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未
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
Han character
未 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 十木 (JD), four-corner 50900, composition ⿻一木)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 509, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14419
- Dae Jaweon: page 890, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1150, character 1
- Unihan data for U+672A
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Chinese
Glyph origin
Pictogram (象形) – a tree with two layers of branches, or a tree's top branches not yet at full growth, signifying not grown (yet)
Alternatively, jiajie (假借): a variant form of 末 (OC *maːd, “treetop”), borrowed to represent 未 (OC *mɯds, “not yet”).
Etymology
- "not yet"
- Fusion of negator 無 (OC *ma) with perfective particle 既 (OC *kɯds, “already”) (Jacques, 2000; similarly proposed by Pulleyblank, 1995, apud Schuessler, 2007).
- "eighth earthly branch"
- Smith (2011) proposes that this word denoted the waxing moon's "impending stage" before full moon. This word's early sense might be "tip" > "on the tipping point" if it could be connected to 末 (OC *maːd, “tip”), which is similar graphically and phonologically; though what morphological mechanism which can associate them two is unclear.
- As for its association with the goat, Ferlus (2013) notes there is good correspondence with Austronesian Atayal miːts (“lamb”); also compare Lao ມົດ (mot, “year of the lamb”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): ui5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): vei3
- Eastern Min (BUC): muôi / ê
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): buei5 / bi5
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6mi; 6vi
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): uei4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: wèi
- Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: wèi
- Wade–Giles: wei4
- Yale: wèi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wey
- Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /weɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: wei4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ui
- Sinological IPA (key): /uei²¹³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: mei6
- Yale: meih
- Cantonese Pinyin: mei6
- Guangdong Romanization: méi6
- Sinological IPA (key): /mei̯²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: mei5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵐbei³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: ui5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ui¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vi
- Hakka Romanization System: vi
- Hagfa Pinyim: vi4
- Sinological IPA: /vi⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: vui˖
- Sinological IPA: /vui³³/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: vei3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /vei⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: muôi / ê
- Sinological IPA (key): /mui²⁴²/, /ɛi²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- muôi - vernacular;
- ê - literary.
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: buei5
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: bōi
- Sinological IPA (key): /puei¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: buei5
- Sinological IPA (key): /puei²¹/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: bi5
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: bī
- Sinological IPA (key): /pi¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: bi5
- Sinological IPA (key): /pi²¹/
- (Putian)
- buei5 - vernacular;
- bi5 - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Yilan, Magong, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bē
- Tâi-lô: bē
- Phofsit Daibuun: be
- IPA (Xiamen): /be²²/
- IPA (Philippines): /be⁴¹/
- IPA (Taipei, Yilan): /be³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Penang)
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: běr
- Tâi-lô: běr
- IPA (Lukang): /bə³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Yilan, Magong, Philippines)
- bē/bēr/bōe/běr - vernacular;
- bī - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: bhuê7 / bhi7
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: buē / bī
- Sinological IPA (key): /bue¹¹/, /bi¹¹/
- (Teochew)
- bhuê7 - “not; have not”;
- bhi7 - one of the earthly branches.
Note:
Note:
Note:
- Middle Chinese: mj+jH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*m[ə]t-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*mɯds/
Definitions
未
- to have not; not yet
- not
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 味 (wèi)
- (Cantonese, Min) used at the end of questions to ask if one has done something yet
- eighth of twelve earthly branches
- lamb (羊) of Chinese zodiac
Synonyms
- (not yet): 還沒／还没 (háiméi), 仍未 (réngwèi); (literary) 尚未 (shàngwèi); (Cantonese) 仲未, 並未／并未 (bìngwèi); (Hakka) 吂曾, 吂識／吂识; (Hokkien, Teochew) 猶未／犹未; (Wu) 朆
- (not):
Coordinate terms
Compounds
- 並未 / 并未 (bìngwèi)
- 也未可知
- 乳臭未乾 / 乳臭未干 (rǔxiùwèigān)
- 乳臭未除
- 亘古未有 (gèngǔwèiyǒu)
- 亙古未有 / 亘古未有 (gèngǔwèiyǒu)
- 兵未血刃
- 分文未取
- 前古未聞 / 前古未闻
- 前所未有 (qiánsuǒwèiyǒu)
- 前所未聞 / 前所未闻
- 前所未見 / 前所未见 (qiánsuǒwèijiàn)
- 前途未卜
- 力有未逮 (lìyǒuwèidài)
- 千古未聞 / 千古未闻 (qiāngǔwèiwén)
- 原封未動 / 原封未动
- 口血未乾 / 口血未干
- 吉凶未卜
- 含苞未放
- 坑灰未冷
- 壯志未酬 / 壮志未酬 (zhuàngzhìwèichóu)
- 夜未央
- 天真未鑿 / 天真未凿
- 始料未及 (shǐliàowèijí)
- 妾身未明
- 存亡未卜
- 寶刀未老 / 宝刀未老 (bǎodāowèilǎo)
- 尚未 (shàngwèi)
- 屍骨未寒 / 尸骨未寒 (shīgǔwèihán)
- 從未 / 从未 (cóngwèi)
- 得未嘗有 / 得未尝有
- 得未曾有 (déwèicéngyǒu)
- 意猶未盡 / 意犹未尽 (yìyóuwèijìn)
- 意猶未足 / 意犹未足
- 懵然未覺 / 懵然未觉
- 懸而未決 / 悬而未决 (xuán'érwèijué)
- 抔土未乾 / 抔土未干
- 方來未艾 / 方来未艾
- 方滋未艾
- 方興未已 / 方兴未已
- 方興未艾 / 方兴未艾 (fāngxīngwèi'ài)
- 曠古未有 / 旷古未有
- 曠古未聞 / 旷古未闻
- 未一
- 未了 (wèiliǎo)
- 未了公案
- 未了因
- 未了情
- 未了緣 / 未了缘
- 未亡
- 未亡人 (wèiwángrén)
- 未亡年
- 未來 / 未来 (wèilái)
- 未來主義 / 未来主义 (wèiláizhǔyì)
- 未來學 / 未来学 (wèiláixué)
- 未來派 / 未来派 (wèiláipài)
- 未來生 / 未来生
- 未來身 / 未来身
- 未便
- 未偶
- 未傅
- 未元
- 未兆
- 未免 (wèimiǎn)
- 未入
- 未入流
- 未冠
- 未冠題 / 未冠题
- 未卜 (wèibǔ)
- 未卜先知 (wèibǔxiānzhī)
- 未及 (wèijí)
- 未可 (wèikě)
- 未可厚非
- 未可限量
- 未合
- 未名
- 未名社
- 未售
- 未嘗 / 未尝 (wèicháng)
- 未嘗不可 / 未尝不可 (wèichángbùkě)
- 未因
- 未壹
- 未央 (wèiyāng)
- 未央宮 / 未央宫 (Wèiyāng Gōng)
- 未央殿 (Wèiyāng Diàn)
- 未如
- 未妥
- 未妨
- 未始 (wèishǐ)
- 未委
- 未婚 (wèihūn)
- 未婚夫 (wèihūnfū)
- 未婚妻 (wèihūnqī)
- 未婚媽媽 / 未婚妈妈
- 未字
- 未孚
- 未完 (wèiwán)
- 未定 (wèidìng)
- 未定之天
- 未家
- 未察
- 未就
- 未已
- 未常
- 未平
- 未幾 / 未几 (wèijǐ)
- 未形
- 未形之患
- 未從 / 未从
- 未必 (wèibì)
- 未必然 (wèibìrán)
- 未必盡然 / 未必尽然
- 未愜 / 未惬
- 未應 / 未应
- 未成一簣 / 未成一篑
- 未成人 (wèichéngrén)
- 未成冠
- 未成年 (wèichéngnián)
- 未成年人 (wèichéngniánrén)
- 未或
- 未改
- 未敢 (wèigǎn)
- 未敢苟同
- 未料 (wèiliào)
- 未易
- 未明 (wèimíng)
- 未易才
- 未明求衣
- 未時 / 未时 (wèishí)
- 未晚 (wèiwǎn)
- 未晬
- 未暇
- 未曾 (wèicéng)
- 未有 (wèiyǒu)
- 未期
- 未果 (wèiguǒ)
- 未極 / 未极
- 未殊
- 未決 / 未决 (wèijué)
- 未決犯 / 未决犯
- 未沬
- 未沫
- 未消
- 未渠央
- 未渠已
- 未滿 / 未满
- 未濟 / 未济 (wèijì)
- 未為不可 / 未为不可
- 未然 (wèirán)
- 未焚徙薪
- 未熟兒 / 未熟儿
- 未牌
- 未牙
- 未申
- 未由
- 未皇
- 未盡 / 未尽
- 未省
- 未知 (wèizhī)
- 未知元
- 未知可否
- 未知所措
- 未知數 / 未知数 (wèizhīshù)
- 未知萬一 / 未知万一
- 未石
- 未視感 / 未视感 (wèishìgǎn)
- 未第
- 未笄
- 未素
- 未置可否
- 未老先衰 (wèilǎoxiānshuāi)
- 未能 (wèinéng)
- 未能免俗
- 未艾 (wèi'ài)
- 未艾方興 / 未艾方兴
- 未芽
- 未若
- 未萌
- 未見 / 未见 (wèijiàn)
- 未見得 / 未见得 (wèijiàndé)
- 未詳 / 未详 (wèixiáng)
- 未識一丁 / 未识一丁
- 未足
- 未足為道 / 未足为道
- 未足輕重 / 未足轻重 (wèizúqīngzhòng)
- 未辨東西 / 未辨东西
- 未辨菽麥 / 未辨菽麦
- 未逮
- 未遂 (wèisuì)
- 未遇
- 未遑 (wèihuáng)
- 未達一間 / 未达一间
- 未遂犯
- 未過門 / 未过门
- 未還 / 未还
- 未遽央
- 未間 / 未间
- 未開 / 未开 (wèikāi)
- 未際 / 未际
- 未雨綢繆 / 未雨绸缪 (wèiyǔchóumóu)
- 未非
- 未竟 (wèijìng)
- 未竟之志
- 未風先雨 / 未风先雨
- 未齒 / 未齿
- 未齔 / 未龀
- 李廣未封 / 李广未封
- 枕席未安
- 東方未明 / 东方未明
- 桑蔭未移 / 桑荫未移
- 樂未央 / 乐未央
- 死生未卜
- 毛羽未豐 / 毛羽未丰
- 沈吟未決
- 滴水未沾
- 為時未晚 / 为时未晚 (wéishíwèiwǎn)
- 狐疑未決 / 狐疑未决
- 猶未 / 犹未 (iáu-bē) (Min Nan)
- 猶豫未決 / 犹豫未决
- 生髮未燥 / 生发未燥
- 目所未睹
- 空前未有 (kōngqiánwèiyǒu)
- 童心未泯 (tóngxīnwèimǐn)
- 素未謀面 / 素未谋面 (sùwèimóumiàn)
- 綢繆未雨 / 绸缪未雨
- 羽毛未豐 / 羽毛未丰
- 聞所未聞 / 闻所未闻 (wénsuǒwèiwén)
- 良心未泯
- 見所未見 / 见所未见 (jiànsuǒwèijiàn)
- 訛未 / 讹未
- 躊躇未決 / 踌躇未决
- 迄未成功
- 遲疑未決 / 迟疑未决 (chíyíwèijué)
- 還未 / 还未
- 銳未可當 / 锐未可当
- 長樂未央 / 长乐未央
- 防患未然 (fánghuànwèirán)
- 防患未萌
- 防範未然 / 防范未然
- 陵土未乾 / 陵土未干
- 雌雄未決 / 雌雄未决
- 雲英未嫁 / 云英未嫁
- 青黃未接 / 青黄未接
- 韞櫝未酤 / 韫椟未酤
- 駒齒未落 / 驹齿未落
- 驚神未定 / 惊神未定
- 骨肉未寒
Descendants
Others:
- → Vietnamese: Mùi
Further reading
- “未”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
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