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已
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
Han character
已 (Kangxi radical 49, 己+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 尸山 (SU) or 難尸山 (XSU), four-corner 17717, composition ⿱匕𠃍)
Usage notes
This character is not to be confused with visually similar but unrelated 己 or 巳.
Derived characters
- 𠖰, 𡉏, 𡴾, 𢩽, 𨑓, 𤣱, 𥝗, 𫧟, 𬜒, 𧿆, 𩨕, 𩝮, 𬀺, 𥮄
- 𤏁 (Exception: Only for Taiwan character form as Hong Kong character contains 己 instead)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 326, character 11
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8743
- Dae Jaweon: page 630, character 11
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 984, character 1
- Unihan data for U+5DF2
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Chinese
Glyph origin
May have originally been the same character as 巳, a pictogram (象形) of either a snake or a fetus. This character cannot be found in the Shuowen Jiezi.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): ji5
- Gan (Wiktionary): i3
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yí
- Eastern Min (BUC): ī
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5i
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: yǐ
- Zhuyin: ㄧˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yǐ
- Wade–Giles: i3
- Yale: yǐ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yii
- Palladius: и (i)
- Sinological IPA (key): /i²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ji5
- Yale: yíh
- Cantonese Pinyin: ji5
- Guangdong Romanization: yi5
- Sinological IPA (key): /jiː¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: i3
- Sinological IPA (key): /i²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yí
- Hakka Romanization System: iˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yi3
- Sinological IPA: /i³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yí
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yi3
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i³¹/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ī
- Sinological IPA (key): /i³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: yiX, yiH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢ(r)əʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*lɯʔ/
Etymology 1
Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007). The “already” sense is lexicalized from the verb “to finish; to complete”, and gradually became more common than 既 (OC *kɯds), the older word for “already”, in the mid- to late first millennium BCE (Pulleyblank, 1995).
Definitions
已
- to stop; to finish
- 任重而道遠。仁以為己任，不亦重乎？死而後已，不亦遠乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
- Rèn zhòng ér dào yuǎn. Rén yǐwèi jǐ rèn, bù yì zhòng hū? Sǐ érhòu yǐ, bù yì yuǎn hū? [Pinyin]
- [His] duty is heavy and [his] way is far. He takes benevolence to be his duty; is that not heavy indeed? [His duty] is completed [only] when he dies; is that not far indeed?
任重而道远。仁以为己任，不亦重乎？死而后已，不亦远乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- already; have done something
- 若已食則退，若未食則佐長者視具。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Ruò yǐ shí zé tuì, ruò wèi shí zé zuǒ chángzhě shì jù. [Pinyin]
- If they have eaten already, they should retire; if they have not eaten, they will [remain to] assist their elder [brothers and sisters] and see what has been prepared.
若已食则退，若未食则佐长者视具。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Synonyms
Etymology 2
Possibly a fusion of 也 (OC *laːlʔ) and 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ), explaining why the latter is never found after the former (Pulleyblank, 1995).
Definitions
已
- (Classical) Used after predicates, especially noun predicates, to express a new realization by the speaker. Compare 矣 (yǐ), which is used similarly but only after verbs. Sometimes expanded to 也已 or 也已矣, which are synonymous.
- 入其境，其田疇穢，都邑露，是貪主已。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
- Rù qí jìng, qí tiánchóu huì, dūyì lù, shì tān zhǔ yǐ. [Pinyin]
- If, upon entering the borders, the fields are in poor condition and the towns are exposed, one can tell that this is the [realm of] a covetous ruler.
入其境，其田畴秽，都邑露，是贪主已。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Compounds
- 一夔已足 (yīkuíyǐzú)
- 不已 (bùyǐ)
- 不得已 (bùdéyǐ)
- 不為已甚 / 不为已甚 (bùwéiyǐshèn)
- 不能自已 (bùnéngzìyǐ)
- 低徊不已
- 勢不得已 / 势不得已
- 喋喋不已
- 墓木已拱 (mùmùyǐgǒng)
- 壯心不已 / 壮心不已
- 大勢已去 / 大势已去 (dàshìyǐqù)
- 大勢已定 / 大势已定
- 大局已定
- 已去
- 已婚 (yǐhūn)
- 已定 (yǐdìng)
- 已往 (yǐwǎng)
- 已故 (yǐgù)
- 已決 / 已决 (yǐjué)
- 已然 (yǐrán)
- 已甚 (yǐshèn)
- 已矣
- 已知數 / 已知数
- 已經 / 已经 (yǐjīng)
- 已而 (yǐ'ér)
- 已而不登
- 已還 / 已还
- 必不得已
- 悶悶不已 / 闷闷不已
- 情非得已 (qíngfēidéyǐ)
- 斃而後已 / 毙而后已
- 方寸已亂 / 方寸已乱
- 日已銜山 / 日已衔山
- 早已 (zǎoyǐ)
- 有加無已 / 有加无已
- 木已成舟 (mùyǐchéngzhōu)
- 業已 / 业已 (yèyǐ)
- 死而後已 / 死而后已 (sǐ'érhòuyǐ)
- 為時已晚 / 为时已晚 (wéishíyǐwǎn)
- 無已 / 无已 (wúyǐ)
- 生生不已
- 病已成勢 / 病已成势
- 萬不得已 / 万不得已 (wànbùdéyǐ)
- 米已成炊 (mǐyǐchéngchuī)
- 紛爭不已 / 纷争不已
- 羽翮已就
- 羽翼已成
- 而已 (éryǐ)
- 芳魂已杳
- 誅求無已 / 诛求无已
- 諾已 / 诺已
- 貪求無已 / 贪求无已
- 迫不得已 (pòbùdéyǐ)
- 逼不得已
References
- “已”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
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Japanese
Kanji
已
Readings
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 已 (MC yiX|yiH).
Affix
Derived terms
May be replaced with 以 in some compounds, e.g. 已降→以降.
Korean
Hanja
已 • (i) (hangeul 이, revised i, McCune–Reischauer i)
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Vietnamese
Han character
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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