of the vowel of the root it is appended to; most of these compete with regular forms, which increasingly predominate in later Middle English (e.g. lengere, longere, both "longer"; deppere, depere, both "deeper").
Descendants
References
- “-er, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- “-er, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- Mossé, Fernand (1952), “IX. Elements of the Sentence”, in James A. Walker, transl., A Handbook of Middle English, I. Grammar: Part Three. The Sentence, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, translation of Manuel du l'Anglais de Moyen Age des Origines au XIVe Siècle (in French), →OCLC, § 115, page 92.
- Mustanoja, Tauno F. (1960), “Adjectives: Comparison”, in A Middle English Syntax (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki; 23), volume I: Parts of Speech, Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, page 279; republished at Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016, , →ISBN.
Etymology 3
Suffix
-ere
- alternative form of -er (agentive suffix)
Etymology 4
Suffix
-ere
- alternative form of -re (plural suffix)
Etymology 5
Suffix
-ere
- alternative form of -eren
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Norwegian Bokmål
Etymology
From Old Norse -era, through Middle High German -ieren, from Old French -ier, from Latin -āre.
Suffix
-ere
- Used in verbs derived from Latin, French or German, indicating the action of doing the first part of the word; such as revolusjonere (“to revolutionise”), from revolusjon (“revolution”). Equivalent in meaning to English -ize.
References
- “-ere” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
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Norwegian Nynorsk
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Old Norse -era, through Middle High German -ieren, from Old French -ier, from Latin -āre.
Suffix
-ere
References
- “-ere” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
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Old English
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz.
Uncertain ultimate origin, usually held to be from Latin -ārius. Gąsiorowski instead suggests that *-ārijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sōr suffixed with *-ih₂, creating a suffix *-sr-ih₂ for forming feminine agent nouns, which were then masculinised by attaching *-ós. He also suggests a relation to Proto-West Germanic *-astrijā.
Cognate with Old Frisian -ere, Old Saxon -āri, Old High German -āri.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ere
- masculine agent suffix, originally applied only to nouns
Declension
Strong ja-stem:
Derived terms
Descendants
Old French
Alternative forms
- -erre, -iere, -ierre
Suffix
-ere
- nominative singular of -or (agent noun suffix)
- Le chanteor → li chantere
Yola
Suffix
-ere
- alternative form of -eare
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