咸

See also: 或, 鹹, and 㖅

咸 U+54B8, 咸 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-54B8 ← 咷 [U+54B7] CJK Unified Ideographs 咹 → [U+54B9]

Translingual

Han character

咸 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 戈竹一口 (IHMR), four-corner 5320₀, composition ⿵戌口 or ⿵戊𠮛)

Derived characters

• 减, 喊, 堿, 㛾, 㨔, 減, 㺂, 椷, 煘, 瑊, 䁍, 碱, 緘(缄), 羬, 諴(𫍯), 輱, 醎, 鍼, 𠁝, 鰔, 鹹, 黬, 䶢, 㰹, 顑, 感, 觱, 䶠, 嵅, 葴, 箴, 䖗, 麙

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 187, character 19
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3563
• Dae Jaweon: page 406, character 19
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1404, character 2
• Unihan data for U+54B8

Chinese

simp. and trad.		咸
alternative forms		冚 Cantonese “all; entire”

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 咸
Shang		Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (咸) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
感	*kɯːmʔ
鱤	*kɯːmʔ
顑	*kʰɯːmʔ, *ŋɡrɯːms
轗	*kʰɯːmʔ, *kʰɯːms
撼	*ɡɯːmʔ
憾	*ɡɯːms
喊	*qʰaːmʔ, *qʰrɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ
緘	*krɯːm
瑊	*krɯːm, *kjum
黬	*krɯːm, *ŋɡrɯːm
減	*krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ
羬	*ŋɡrɯːm, *ɡram
麙	*ŋɡrɯːm
咸	*ɡrɯːm
鹹	*ɡrɯːm
醎	*ɡrɯːm
諴	*ɡrɯːm
椷	*ɡrɯːm
輱	*ɡrɯːm
鍼	*ɡam, *ɡram, *kjɯm
箴	*kjɯm
葴	*kjɯm
鱵	*kjum

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 戌 (“ax”) + 口 — to terminate. The 口 is a distinguishing mark. Later borrowed to mean "all".^{[字源 1]}

Other explanations include shouting together with a spear in front of the battlefield, implying everyone; alternatively, to cut off one's head with an ax, depriving them of all they have; alternatively, to break a pot with an ax.

For etymology 2, simplified from 鹹 (elimination of 鹵).

References

1. 張世超、孫凌安、金国泰、馬如森 『金文形義通解』 中文出版社、1996年、177-179頁。
   林志強等評注 『《文源》評注』 中国社会科学出版社、2017年、421頁。

Etymology 1

Compare Khmer ព្រម (prɔɔm, “to agree; to go along with; together”) (Schuessler, 2007).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xián (xian²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haam⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): ham³

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hàm
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hâm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ham⁵

• Wu (Suzhou, Wugniu): ²ghe

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xián
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sián
    • Wade–Giles: hsien²
    • Yale: syán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
    • Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: haam⁴
    • Yale: hàahm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haam⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ham⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːm²¹/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: ham³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hàm
    • Hakka Romanization System: ham^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ham²
    • Sinological IPA: /ham¹¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâm
    • Tâi-lô: hâm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: haam
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ham²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ham²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ham¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ham²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ham²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ham⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hâm
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ²ghe
    • MiniDict: ghe^平
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ɦe²²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: heam

Rime
Character	咸
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	咸 (151)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡讒切
Baxter	heam
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠɛm/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚæm/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɐm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəɨm/
Li Rong	/ɣɐm/
Wang Li	/ɣɐm/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣăm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haam4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤr[ə]m/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	咸
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xián
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛm ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁr[ə]m/
English	all; everywhere
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	咸
Reading #	1/1
No.	13515
Phonetic component	咸
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	咸
Old Chinese	/*ɡrɯːm/
Notes	從口從戌會刺口之意， 鹹初文

Definitions

咸

1. (literary) all; completely

   老少咸宜  ―  lǎoshàoxiányí  ―  to be suitable for both the old and the young

   • 首出庶物，萬國咸寧。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     首出庶物，万国咸宁。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: I Ching, 11^th – 8^th century BCE

     Shǒu chū shùwù, wànguó xiánníng. [Pinyin]

     (The sage) appears aloft, high above all things, and the myriad states all enjoy repose.

   • 於諸侯之約，大王當王關中，關中民咸知之。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     于诸侯之约，大王当王关中，关中民咸知之。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

     Yú zhūhóu zhī yuē, dàwáng dāng wàng Guānzhōng, Guānzhōng mín xián zhī zhī. [Pinyin]

     By the covenant made with vassals, you should be the king in Guanzhong; all people of Guanzhong knew this.

2. (obsolete) together
3. (literary) united; in harmony

   alt. forms: 諴 / 𫍯

4. (literary) common; widespread
5. (obsolete) to finish; to terminate
6. 31st hexagram of the I Ching
7. a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 整 (“whole; entire”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		整
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	整
	Malaysia	整
	Singapore	整
Cantonese	Guangzhou	成, 冚
	Hong Kong	成, 冚
	Taishan	成
	Singapore (Guangfu)	成, 冚
Hakka	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	成
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	規
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	規
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	規
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	規
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	規
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	規
Southern Min	Xiamen	規, 規圇, 交圇
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	規, 規圇, 交圇
	Quanzhou	規, 交圇
	Zhangzhou	規, 規尼, 間尼, 交圇
	Tainan	規
	Penang (Hokkien)	規
	Singapore (Hokkien)	規
	Manila (Hokkien)	規
	Chaozhou	夠, 咸, 交圇
	Jieyang	夠, 咸
	Singapore (Teochew)	夠
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	成

Compounds

• 咸五登三
• 咸和
• 咸安 (Xián'ān)
• 咸宜 (xiányí)
• 咸寧 (Xiánníng)
• 咸池
• 咸豐 (Xiánfēng)
• 咸豐草
• 咸陽 (Xiányáng)
• 咸陽宮 / 咸阳宫
• 咸陽火
• 大咸
• 季咸
• 巫咸
• 彭咸
• 悲犬咸陽
• 老少咸宜 (lǎoshàoxiányí)
• 老幼咸宜
• 阮咸 (ruǎnxián)
• 阿咸

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 咸 – see 鹹 (“salty; briny; stingy; miserly; etc.”). (This character is the simplified form of 鹹).

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Usage notes

Often used in place of 鹹 (“salty”) in Hong Kong, even though 鹹 is the traditional Chinese character.

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 咸 – see 冚 (“(Cantonese) entire”). (This character is a variant form of 冚).

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 咸

咸

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. all

Readings

• Go-on: げん (gen)^{←げむ (gemu, historical)}
• Kan-on: かん (kan)^{←かむ (kamu, historical)}
• Kun: みな (mina, 咸)
• Nanori: たける (takeru)、はやし (hayashi)、みな (mina)

Korean

Hanja

咸 (eum 함 (ham))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

咸: Hán Nôm readings: hàm

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation